Chapter 17 Chapter 16 The First Anti-Qing Climax

It was Jiangyin, an inconspicuous small county in Changzhou Prefecture in Nanzhili, who first raised the flag of rebellion and set off the first upsurge of anti-Qing Dynasty. Jiangyin is located at the throat of the Yangtze River. In its long history, a large number of loyal ministers and righteous men have emerged. At the beginning of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty, the eunuch Liu Jin was good at governing and harming the country. The three Jiangyin people in the court—the chief minister Huang Zhao, the imperial censor Gong Anfu, and Shi Liangzuo, either admonished death or used memorials to disobey. Three Loyalties".

Later, on this land, there were also born Miao Changqi and Li Yingsheng who bravely fought against Wei Zhongxian, went to prison generously, died of torture, and were listed as the "Seven Gentlemen of the Eastern Forest". After the collapse of the Hongguang regime, Lin Zhiji, the magistrate of Jiangyin County who was unwilling to be demoted, left with his seal. This was not a problem for the new government of the Qing Dynasty. There were many people who voluntarily became civil servants of the Qing Dynasty. Soon, Fang Xiang was appointed magistrate of Jiangyin County and took office.

The first government affairs of County Magistrate Fang after he took office were neither tax reductions nor relief for the poor, but to implement the orders of the higher-level government and supervise male citizens in Jiangyin County to shave their hair. Intellectuals such as Xu Yong, who had heard the news, held a peaceful rally in the Minglun Hall of the Confucian Temple on the first day of the sixth lunar month. At the meeting, the initiative of "the head can be cut off and the hair cannot be shaved" was passed, and this initiative was widely publicized to all walks of life. .

At this time, the Changzhou government officially issued a proclamation to all counties in the territory to shave their hair. There was no advanced printing equipment back then, so the county magistrate Fang immediately organized the clerks of the county government to copy the proclamation overnight, and prepared to post it in the streets and alleys the next day. However, when the stern clerk saw the content of the proclamation "keep your head but not your hair, keep your hair but not your head", he was furious, and put his pen on his head and shouted-"Even if we die, we can't follow!".

News of the strict order to shave hair and the clerk's refusal to copy it quickly spread throughout the county. People in the county spontaneously formed a petition group and went to the county government to collectively appeal to County Magistrate Fang, asking him to truthfully reflect the aspirations of the people in Jiangyin against hair shaving to his superiors. On the surface, he spoke pleasantly and comforted the people, but secretly, County Magistrate Fang urgently wrote a "secret report", asking the Changzhou government to send troops to Jiangyin as soon as possible to "kill more and establish prestige".

But the eyes of the masses are discerning, and the "secret report" was intercepted by everyone before it left Jiangyin County. The "peaceful petition" was immediately upgraded to a "violent revolution". Comrade Fang Xiang, who had just joined the work, was honored to be the first target of the Jiangyin revolution, and was beaten to death by the "iron fist" of the revolutionary masses! From the moment the magistrate Fang was beaten to death, the people of Jiangyin knew that they had no way out in the face of the Qing government's powerful violent machine.

But they also don't want to find any escape route. For them, defending the dignity of their nation to the death is their last and best destination. The Jiangyin people who had taken action immediately did three things. Elected his own leader——Chen Mingyu, the former director of the County Public Security Bureau (county official) was appointed as the "Chairman of the People's Self-Cultivation Committee" in Jiangyin County; Revealed his name - Jiangyin Yimin; Unveil your own banner - Daming ZTE. But to everyone's surprise, the first thing Comrade Chen Mingyu did when he took office as the "Chairman" was to invite the virtuous and give way to the virtuous.

This "virtuous" is his predecessor, Comrade Yan Yingyuan, who also worked on the history of Jiangyin County.With years of understanding, he discovered that this old friend possessed great military talent. The current "Yan Xianren" was previously appointed by the Hongguang government as Zhu Bo (director of the county office) of Yingde County, Guangdong Province, but because his mother is seriously ill, he is doing his filial piety at home in the countryside. Comrade Yan Yingyuan, who received the invitation from "Chairman Chen", bid farewell to his mother in tears without saying a word, and resolutely embarked on the road of being loyal to the country and not returning.

After Comrade Yan Yingyuan entered the city, "Chairman Chen" immediately gave up the top position to this old friend, and he willingly stepped back to the position of deputy. This is not timidity, but the correct choice after assessing one's own abilities. We call a person who has achieved certain achievements in a certain field through hard work and hard work a talent; and a person who can learn by analogy and succeed in one fell swoop without having to learn from a teacher or practice hard is called a genius. Fortunately, Comrade Yan Yingyuan of Jiangyin County is such a genius—a military genius!

