Chapter 19 Chapter Eighteen

Metaphysics, chatting, avoiding the world, letting go of birthdays... It has become a fashion from Wei to Jin.There are negative elements, but they should not be simply classified as negative.When people's lives are facing the danger of killing every moment, facing them head-on is tantamount to sending them to death, people linger, struggle, and try their best to find a way to protect themselves. Isn't this also an awakening of the consciousness of cherishing life? From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, stretching for nearly a hundred years, imperial power struggles, popular rebellions, warlord melees, ethnic conflicts intertwined continuously and on a large scale, coupled with disasters and plagues, caused a tragic scene of mass deaths of Chinese people at that time.Human life is in danger, and the day is always on the line. Whether at the bottom or at the top, almost all people of all colors are struggling in the misfortune of man-made disasters and natural disasters, trying their best to find feasible ways to protect their lives.As a result, Taoism, which is unique in advocating nature and advocating inaction, has spread widely and spread to all levels of society.In civil society, Taoist schools such as Wu Dou Mi Dao and Taiping Dao came into being, and were believed and followed by the general public, including the Han and Di, Qiang and other ethnic minorities. Because of this, Zhang Lu, the leader of the former, was able to establish Taoism in the Hanzhong area. A political-religious regime lasted for more than 20 years. Zhang Jiao, the leader of the latter, was able to gather disciples and launched the Yellow Turban Uprising, which lasted for more than 10 years.Correspondingly, the bureaucratic literati class and the literati class have also differentiated. Some of them construct metaphysics, love to talk, hide from the world, and indulge in life, which gradually develops into a fashion.The various phenomena seem to have nothing to do with each other, but in fact the starting point and purpose are the same, which together form a major feature of the spiritual culture of the Three Kingdoms period.

The founders of Xuanxue were He Yan and Wang Bi from the Cao Wei camp.He Yan (?—249) styled Uncle Ping, was born in Nanyang County Wan (now Nanyang, Henan). His grandfather was He Jin, the last general of foreign relatives who had exclusive power in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.Later, he entered the Cao family with his mother and was adopted by Cao Cao.During the Zhengshi period, "the song fits with Cao Shuang", successively served as Sanqi Shilang, Shizhong, and Shangshu, and was in charge of the election of officials. He was very powerful and became one of the backbone members of Cao Shuang's gang.After the power struggle failed, he was played by Sima Yi like a cat playing with a mouse.Sima Yi first assigned him to investigate and deal with the case of Cao Shuang. He "ruled the party poorly and hoped to be forgiven", and his old superiors and colleagues did not let them go, and worked very hard.Little did they know that Sima Yi said, "There are eight clans", and only the seven surnames were traced, but they have not been exhausted.He Yan was cornered, so he had no choice but to make clear the temptation: "Does it mean Yan?" The answer he got was only two words: "Yes!" In the end, He Yan, Cao Shuang, Cao Xi, Cao Xun brothers, Deng Yang, Ding Mi, Bi Gui, Li Sheng, Huan Fan, and Zhang Dang "all fell to death in the tenth year of Zhengshi (249), the three tribes of Yi".Wang Bi (226-249) was born in Shanyang (now Jiaozuo, Henan), and was recommended by He Yan as a minister.But he is young and inexperienced, and "Ya is not the director of the game in officialdom, so I don't pay attention to it."After Cao Shuang and He Yan were killed, he was implicated and dismissed. He "died of illness" in the fall of that year at the age of 24.

The experiences and characters of the two people are different, but they both love to talk about metaphysics. The title of metaphysics comes from the saying in "Lao Tzu" that "mystery is metaphysics, the door to all wonders".The Taoist theory initiated by Laozi regards "Tao" as the origin of the universe born from heaven and earth, and believes that the Dao is invisible and ineffable.He also believes that "everything respects the Tao and values ​​virtue", emphasizes tranquility and inaction, because following nature, and gaining from the Tao is to have "virtue".And "Xuande is deep and far away", vague and remote, which is just a description of "Tao" and "virtue". "Zhuangzi Tiandi Pian" said: "Things that can be born are called virtue"; The theory of Zhouyi explained "Book of Changes", especially "Laozi" and "Book of Changes". These three books are collectively called "Three Mysteries" by the world.

