Chapter 16 Chapter XV Pros and Cons of a New Government

Let me first talk about the positive image of the new government with Dorgon as the core of leadership! Dorgon, an "outsider", entered the customs from April 1644 to June 1645. He not only killed Li Zicheng, but also eliminated Emperor Hongguang, and obtained the dream capital of his father (Nurhachi) and elder brother (Huang Taiji). Brilliant achievements never dreamed of. Everything happens for a reason, and Dorgon can achieve such brilliant achievements.It is because he solved the five major problems that Emperor Chongzhen wanted to solve but could not. These five major problems are: the problem of arable land, the balance of financial revenue and expenditure, the problem of eunuchs intervening in politics, the problem of cleaning up people's hearts, and the problem of cleaning up corruption.

The first problem can be solved relatively smoothly, and we should be very grateful to the peasant uprising led by peasant leaders such as Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong in the late Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, 10% of the country's cultivated land was in the hands of the Zhu family, and another 80% of the cultivated land was in the hands of large and small bureaucrats and landlords.Most of the peasant brothers live on the land (technical term: tenant farmers), and the high land rent makes everyone's life precarious, and life is worse than death. As the head of the landlord class, Emperor Chongzhen was well aware of this, but it was impossible for him to help, take the cultivated land from the landlords and distribute it to the farmers, and he did not even issue some laws and regulations restricting high land rents.

But peasant army leaders like Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong were different. During the war, they adopted the most severe class dictatorship against the royal family, bureaucrats, and landlords at all levels. The fleeing and exile of the class made the arable land they controlled reduced to "unowned wasteland" and actually fell into the hands of the lessee-tenant farmers. Dorgon's new government collected taxes according to the method of "whoever farms, who pays taxes", which is tantamount to acknowledging the ownership of the tenant farmers' brothers on the leased land.

In this calm "land reform" movement, the Qing government really took advantage of it. It did not bear the bad reputation of persecuting the landlords and gentry, but also made the poor tenant farmers who actually got the arable land feel grateful. The main contradiction in society began. Digest. The second problem to be solved is the balance of fiscal revenue and expenditure.Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty and Hongguang of the Nanming Dynasty both led to the bankruptcy of the regime due to financial bankruptcy.The issue of fiscal revenue and expenditure is related to the survival of the new regime, and Dorgon must not be careless.

But the reality he faces is that on the one hand, he must rely on tax cuts in exchange for the support of "locals" for his "foreign households";Both hands must be grasped, and both hands must be hard. On the first hand, in addition to exempting the "three rates", Dorgon also, according to Fan Wencheng's suggestion, did not collect taxes according to the high standard of the Chongzhen Dynasty, but according to the lower standard of the Chongzhen Jieye Wanli period. In addition, tax cuts were also implemented, which greatly reduced the official tax of the "Qing-controlled area" this year. The collection method is to exempt half of the grain where the Qing army has passed, and one-third of the grain that has not been passed as long as it is sincerely surrendered. .

In addition to exempting part of the current year's taxes, it is also stipulated that the common people will no longer pay all the taxes owed to the Chongzhen Dynasty in previous years. In addition to the regular tax, some unreasonable surcharges in the Ming Dynasty, such as coke silver, hemp iron silver, Hefu silver, and craftsman silver, were all cancelled. Tax exemption here, money spent there, how the Qing government "survived" it, this should be said to be Dorgon's second hand. The first is to transport silver and grain, transporting all the silver that Huang Taiji robbed the Ming Dynasty to the south of the Ming Dynasty five times in the past, and transported it to Beijing for use.The silver was taken from the Han land back then, and now it is used in the Han land. It can also be regarded as the "transfer payment" of the early Qing version!The new government transported no less than two million taels of silver to Beijing. In addition, it also transported a large amount of grain from Manchuria, which effectively solved the silver and food shortages it was facing.