In the historical materials I have read, I did not find Comrade Yan Yingyuan's career experience related to the military.In the personal file, the only deed that can be related to the war is that he once led the yamen servants to the countryside to arrest robbers and thieves, and shot back the pirate Gu Sanmazi with three arrows. He realized that the Qing army was coming soon, and after comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the two sides, he made an appropriate countermeasure-holding the city. Back then in Ningyuan City, another military genius Yuan Chonghuan created miracles and brilliance with this tactic.

In order to ensure the correct implementation of tactics, Comrade Yan Yingyuan immediately took five measures. 1. Forming troops: Yan Yingyuan classified all the residents of the county according to age, age, and age, and selected young and strong men to form a militia; he also gathered "volunteers" from various townships in Jiangyin to form a militia of more than 200,000 people. garrison troops. 2. Division of responsibilities: The east gate is in charge of Wang Gonglue, a martial artist, the south gate is in charge of Wang Bazong, the west gate is in charge of Chen Mingyu, and the north gate is in charge of Yan Yingyuan himself. Chen Mingyu and Yan Yingyuan are also responsible for the general liaison and inspection. 3. Dedicated posts and personnel: each battlement is rationed by ten personnel, four shifts a day, and shifts are changed on time to ensure that each shift can maintain a strong "combat power". 4. Eliminate spies: Set up a "detective team" in the county to strictly check pedestrians and prevent the "fifth column" from mixing into the city. 5. Implement "wartime communism": set up a "Materials Management Committee" and invite people who are good at financial management in the city to classify and summarize public and private materials in the city for unified deployment and rationed supply. In an instant, everyone in Jiangyin City eliminated the gap between the rich and the poor, the class barrier, and the hatred and enmity. Just after completing these tasks, the 300 "regular troops" sent by Changzhou Mayor (prefect) Zong Hao to suppress arrived. Comrade Yan Yingyuan was not polite to Mayor Zong's behavior of getting his head into the water. He directly led tens of thousands of troops out of the city and wiped out the three hundred Qing troops at the foot of Qinwang Mountain. After the news of Mayor Zong’s entire army’s annihilation spread to Nanjing, Duoduo, the commander of the Qing army who was deeply aware of the seriousness of the situation, sent a "big man in the military" to settle the matter. This "big man" was one of the original five towns of Nanming. Liu Liangzuo. As a disgraced general, Liu Liangzuo, who was eager to show off to his new boss, immediately led more than 50,000 men from his subordinates to kill Jiangyin in mighty force. As a team with a "long tradition of failure", Liu Liangzuo's tribe, who came to Jiangyin City, still "beared" as always, besieged the county town for more than a month, and found nothing except for throwing thousands of corpses under the city. Liu Liangzuo, who was in a hurry, had no choice but to seek a "peaceful solution", and repeatedly sent letters "full of affection" persuading him to surrender into the city, but the result was like nothing. As a last resort, Liu Liangzuo had no choice but to go out in person, ran down the city, and "face-to-face" with Comrade Yan Yingyuan through the city wall, trying to persuade Comrade Yan Yingyuan to change his course and join forces with him by "showing his own words". Comrade Yan Yingyuan said "there are generals who have surrendered, but no pawns who have surrendered", and he immediately blocked Liu Liangzuo's "dung mouth" to persuade him to surrender. After Liu Liangzuo's "advanced deeds" spread to Nanjing, Duoyi had no choice but to continue to increase his troops.First sent Kong Youde, king of respect, to assist in the attack, and then sent Boluo and Nikan Baylor to lead the "authentic Manchurian soldiers" and red-clothed cannons to support. As soon as Boluo arrived at the front line, he rewarded Liu Liangzuo with a board as a "meeting gift" with the words "there is no way to lead the army, and the teacher is useless". Liu Liangzuo, who was so ashamed, had to urge the troops to attack the city again, but the performance of his subordinates did not increase the chance of success because of the leader's butt being beaten, and Jiangyin City still stood still! During the siege of Jiangyin, Comrade Yan Yingyuan sent Huizhou merchant Cheng Bi and others out of the city many times to contact reinforcements. The naval divisions of Huang Fei and Wu Zhikui of the Ming army were defeated by the Qing army on the way. The pirate Gu Sanmazi, who had been an enemy in the past, also led a 300-man "righteous army" to support him, but encountered a large number of Qing troops on the way. Intercept and return in defeat. So far, Jiangyin has completely become an isolated city. After defending the isolated city for more than 70 days, Jiangyin City's defense equipment is also seriously lacking. What makes Comrade Yan Yingyuan even more anxious is that the food in the city can only maintain the ration of two meals of gruel