He Yan wrote "On Morals", "Anonymous Theory", "Inaction", "Analects of Confucius Collection", Wang Bi wrote "Zhouyi Zhu", "Zhouyi Lue Li", "Lao Zi Zhu", "Lao Zi Zhi Lue", "The Analects of Confucius Interpretation" 》, from a philosophical point of view, put forward the "whatever is precious" of "taking nothing as the foundation".They believe that "everything in the world is based on nothingness" and "the one who is Tao is called nothing, and there is no reason for it. What's more, the Tao is silent and has no body, and cannot be an image."The general idea is that "nothing" is the essence of all things, which is the "Tao".From this, they explored the relationship between nature and Mingjiao. They declared that "everything originates from emptiness, and movement arises from stillness."Further cutting into the social field, they emphasized that "Tao" is "the mother of the five religions (father and son have relatives, monarch and minister have righteousness, husband and wife are different, seniors and children are orderly, and friends are orderly)", and famous teachings can be combined "naturally". "Tao", so those who govern people should govern with "inaction", and those who govern people should deal with "inaction".This kind of "inaction" political view is compared with Huang Lao's "inaction" thought in the early Western Han Dynasty.

During the Zhengshi period (240-249), there were far more than He Yan and Wang Bi among bureaucrats and bureaucrats in Zongshang Xuanxue. Xia Houxuan from Cao Shuang’s gang and Zhong Hui from Sima Yi’s gang were all famous metaphysics experts.One of the ways they practice "inaction" is to inherit the ethos of clear discussion among celebrities in the Eastern Han Dynasty. They often ask questions about some philosophical topics, debate repeatedly, and develop into a fashion of "clear talk".According to Pei's annotation in "Three Kingdoms: Zhong Hui Zhuan", He Yan's rhetoric surpasses Wang Bi's in brilliance every time they get along with each other, but Wang Bi's insights surpass He Yan's.He Yan once said that a sage has no joy, anger, sorrow or joy, and he talked about it very brilliantly, and Zhong Hui added it from time to time.Wang Bi held an opposing view, and prophesied that a sage is more luxuriant than a human being, and he has the same five emotions as a human being.The gods are luxuriant, so the sage can reach the realm of transcendence and holiness through harmony and harmony; the five emotions are the same, so it is impossible for the sage to respond to things without joy, anger, sorrow, and joy. Everyone is different.This kind of "clear talk" seems to insist on the meaning of the words, but in fact it is quite capable of discerning the faint light, reversing the fallacy, and seeking the truth.But "clear talk" also needs to look at the object. Talking about metaphysics to people who don't understand metaphysics and have no intention of exploring philosophy is like playing the piano with a cow, which is a waste of effort.He Yan admired Wang Bi very much, and once praised him as "Zhong Ni said that the younger generation is awesome, and those who are like human beings can talk about the relationship between heaven and man."When there was a vacancy for the position of Minister of the Huangmen, he recommended Wang Bi to Cao Shuang; Cao Shuang accepted Ding Mi's recommendation and appointed Wang Li as Minister of the Huangmen, while Wang Bi was replaced by a minister.Wang Bi went to Cao Shuang's mansion to thank him. Cao Shuangping met him alone, perhaps to inspect him face to face.As a result, "Bi Yu's theory of Taoism has changed, and there is nothing else to do, so Shuang scoffed at it." Wang Bi has never been reused.

Judging from the consistency of words and deeds to see "inaction" in the world, He Yan and Wang Bi, like most metaphysicians at the time, had the problem of "knowledge is easier than action", and words were not true.Wang Bi was "excellent in genius", but he "laughed at others because of his strengths, so he was sickened by scholars and gentlemen", that's all.But he also wanted to make a difference in the officialdom, and he took power and position very seriously.In terms of personal friendship, he was originally friendly with Wang Li and Xun Rong; because of the Huangmen servant incident, he thought that Wang Li had taken away the high-ranking officials and jobs that seemed to belong to him, so he turned his face and hated Wang Li, and also had a relationship with Xun Rong. Alienated.