The second is to support the cost-effective Eight Banners military system to remain unchanged. The third is to reduce the channels for spending money. It is estimated that at least 40% of the fiscal revenue in the late Ming Dynasty was used to support the princes and grandchildren of the old Zhu family.As for the Qing Dynasty, although it also symbolically raised some vassal princes surnamed Zhu, the money it spent was less than one-thousandth of the original amount. The fourth is to block up dredging and clean up corruption, which will be discussed later. With such two actions, the finances of the new government of the Qing Dynasty have completely reached the point of a virtuous circle, which is beyond the reach of the Nanming and Dashun dynasties.

The third problem to be solved is the problem of eunuchs intervening in politics. The root of this problem is that Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the prime minister and exercised the administrative power of the country himself.But most of his descendants are lazy.But lazy people have lazy ways, so they recruit house slaves—eunuchs, to help them work together, which led to the rise of the eunuch group. The eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty can not only go out to supervise the army, enjoy the addiction of counting soldiers on the battlefield, but also master the secret service agencies and send secret police to monitor the civil official group.What makes the civil official group even more crazy is that the eunuchs who are in charge of ceremonies can also review the memorials they gave to the emperor first, and then issue them for execution after drafting, approving red, and stamping. The emperor in coats"?Are the civil servants working for the emperor or eunuchs?

In order to keep warm, the civil servants established Donglin Party, Chu Party, and Zhejiang Party to fight against the eunuch group in order to protect themselves.Of course, the eunuchs could not sit still. In order to strengthen their own strength, they contacted the "frustrated people" in the civil official group and formed the Eunuch Party and the various parties established by the civil official to fight against each other. The party struggle in the late Ming Dynasty thus kicked off. The overall quality of the eunuchs is relatively low, coupled with mental disabilities, resulting in abnormal behavior, which successfully brought down a great dynasty.If the power of the newly born Qing Dynasty is in the hands of the handicapped, then the country that the Aixinjueluo family has laid down with blood will "change color" just like the Ming Dynasty.

In order to prevent the historical tragedy from repeating itself, Dorgon was determined to kick the eunuch group out of the political and economic stage of the new government under the persuasion of the civil servants' chattering letters. After he took over the regime in Beijing, he issued an edict to the world, announcing that the Qing Dynasty would permanently abolish eunuchs such as the Lijian, Yumajian, and Dongchang eunuchs. The post will be swept into the dustbin of history forever. From now on, the rights of approving and stamping the memorials of civil and military officials of the new government will be exercised by the emperor himself (because the emperor Shunzhi is too young, of course he, the emperor's uncle and regent Dorgon, will exercise it on his behalf).

Economically, as soon as he entered Beijing, he prevented the eunuchs from collecting the land rent of the Ming Dynasty Huangzhuang, and even forbade the eunuchs to leave Beijing to buy things in other places, depriving the eunuch comrades of every opportunity to "earn extra money". In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, eunuchs could wear court uniforms to congratulate together with civil and military officials in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, but Dorgon stipulated that eunuchs would no longer be allowed to "mix" into the ranks of civil servants of the Qing Dynasty to participate in the ceremony. Congratulations. From this moment on, the eunuch has returned to his original nature—a "specially disabled waiter" engaged in physical labor in the palace. Since this era, the eunuch's involvement in politics has become a term that has lost its "brilliant color", and has completely disappeared into the depths of the red dust of history. The fourth difficult problem to solve is to deal with people's hearts. To clean up people's hearts, first clean up the heads of the Guizhou people - the hearts of intellectuals. Dorgon mainly did four things in this regard. The first is to respect Confucius. Li Ruolin, an official of the Han Dynasty, asked Dorgon to confer on Confucius the title of "King of Wenxuan, the Most Sage of Dacheng".After being deliberated by the Ministry of Rites, Dorgon simply named Confucius as "the most holy teacher of Dacheng", and according to the history of the Ming Dynasty, the descendants of Confucius were named Yanshenggong. The second is to open a subject to obtain a scholar. In 1645, Dorgon held a rural examination in the "Qing-occupied area". Included in the ranks of grassroots civil servants in the Qing Dynasty. The third is to expand the scope of recruitment of civil servants, so that all localities can recommend "literati" who are secluded in the mountains and forests, with talents and