per person per day. At this time, 240,000 Qing troops had already gathered outside the city. On the day of August 21st, the Qing army took out the brakes to attack the city—concentrating nearly a hundred cannons on the northeast corner of Jiangyin City and bombarded it. After blowing down a corner of the city wall, the Qing army finally rushed Flock into this dream city like a dream. But what awaits them is still the indomitable street fighting of Jiangyin people. Chen Ming ordered all forty-three men and women in his family to set themselves on fire. Then, he fought with the Qing army with a knife, and finally died of heavy wounds. When he died, his body was still standing stiff by the wall! After being wounded, Yan Yingyuan wanted to throw himself into the lake, but was "rescued" from the water by the Qing army. He stood in front of Boluo without kneeling, and was killed after failing to persuade him to surrender! The Qing army began to retaliate frantically. People in Jiangyin either fought hard to the end, or died calmly, and they all thought it was lucky to die first. The women were so chaste and fierce, they threw themselves into the river to die.Even seven-year-old children resolutely sacrificed their lives, and no one knelt down and surrendered. Two days later, the exhausted Qing army "came out to reassure the people", leaving only "fifty-three people big and small" left in the city. Next to a girl who committed suicide, the Qing army found such a "posthumous poem" - "The battlefield is full of rotten bones and bones, and the lonely city of ten thousand deaths has not refused to surrender. Send a message to passers-by not to cover their noses, the living are not as fragrant as the dead." In addition, the people of the time said, "Leading allegiance for eighty days, representing the people of the seventeen dynasties of the Taizu; one hundred thousand people united in one heart and one heart, leaving the Ming Dynasty for three hundred miles." Expressed the lofty respect of every Han compatriot to Jiangyin people . Emperor Longwu, who had just ascended the throne, also praised him sincerely: "My descendants, if they are lucky enough to meet a three-foot child in this county, they should also respect them!" During the war, the phoenix of Jiangyin City was reborn from the ashes, and the "Loyalty State" became the city's ever-changing reputation! Compared with Yangzhou's mediocre record and Nanjing's surrender without a fight, although the defense of Jiangyin failed, it showed the Manchu conquerors for the first time that the southern Han people were unyielding, brave and fearless, and good at fighting.Dorgon's ambition of "Wu's people are weak, and his message can be determined" was shattered by the harsh reality! Under the call of the "power of role model" in Jiangyin City, the awakened Han scholars and people in the cities and mountains of Taicang, Xiushui, Kunshan, Changshu, Wujiang, Jiading, Taihu, and Dabie Mountains in the south staged uprisings and killed local officials appointed by the Qing army. , began a desperate struggle to "defend hair, defend culture"! In this series of uprisings, the struggles of the people in Jiading and Taihu Lake are more worthy of "special report", because in these two areas, the former is tenacious and the latter is enduring. Let me talk about Jiading first. The process of Jiading people resisting the tyranny of the new government was surprisingly similar to that of Jiangyin in the early stage. First, the Qing Dynasty sent a "pseudo-county magistrate"——Zhang Weixi to Jiading to take office. After taking office, the magistrate Zhang naturally had to post a notice, preparing to faithfully implement the new government's hair-shaving order. After seeing the notice, the people were indignant, and immediately held a rally, inviting two famous local gentry, Hou Tongzeng and Huang Chunyao, to "make up their minds" for the big guy. In ancient my country's feudal society, "country" and "family" were essentially separated. Although "country" was the highest form of ruling regime, its scope of rule only reached the level of "county". Within the vast grassroots scope of townships, towns, streets, communities, and villages below the "county", the real rulers are the "gentry", which is replaced by a modern term-"social virtuous". Through their social influence, the "social sages" play a role in assisting the government in managing society in many aspects such as maintaining traditional morality, mediating public disputes, providing social relief, and improving public welfare. The attitude will guide the people's next action. Facing the anxious and trusting eyes of the people, Hou Tongzeng, the five-year Jinshi of the Apocalypse and the "social sage" who once served as the Secretary of General Administration of the Hongguang Dynasty, burst into tears, and impassionedly "expressed" his own ideas—instead of It is better to shave your hair vigorously and die in battle than to shave your hair in obscurity and survive. The general ordered the grass to follow the wind, and the grassroots people, who had long been dissatisfied with the "hair shaving order", rushed into the county government office under the leadership of Hou and Huang, killed the county magistrate, and erected the "Jiading Recovery Order" on