He died at the age of 24 at the age of 24, childless and extinct. Although the direct cause of his death was due to illness, the indirect cause may not have been frustration in officialdom.And He Yan, as one of the backbone members of Cao Shuang's gang, has been deeply involved in abusing power in politics and indulging in corruption in life.He served as the minister, "the main election, and those who live with him are mostly promoted."Cao Shuang made the cave room "full of arrogance and lust", "Shu and Yan met in it, drinking and having fun".Even his wife, Princess Jinxiang, was very worried, and said to her mother, "Yan's evil is getting worse, so how can he protect himself?"However, He Yan got carried away with complacency, and he didn't talk about quietness or "inaction" at all.He and Xia Houxuan were famous at that time, and Sima Shi also paid him back, saying to people: "'Only deep, so you can understand the aspirations of the world', Xiahou Taichu (Xiahouxuan's word) is also; 'Weijiye , so it can accomplish the affairs of the world', Sima Ziyuan (the word of Sima Shi) is also true; "only God is also, so it is not fast, but it is not fast." I have heard his words, but I have not seen him." With "God" Compared with himself, he claimed to be taller than Xia Houxuan and Sima Shi, he was not afraid of others' words, and he was extremely arrogant.Finally, the tragic end of his head falling to the ground and the annihilation of the three clans has something to do with him knowing that he is in a troubled world and avoiding disaster by "doing nothing" and refusing to engage in deeds even though he "talks" about it.After He Yan and Wang Bi left the stage of history, Wei and Jin metaphysics entered a new stage marked by anti-mingjiao. One representative figure was Ruan Ji and the other was Ji Kang.Ruan Ji (210-263) was born in Chen Liuwei's family (now in Henan Province). "Three Kingdoms" generally said that he was "suave and dissolute, with few desires, following the example of Zhuang Zhou".During the Zhengshi period, recommended by Taiwei Jiang Ji, he served as Shang Shulang and Cao Shuang joined the army, and returned to his hometown due to illness.After Cao Shuang was killed, Sima Yi and his son used his name as Gao to work as a Zhonglang.However, Ruan Ji "has a lot of experience in the world, but he is just an official". He heard that there was a vacancy for the infantry captain, and he "cooked a lot of good wine, and the campers were good at brewing wine", so he asked to be an infantry captain, and he got his wish, so he was called by later generations. "Ruan Infantry".In essence, he learned from Wang Bi's lessons, saw through the "many mistakes" of the times and the dangers of the officialdom, and used this to "indulge in drunkenness and forget about world affairs" to find another way to protect himself.He wrote in "Biography of Mr. Adults", "Without a ruler, the common people are determined, and without ministers, everything is reasonable."However, in the face of real politics and powerful figures under Sima's dictatorship, he was very cautious in his words, "talking about Xuanyuan, but never commenting on current events, and criticizing figures."Cautious and inconsiderate make him more willful and cynical, trying to cover up his true self as much as possible.In fact, Ruan Ji "originally had the will to help the world" (see "Book of Jin · Ruan Ji Biography"), but he just saw through Sima's reputation as a famous teacher, punished dissidents wantonly, and refused to take his life to try the butcher's knife.He once climbed Guangwu Mountain, looked at the Chu and Han battlefield sites, and sighed with emotion: "There are no talents in the time, so that Zhuzi became famous!" His ambition is beyond words.He often drives alone, travels freely, and can't help but go on the road, until there is no way in front of the car, and then weep aloud and return.

How much helplessness and pain is soaked in this, only God knows what he knows.Even so, it aroused the "deep hatred" of He Zeng and others, a scholar of etiquette and law. It was only because Sima Zhao believed that he had not publicly resisted and protected him from time to time, so Ruan Ji "died his life". Ji Kang (223-262), courtesy name Shuye, was born in Qiaojun Zhi (southwest of Suxian County, Anhui today). He used to work as a doctor of Zhongsan, so he was called "Ji Zhongsan" in the world.He "has few talents, is broad-minded and out-of-the-box, high-minded and willful, and does not cultivate his reputation";In "Health Preservation", Ji Kangli praised the 109 sages, sages, hermits, evaders, and evaders who have been transcended since ancient times, let go of world affairs, and indulged in the appearance of dust. , less selfish desires".In "Sound Without Sorrow and Joy", he clearly advocated "respecting the teaching of simplicity, controlling the rule of inaction, the king is quiet above, and the ministers are obedient to the bottom".In "Nan Zhang Liao Shu is naturally eager to learn", he even criticized "the six meridians are not necessarily the sun" for "not Tang Wu but thin Zhou Kong".This shows that Ji Kang is more "good-talking Lao Zhuang" than Ruan Ji, and has the characteristics of "admiring strangeness and being a chivalrous man".When interacting with people, he is also more cautious in his words and deeds, "I have never seen his color of joy and displeasure."In the end, character determines fate, but he doesn't see joy and displeasure, and still unintentionally offends Sima's confidant and bureaucrat Zhong Hui, who is also a metaphysician.Once, Zhong Hui came to visit him admiringly, and happened to meet Ji Kang "Jiju Er forging" (half kneeling forging ironware), and he didn't get up to greet him.Ji Kang just asked: "How did you hear about it?