virtues, and "samurai" with outstanding martial arts and courage. After the review, he will be directly hired as a national civil servant. In addition, all "alternative intellectuals" who were dismissed in the Ming Dynasty for "suggestions and suggestions" or "fraudulent accusations and framing", as long as they have not committed corruption crimes, the new government will clear their grievances. They will all be used, and new positions will be rearranged with reference to the original official positions. Fourth, after "intellectuals" become civil servants, the emperor will respect the personal rights of civil servants at all levels, and will not engage in the trick of sending secret police to monitor personal freedom. He promises that if civil servants in the Qing Dynasty break the law in the future, relevant law enforcement agencies will follow legal procedures After being tried, the emperor can no longer directly spank his butt, nor can the emperor directly send him to prison. In addition to tidying up the hearts of "intellectuals", Dorgon also paid special attention to "socially disadvantaged groups" and "models of moral construction". The new government stipulates: the taxation of the young adults, the disabled, and the elderly will be cancelled; if the elderly reach the age of 70, one person can stay at home to take care of them, and all the national labor services that this person should serve will be cancelled. Every year, one piece of silk, one catty of brocade, one stone of rice, and ten catties of meat will be given as material subsidies, and the subsidy will be doubled at the age of ninety; Regarding the model of moral construction, the new government stipulates that those who are virtuous and respected by the village will be crowned with honor; for filial sons, obedient grandchildren, righteous husbands, and chaste women, local governments at all levels will build memorial archways to commend them. The fifth problem to be solved is to clean up corruption. Regarding the "previous disease" of "civil servant corruption", the countermeasures adopted by the new government are as follows: One is the amnesty first and then strict control, with May 1, 1644 as the boundary.Inform civil servants at all levels that in the past you embezzled money from the Ming Dynasty, and the new government can let it go, but after May 1st, the signs have changed, and we are going to build a new government that is "clean and strict". The uncles must dare to embezzle the money of the Qing Dynasty, and they will die. The second is to announce the salary standards of civil servants at all levels in a timely manner, and to ensure that they are paid on time and according to the amount. Although the wages are similar to those of the Ming Dynasty, the steady stream of water flows slowly. Calm down, go to work in a well-behaved manner, do things conscientiously, and strive to perform well in front of the new boss. The special activity of corruption is temporarily suspended. The third is a big change of officials. The high-level aspects of the new government: For senior civil servants such as governors and governors in the surrendered areas, most of them are Han Chinese from the old team outside the customs.These Han people have all joined the "Eight Banners of the Han Army" long ago. They have houses, land, slaves, and organizational discipline. The desire for corruption is not very strong at this stage. On the contrary, they have made some achievements to cleanse the "traitors" Notorious political ideals. As a result, the pockets of senior civil servants are tightened, and middle and low-level civil servants can only follow suit and follow suit. At the middle level: Although a large number of officials who had surrendered to the Ming Dynasty were appointed, Dorgon also treated these special civil servants differently.Those with good moral and ability should be promoted and used; those with talent but no virtue should be used as appropriate; those with virtue but no talent should be restricted from use; The construction of the new government needs to recruit a large number of grassroots civil servants, so through the imperial examination and the recommendation of talented people, new forces from the people were absorbed to join in, so that the grassroots posts of the new government gradually resumed normal operation.In practice, these young talents who have not yet been contaminated by the bad habits of officialdom have indeed brought a "fresh breath" to the new government. Generally speaking, during Dorgon's regency, the problem of official corruption was not a big problem compared with the Chongzhen Dynasty or the Hongguang Dynasty. After talking about the pros and cons, the negative image of Dorgon's new government is that everything is based on the interests of the Manchurians. After entering the customs, they have implemented five evil policies that "disturb the people and harm the people"! The "Duo (Dorgon) Five Points" are: Occupying a house, enclosing land, investing in land, escaping from people, shaving your head and changing your clothes. Dorgon led the Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners army from the snowy northeast to the sparsely populated North China Plain. A series of issues such as the life, residence, and livelihood of the more than 200,000 accompanying family members, so that the people who