the top of the city. "Suppressing Rebels" banner. Next, Hou and Huang made emergency arrangements. One is to classify according to households and make a reasonable burden.They divided the residents in the city into three classes according to the population structure and the amount of property. grain; only a small amount of food and people are sent out to leave the household. The second is to implement the "spiritual incentive method". When "Hou Xianda" inspects the city defense every day, he will often give full play to his strengths and give an impromptu speech. The city defenders who listen to his speech often cry with grief and anger, and swear that "the city survives successfully, and the city loses benevolence." The third is precise planning and material stimulation.Hou and Huang took the seriousness of intellectuals to draw a detailed map of the city defense, dividing the city defense into four sections, appointing a person in charge for each section, and setting posts and people for each crenel. Different from Jiangyin, Jiading also implemented "material incentives", stipulating that all defenders of the city can be paid 60 Wen per person per day. The standard gives additional rewards. But what is disappointing is that the well-prepared Jiading did not replicate Jiangyin's success. The main reason for this was "Hou Xianda". When he heard that the enemy chief who came was Li Chengdong, the "fleeing general" of the original Nanming Dynasty, he changed his original intention of holding on to the city and led his troops out of the city directly, planning to wipe out the enemy. outside the city gate. The knowledgeable old Hou seemed to understand Sun Tzu's principle of "surrounding them in ten ways" very well. He thought that he had at least 100,000 people in his hands, while the opponent only brought 4,000 people, 25:1, and the problem could be solved by gang fights. On the first day of July, the defense of Jiading started at the Bingzhuan Bridge outside the city. The Jiayi army set up a beehive formation, hoping to rely on the strength of their numbers to swarm up and surround the Qing soldiers before beating them to death. Li Chengdong, who had been in battle for a long time, understood the intention of the rebel army at once, and immediately put out a "crab formation" to fight. The general strategy of the "crab formation" is that the Chinese army first uses crossbow arrows to resist the opponent's charge, and then dispatches elite cavalry on both sides to attack in turn, like crab traps. Fighting is not fighting. In less than half an hour, the rebel army was rushed into several piles by the Qing army. Not only could they not look after each other, but a serious "stampede" accident occurred.The Qing army then took the opportunity to cover up the killing, and as a result, the battlefield became a slaughterhouse. The surviving rebels had to retreat to the city and count their personnel. More than half of them were lost, and their morale was greatly affected. Li Chengdong, who had won the peripheral battle, took a day off and launched a fierce attack on Jiading City on the third day of July. A day later, Jiading City was breached. Hou and Huang, who performed poorly in the military, did not perform poorly in integrity. After the city was broken, Hou Dongzeng and his two sons fought bloody battles with the Qing army. After being seriously injured, they were captured and killed unyieldingly!Huang Chunyao and his younger brother committed suicide. Li Chengdong strictly carried out the order of the Qing government that "in case of resistance, the city will be massacred". Among the residents, more than 30,000 residents were killed by Qing army knives, stabbed, and horses, and those who committed suicide by hanging beams, throwing themselves into wells, and throwing themselves into rivers reached more than 30,000 a day. It is called "Jiading Yitu". After the "One Massacre", Li Chengdong, who was full of ambition, loaded the property looted from here on 300 large ships, and led most of the Qing army to withdraw, leaving only a small number of people stationed in Jiading. If the people here have lived a life of "obedient people" who swallowed their anger and endured humiliation, then Jiading people can only show their faces a little bit in history, and then they will be forgotten in a blink of an eye. But the Jiading people who survived the catastrophe chose to resist again. Under the leadership of another "social sage" Zhu Ying, they sounded the "assembly call" again, killed all the garrison first, and then killed the county magistrate. The righteous clan was erected. After hearing the news, Li Chengdong led his troops back to Jiading overnight, and under the cover of night, broke into the city through the gap in the broken city wall.A bloody massacre was carried out on many residents who were still sleeping.After the massacre, the piles of corpses were piled up and set on fire, known as the "Second Jiading Massacres" in history. After the massacre, Li Chengdong wiped off the blood, put away the butcher's knife, and evacuated again. This time, he believed that the Jiading people were finally convinced. But what he didn't expect was that after only 20 days of his evacuation, Jiading people, led by a former Nanming general named Wu