followed him out to do the "revolution" can eliminate their worries and better "serve the people." Regarding the housing issue, the Eight Banners soldiers and their family members lived together with the local residents after entering Beijing. However, the “special gift” left by the Dashun Army—the plague frightened these people from the severe cold regions.For the purpose of epidemic prevention, the new government came up with a way to live in separate cities.He ordered the expulsion of all the aborigines in the inner city of Beijing, and resettled the Eight Banners soldiers and their families after the expulsion.After the plague passed, Dorgon found that the way to live in this sub-city was quite good.Not only can it prevent diseases, but it can also defend against enemies—once the Han Chinese attack, the bannermen who are pushed together can immediately pull out to fight in groups. Dorgon, who had tasted the sweetness, decided to promote this "good system". From then on, every time the Qing army conquered a big city and needed to garrison there, they would drive out the residents in the inner city and build a "full city". Let the Eight Banners sergeants and their families live together.Today, Taiyuan, Nanjing, Hangzhou and other cities where the Eight Banners Army was stationed still have the ruins of "Mancheng". It should be noted that not all Manchus live in Manchuria, but there are also "banner people" such as Han Chinese and Mongols who entered the banner. Even Dorgon knew that the practice of forcibly occupying the houses of ordinary people in the inner cities of major cities was not authentic.Later, a decree was promulgated in the name of Emperor Shunzhi, stipulating that for residents whose houses were occupied, the new government would reduce their land tax for one to three years according to the number of houses they occupied. If this decree is put into place now, it will definitely be scolded as a show of "painting cakes to satisfy hunger"!However, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, urban residents still had some large and small properties outside the city, which gave the inner city residents who had their houses occupied more or less some "comfort".Endure the calm for a while, take a step back, let's go home, wash and sleep! But soon, the common people near the capital discovered that they had resented their old grievances and added new ones. Because the new government launched another "enclosure" campaign in order to solve the livelihood problems of the people entering the customs. Most of the banner people still farmed for a living, but the land they planted was in Manchuria and the banks of the Songhua River, and they did not enter the customs with the entry of the Qing army. These bannermen who served as professional soldiers entered the customs.Fighting everywhere, the land at home was naturally left unattended and abandoned. At the same time, the new government was neither paid nor allowed to rob casually, which made it difficult for the banner people to make a living, and their living standards dropped drastically. Under such circumstances, Dorgon thought of creating some industries for the majority of banner people, and he set his sights on the "unowned wasteland" in the suburbs of Beijing. The "ownerless wasteland" in the prefectures and counties on the outskirts of Beijing was originally owned by the royal family, nobles, bureaucrats, eunuchs and other dignitaries who lived in the capital during the Ming Dynasty.But most of these masters have died under the "butcher knife of the Dashun Revolution".At present, these lands are actually in the hands of tenant farmers, and the tenant farmers have paid the "agricultural tax" to the new government in 1644 according to the number of acres cultivated. In order to turn these lands into the fixed assets of the banner people, in December of this year, Dorgon issued an order to enclose land, announcing that from the date of this order, the "ownerless land" in 41 counties on the outskirts of Beijing would be taken away. The "wasteland" was distributed to the kings, ministers, and soldiers of the Eight Banners who came from the east. With this order, in the implementation of the policy, two serious consequences were immediately produced: One is that the officers and soldiers of each banner, under the instruction of the banner owner, let go of their horses to enclose the land.When enclosing land, regardless of whether the cultivated land is owned or not, it is all enclosed, and some cultivated land in the homes of self-cultivating farmers and small and medium-sized landlords is also enclosed. The second is that the officers and soldiers of the various banners not only enclosed the land, but also enclosed the homesteads and houses of the residents near the cultivated land, immediately turning these people into outright "proletarians." The homeless and landless peasants and small and medium-sized landlords united and adopted peaceful means to submit the "appeal materials" to Dorgon step by step. In order to appease the anger of the people, and at the same time to solve the annoyance that the officers and soldiers of the various banners had land but no one to cultivate it, the new government, which took "doing benevolence and righteousness and saving China" as its "duty", quickly introduced two "remedial measures". The first is to order the Ministry of Household Affairs to inform the relevant departments of all prefectures and counties that if private properties are occupied by Manchuria, they can quickly replenish them from other places depending on the amount of cultivated land occupied and how fertile they are, and ensure fairness and justice so that the people will not suffer . The words are high-sounding and seamless, but this is not in Manchuria, where there are fewer people and more; it is in the densely populated North China Plain. The cultivated land has been completely developed in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, in the implementation of the policy, local officials can only choose from various Some "thin land" was set aside in the barren hills and tidal flats in the remote areas of the county to symbolically compensate the land-lost residents. The second is to issue the "investment charge" order. In order to solve the problem of "the production and life of poor Han farmers", the new government encourages them to invest in various banners and cultivate the land that they have shed their sweat and tears as slaves. Under the "investment and charging" order, a large number of Han farmers have land to cultivate and no longer wander.But when I opened my eyes the next day, I found that my identity had changed. In the past, I was still a tenant farmer who could move freely, and the relationship with the landlord was a lessor and lessee.But now and even in the future, I and my descendants have become "slaves" of the Banner family, unable to move, change jobs, take imperial examinations, or engage in freedom of belief. But not everyone scolds the "investment and charging" order. Some landlords with a particularly quick brain have discovered a special benefit of "investing and charging" - tax evasion. These landlords reached a "secret agreement" with the banner people, and brought their own land to the banner people. Although the land was still their own, they no longer had to pay taxes to the country. People's names run rampant in the countryside, why not do it? Now it was Dorgon's turn to be dumbfounded, so he urgently issued an "anti-investment and charging order" in the third month after the "investment and charging" order was issued, announcing that the "investment and charging" matter would cease forever. However, this ban only applies to ordinary bannermen. Among the bannermen, the nobles, princes and other privileged classes still continue to absorb a large number of "investment" private households through various channels, set up "personal farms", and appoint Han Chinese The intrepid and treacherous gangsters acted as "zhuangtou", intensively managed the investment households, collectively produced, and reflected the social style of the Qing Dynasty. In the fifty-third chapter, Wuzhuangtou of Heishan Village is such a formidable Role! If it is said that "throwing money" seems to have a little "comic color", then the next fourth evil policy - the law of apprehending fugitives has completely infiltrated the blood and tears of the Han people. To understand the law of apprehending fugitives, one must first understand a term - fugitives. To put it simply, a fugitive is a person who is unwilling to be a slave in the manor of the Manchurian Bannerman and tries to escape. These people were originally ordinary people in Liaodong, Hebei, and Shandong in the Ming Dynasty. When the Later Jin invaded Liaodong, plundered the interior five times, and conquered Nanming in Dashun, they were captured and sent to the manor of the Bannerman to work hard as slaves. There are as many as 400,000 manual laborers. After the Eight Banners Army went out to fight, a large number of Bannermen also went out with the army, and the management of Bannermen's estates was relaxed.Some "slaves" who could not bear the pain of abuse and homesickness sought opportunities to flee one after another, and the problem of fleeing people arose from this. In 1644 alone, 40,000 to 50,000 "Han Chinese slaves" successfully escaped from the manors of the Bannermen.When the problem of fugitives had seriously threatened the "production and life" of people at all levels in Manchuria Banner, the strict "Law of Catching Fugitives" came into being in the hands of the new government. After the fugitives successfully escaped from the devil's lair, they must rely on their relatives and friends to survive. In this way, the "Law on Apprehending the Fugitives" involves two criminal subjects—the fugitives and the homeowners who took in the fugitives. In the "Law on Apprehending Fugitives", the fugitives appear as the "special property" of the bannermen in the object of the law. Of course, the bannermen will not suffer heavy losses to their property.Therefore, the biggest feature of the "Law on Apprehending Fugitives" is that when the case is judged and sentencing, the fugitives are punished lightly and the nest owners are severely punished. The fugitives were arrested for the first escape, and the second time they escaped. They were all beaten and whipped and sent to the original owner. Once implicated and caught, the head will be beheaded directly without talking nonsense, and not only the owner himself will be killed, but the owner's family and neighbors will be implicated to varying degrees and accept different degrees of legal sanctions. But even so, the number of