Zhifan, raised the banner of righteousness and occupied the county again.Moreover, this time, tens of thousands of villagers near Jiading joined the resistance team. Li Chengdong, who went crazy, had to "visit Jiading three times".This time, both sides were red-eyed.At the root of the city wall and in the houses of the residents, desperate struggles were waged one after another. After the war, the Qing army, which suffered heavy losses, carried out brutal revenge on Jiading by "killing, looting, and burning", which is known as the "Three Massacres in Jiading" in history. After these three massacres, Jiading City was truly "killed out of thousands of households and wiped out of thousands of families", with ruins, weeds and zombies everywhere!It has completely become -- "Jiading, Jiading, every family is stable". However, in the history of the motherland's resistance to violent conquest, another heroic city has been added. If the tenacity and tenacity of the people in Jiading is soul-stirring, then the wisdom and persistence of the Taihu Rebel Army is admirable! The anti-Qing uprising of the Taihu Rebel Army began in June 1645 and persisted until January 1647, nearly two years before and after. The rebel army can last for such a long time because of a good leader-Wu Yi. Wu Yi, courtesy name Risheng, although he came from a professional background (Jinshi in the 16th year of Chongzhen), he once joined the army with Shi Kefa, and he is a compound talent with both theoretical foundation and practical experience. After the Hongguang regime collapsed and the Qing government issued an order to shave their hair, Wu Yi saw that "the people's hearts are available", so he used Taihu Lake as a base to pull up a team and prepared to "compete with the Qing captives". The reason why Taihu Lake was chosen as the base was because Wu Yi saw a big disadvantage in going south to the Qing army—there was only an army and no navy. In the Taihu Lake area, there is precisely a rich "water army reserve force".The many fishermen here can become a "water armed force" capable of fighting with a little organization and training. With heartbeat and action, a capable navy with 3,000 people and 500 warships appeared on the vast Taihu Lake, and opened the curtain of the Han people's "resistance to Qing Dynasty on water". On June 11, 1645, Wu Yi led the Taihu Navy to attack Wujiang County, captured and killed Zhu Tingzuo, the false county magistrate, and returned to Taihu after obtaining a large amount of supplies. On January 15, 1646, Wu led the Taihu Navy to attack Wujiang County again: killing Kong Yinzu, the counterfeit county magistrate, and returned to Taihu Lake after obtaining a large amount of supplies again. On March 25, 1646, Wu Yi gathered more than a thousand boats and declared that he would attack Wujiang three times. Chen Risheng, the false county magistrate, was terrified. Wu Shengzhao held the only navy in the Qing Dynasty in his hands. In order to deal with Wu Yi, he had to take out this "guy style" at the bottom of the box.Separate a part of the navy, let the lieutenant Wang Maogong lead them, and rush to Taihu Lake to find Wu Yi for a decisive battle. As soon as he arrived at Taihu Lake, Deputy General Wang arrested many local people, one for doing coolie paddling, and the other for guiding the way. But when the boat reached the middle of the lake, these captured "common people" started "diving performances" one after another. Jumping was fine, but the "common people" who jumped into the water sank the Qing army's ship with hammers and chisels that had been hidden in advance. Readers who have read it must be familiar with this scene of annihilating the enemy. good! , Wu Yi learned and used the routine of "Comrade Wu Yong", let his water athletes pretend to be local people, and staged a realistic version of the "Water Margin Story". This battle not only cost Lieutenant General Wang and all the sailors he brought with him, but also made Wu Yi famous. Both Emperor Longwu and Lu Jianguo sent people to add officials to him. When the Qing government failed in the "open war", it came to the "dark war" and sent many "senior spies" to the Taihu Rebel Army to carry out intelligence collection and personnel instigation. In late June 1646, the Qing army received a piece of information that Wu Yi would go to Jiashan for a banquet, and immediately made careful "preparations". Wu Yi, who didn't know the information leaked, was captured by the ambushing Qing army in Jiashan, and was killed because he refused to surrender. After Wu Yi's sacrifice, the Taihu Rebel Army was like a big tree that lost its nutrients, withering day by day. Half a year later, it was wiped out by the Qing army on the shore of Taihu Lake. When the Han people in the south were fighting for "defense of culture", the Han people in the north were also fighting the same struggle with the Qing government! The struggles of the northern Han people during this period mainly included: 1. Farmers in the outskirts of Beijing staged armed riots against "enclosure" and "investment". Among them, Changping County and Sanhe County were the most violent, although these "riot groups" were formed in units of villages and fought independently.But at the climax of the struggle, the city of Beijing was once surrounded, making it impossible for coal from Xishan to be transported to Beijing in two or three months. 