fugitives is still increasing. Therefore, the new government regards arresting fugitives as the top priority of this government's administration.Not only did the central government set up the Ministry of War to supervise the arrest and trial of fugitives, but the arrest of fugitives was also regarded as an important criterion for the performance evaluation of local officials at the local level. Under this "high-pressure policy", hundreds of thousands of homeowners will inevitably be involved behind the tens of thousands of fugitives.The pain of blood and tears of hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese, and the pride of the conquerors, formed a "heavy" landscape in the early Qing Dynasty. The pain of the fugitives and the homeowners also deeply hurt the hearts of the Han officials in the new government.The national sentiment that blood is thicker than water gave these Han officials the courage to cheer for the people.They continued to write long and lengthy letters, expressing the aspirations of the Han people to the regent Dorgon, hoping that the new government would be "people-oriented" and appropriately reduce the punishment standard of the fugitive law. But all the petitions were eventually exchanged for an angry reprimand from Dorgon: "You Han officials know that you have your own prejudices against the fugitives, and you don't know the country's major policies at all. Han slaves work for the bannermen and suffer, and what they shed is nothing but sweat. But the bannermen fought and sacrificed for the country, and what they shed is blood. , Fighting is life!" "There are no Han slaves working for the banner people, but there are banner people who will die for you. When the princes of the old Zhu family were fish and meat for the common people, never saw you fight against injustice; when Li Zicheng murdered and set fire, never saw you help. It is our banner people Only when you came here did you change all this and bring you a peaceful life for the majority of the Han people. People, the most important thing is contentment, and the most important thing is gratitude!" After losing their temper, the "Law to Apprehend Fugitives" still "does its own thing." Next, more fugitives and nest owners were arrested and killed, but the escape of Han slaves continued unabated. Although the four evil policies mentioned above are abhorrent, in terms of their degree of harm, they only affect the northern regions such as Liaodong, Shandong, and Hebei, while the following evil policy endangers the entire Han area.Under this evil government, tens of millions of people fought unyieldingly, and millions of people were killed; under this evil government, both Dorgon and Emperor Shunzhi spent their entire lives without completing the unification of China. This evil policy is - shaving hair and making clothes easier. This evil policy has a long history. As early as after Nurhachi occupied Liaodong, it was stipulated that the Han people in the occupied area must be in line with the Manchus in hair ornaments and clothes. Hair style: take off the Hanfu with wide sleeves and wear a full dress with double breasted and narrow sleeves. Women have also made similar regulations.And raise this regulation to the political level of whether the Han people really submit to the Houjin regime, and those who violate it will be sentenced to death. In the era of Huang Taiji, although the Later Jin Dynasty vigorously promoted Sinicization in many aspects such as cultural classics, political system, and economic development model, it still insisted on the two basic principles of shaving hair and full clothing. Why insist on this formal bottom line? This is because there are three such "special complexes" in Huang Taiji's heart. 1. The plot of "I love my family".As the leader of the Manchu, Huang Taiji naturally has a deep sense of national pride deep in his heart.He believes that although the Han nationality is advanced in all aspects of culture, politics and economy, the Manchu nationality is more "advanced" in terms of clothing and hair accessories.It is simple, clear, practical and capable, allowing Manchu men to ride horses with scimitars, draw bows, and shoot in the mountains and forests of the north, showing their heroic demeanor.Huang Taiji hoped that with the progress of the war of conquest, this proud national emotion would "carry forward" and leave a deep imprint on other nations. 2. Prevent all sinicization and maintain the purity of the nation.After Huang Taiji came to power, the "cultural people" who organized the later Jin Dynasty translated the twenty-two histories of the Han nationality. Among them, the history of Liao, Jin and Mongolia, which was "sympathetic" with the Manchus, became a "history textbook" that Huang Taiji often read. "Never forgetting the past is the teacher of the future." From the book, Huang Taiji understood such a truth: after the three powerful horse-backed ethnic groups, Khitan, Jurchen, and Mongolia, entered the Central Plains, because they could not maintain the national continuity well, As a result, on the day of "complete Sinicization", that is, when "the whole nation perishes", the conquered Han people also said such a "famous saying"-"Hulu has no luck for a hundred years". 