2. The peasants in Tianjin, Jinghai and other places struggled to "anti-Qing and restore the Ming Dynasty". 3. Peasant uprisings by Zhao Yingyuan in Qingzhou, Shandong, Xie Qian in East Lu, Yu Qi, and Yuyuan in West Lu, led by generals from the rest of the Dashun Army and "outstanding men" among the peasants. 4. The anti-Qing struggle of Henan landlord armed Liu Hongqi and others. 5. The Hanzhong uprising of He Zhen, the general of Shaanxi Dashun who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. After the uprising, He Zhen and Sun Shoufa, the former general of the Ming Dynasty, jointly supported the clan of the Ming Dynasty and established the first "national united front" in the history of fighting against the Qing Dynasty. At one time, 70,000 horse infantry troops were assembled to attack Xi'an, which was the largest armed struggle in the north and shocked the Qing government greatly. However, it is "big" (every uprising is large in scale, involving a city or a region); Bin); compared with "early" (the Hongguang Dynasty fell, and the resistance began at the shaving order), the struggle of the Han people in the north showed the following opposite characteristics: 1. "Small", each time the scale is relatively small, even the largest He Zhen and Sun Shoufa uprising was only 70,000 people. 2. "San" uprisings occurred one after another, and the forces were scattered. Even in the same area, there was no unified leadership and unified fighting. 3. The "miscellaneous" people involved include gentry, peasants, Dashun army, bandits, grass bandits, wandering rivers and lakes, and small businesses. They are of all kinds and varieties. 4. "Late" During the long period when the Qing army entered the customs and entered Beijing, the north was relatively peaceful. Only after the Qing Dynasty implemented a series of bad policies, resistance struggles emerged one after another. Let's analyze the reasons for this difference! Originally in the north, because the Qing army raided the south six times in the late Ming Dynasty, the lives of the people in Hebei, Shandong and other places were devastated and their wives and children were scattered. The Han people naturally hated the Qing government to the bone. But after Dorgon implemented a series of good governance, the attitude of the people began to change. In the eyes of the common people, the Qing army changed from a predator of wealth to a protector of wealth. Moreover, in the psychology of serving ethnic minorities, the Han people in the North and the South are also very different. This is because, although the north is the original home of the Han people, due to the impact of the war, the Han people have migrated to the south on a large scale five times. These five times occurred in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties, and Southern Song Dynasty respectively, and lasted for nearly a thousand years. The two largest southward migrations took place in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and during the Song-Jin War. Moreover, the background of these two times was the internal invasion of ethnic minorities. The migration of the Han had two consequences. One is to make the south completely surpass the north economically. Culturally, the south is also proud of inheriting and developing the "genuine Han civilization". The second is to allow the Han people who stayed in the north to live together with the invading ethnic minorities, and the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Shatuo, Dangxiang, Jurchen and other ethnic minorities gradually merged into the Han nationality. (Emperor Li Zicheng of Dashun is a descendant of Tangut people in Xixia). In this way, the northern Han people are more diverse, more open, and more inclusive than the southern Han people, and the degree of rejection of the Manchu "outsiders" is not as strong as that in the south. However, with the implementation of the evil policy of ethnic persecution and ethnic discrimination by the Qing government, some northern Han people were unwilling to swallow their anger, and changed from dependence to resistance. However, compared with the south, which has not suffered large-scale wars, the north has experienced more than ten years of wars. "The armor is full of lice, and the surnames die; the bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no rooster crowing for a thousand miles." A true portrayal of the region. In other words, compared with the south, the potential for war in the north at this time has been exhausted. In addition, the rest of the three organized and effective armed forces—the Dashun, Daxi, and Ming armies—had been transferred to the south, reducing the chances of large-scale armed struggle in the north compared to the south. The above is the performance of the Han people in the north and south in the first anti-Qing struggle. Finally, let me summarize the significance of this struggle. This meaning is that although the struggles have failed successively, they have hit the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, delayed the southward march of the Qing army, and bought precious time for the establishment of the Longwu and Lu Jianguo regimes.