3. The long-term plot of Manchu rule.Preserving the culture of clothing and hats of the nation, for the Manchus, they can always keep in mind that they are a nation that "uses the small to make the big, and the small wins the many", so that the whole nation can work hard, strive for self-improvement, and always maintain the "superior man" of the nation For the Han people, they can also never forget that their nation is a ruled nation. They should always be cautious in their words and deeds, keep their eyebrows low, and be submissive to the Manchus and stop being rebellious. Later Jin—the third generation of the Qing leadership core, although Dorgon betrayed the fourth elder brother politically, he was deeply affected by these three plots psychologically, so that he was very fond of "shaving hair and changing clothes" Always a soft spot. After he first entered the customs and entered Beijing, he couldn't wait to issue an order to shave his hair.However, in view of the unanimous opposition of 99.9% of the Han residents in the capital, Dorgon, whose foothold was not stable, had to withdraw this unpopular order temporarily. With the advent of a series of victories in Ming Shun Ming, Dorgon's restless heart was revived. At this moment, a Han official named Sun Zhixie came to cheer for Dorgon. Sun Zhixie, a Jinshi during the Tianqi period of the Ming Dynasty, many years of Confucian classic education did not establish a correct outlook on life and the world for this scholar-bureaucrat who "learned well and became an official". full of filth, the economy is full of filth. But this guy's weather vane changed quickly, and he was the first to beg for surrender after Dorgon first entered Beijing, and for this reason he successfully became the Minister of Rites of the new government. But Sun Shilang, who still wanted to continue to make progress, was unwilling to stop there. When he was unable to make suggestions for the new government to govern the country and the world, he took the lead and led his family to "shave their hair and change clothes". However, after "shaving his hair and changing clothes", the minister immediately found that he had become a "bat" in the court - the Manchu ministers would not let him stand in the full class, and the Han ministers would not let him stand in the Han class. Sun Shilang, who made a fool of himself amid the laughter of the Manchu and Han ministers, immediately wrote a memorial, pointing out the necessity of implementing "shaving hair and changing clothes" throughout the country. Encouraged by Dorgon, he finally issued a government decree at the end of June 1645, requiring all male citizens across the country to shave their hair within ten days after the decree was issued, and then changed clothes! If we look at the degree of harm of the "five more" bad governance from today's perspective, we will find that the first four endanger the property, freedom and life of citizens, which is a substantial infringement; while the fifth article only violates Part of the representational rights of citizens.As far as its harmfulness is concerned, it seems to be far less than the first four. If you think the same way, it means that we still don't understand our own nation. The biggest feature of our nation is that it has a kind of integrity that "lights life and death and matters more". In the five thousand years of national history, the gene of sacrificing one's life for benevolence and sacrificing one's life for righteousness has been deeply deposited in the blood of the nation. With this kind of integrity, our nation is passed on from generation to generation and lives endlessly.Overcoming the turmoil of the "Five Random Chinas", overcoming the slaughter of the "Liao, Jin, Meng and Yuan", fell down several times, and climbed up several times, finally ushered in the glory of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the prosperity of the Song and Ming Dynasties. "Body and skin, received by parents, shall not be harmed." It is not just a stubborn custom of a nation, which contains respect, filial piety, benevolence and dignity. This kind of custom can be actively changed with the changes of the times, but this kind of change should not be violence against civilization, conquest versus slavery!In the history of the Han nationality, didn't the story of "Hu Fu riding and shooting" also happened? However, "shaving hair and changing clothes" is not another change of "Hu clothing riding and shooting". For every Han, it is nothing more than an insult to the dignity of the personality; Castration of spiritual power. The Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty, and the Aixinjueluo family replaced the Zhu family. This is just the rise and fall of the country.Gu Yanwu, the old master, said - "The rise and fall of a country is not responsible for everyone."Those who need to be responsible are only a small group of privileged people who enjoy all the glory and wealth! But "shaving hair and changing clothes" is in the world of the dead Han people. Gu Yanwu also said that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world", and it is the whole Han family who need to be responsible. The silent Han people finally ceased to be silent. Up and down the Yellow River, across the river and north and south, suddenly ignited the sky-high anger against the new government of the Qing Dynasty! From this moment on, the main domestic contradiction changed from a class contradiction to an ethnic contradiction.