Where do you see and go? Zhong Hui just replied: "Come when you hear something, and go away when you see something." "One question and one answer was quite eloquent, but it made Zhong Hui "deeply titled" from then on. Later, two friends of Ji Kang, Lu Xun and brothers Lu An, had an incest scandal, and Lu Xun raped Lu An's wife. Xu, instead accused Lu An of being unfilial and imprisoned him. Lu An asked Ji Kang to act as a witness to defend himself. Zhao, Zhong Hui "persuaded the general (Sima Zhao) to get rid of him because of this, and then killed (Lu) An and (Ji) Kang". The direct cause of death was that he was implicated in Lu An's unjust case, but the root cause was his fierce criticism of the famous religion. However, Zhong Hui, Sima's confidant, refused to bow down and deal with him, just as the hermit Sun Deng once said to him: "The monarch is strong and talented, how can he avoid it? "

Ruan Ji and Ji Kang had different endings, but represented by them, they pushed the metaphysics of Wei and Jin Dynasties from discussing metaphysics to a new stage of opposing famous religions.This is the case in thinking, and there have also been changes in behavior. From the dual personality of He Yan and Wang Bi, who set up their own banner academically and attached themselves politically, to Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, who stick to their own opinions academically and insist on integrity politically. personality.Under the social and historical background of the Sima Clan's dictatorship and the dominant ideology, their academic insights are expressed through twists and turns or arrogantly, but to preserve their political integrity, they can only choose to hide from the world and not compete with the world.It's just that it's not the same as the traditional "recluse". Their recluse belongs to the category of "retreat from the heart" and "retreat from the name".Ruan Ji was recruited as an official by Taiwei Jiang Jiqiang at first, and soon "returned thanks to his illness"; he was appointed as Shang Shulang again, "when he was young, he was spared due to illness".When Cao Shuang was in power, he was enlisted to join the army, and he also "resigned because of illness and was screened in the fields".

Resigning on the pretext of illness has become a common method for Ruan Ji to escape from the world, and it has been tried and tested repeatedly, which will be passed on to future generations.When Sima Yi was in power, he couldn't resign, so he volunteered to be a captain of the infantry, changing from "holding in the field" to "left behind" drunk.And always keep the bottom line, "Although you don't stick to etiquette, you can speak far and far, and you can't criticize people." Strictly prevent disasters from sticking to your mouth. (See "Book of Jin Ruan Ji Biography") Ji Kang's official career was even shorter. According to Wang Rong, one of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove", he "lived with (Ji) Kang in Shanyang for 20 years, and he has never seen his joy. color".Next to the house, "there is a very luxuriant willow tree". Every summer, he forges iron tools under the willow tree, "supports himself", and lives by working for a living. (See "Book of Jin·Ji Kang Biography") Therefore, Ruan Ji and Ji Kang not only pushed the metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties to a new stage, but also did not succumb to the power of the world during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. An outstanding representative of the practice of escapism. Not only this, Ruan Ji and Ji Kang were still typical of Fang Dan at that time.According to the biography and records of "Book of Jin", these two sages had a lot of life-saving activities.Ruan Ji "was addicted to alcohol and could whistle, and was good at playing the qin", "When he was proud of himself, he suddenly forgot his body and bones, and people at that time called him an idiot".He was very filial by nature, when his mother died, he was playing Go with others, and his opponent suggested to stop, but he "stayed and decided to bet".After playing chess, "Drink two buckets, raise your voice first, and vomit blood for several liters."Before the burial, he "eat one steamed gizzard, drank two buckets of wine, and then faced the formula, bluntly said that he was poor, raised his voice first, and vomited blood for several liters again." When my friend Pei Kai went to offer his condolences, he saw him "scattered with a dustpan, looking straight at him while drunk", as if in a daze.Her sister-in-law returned home in Guining, and met and said goodbye regardless of etiquette and taboos. People ridiculed it, but said frankly: "Is the etiquette an evil for me!" The young woman next door is beautiful, and she sells wine. Drink freely, and "lie on your side" when you are drunk.Another family had a talented daughter who died before she got married. He "didn't know her father and brother, so she went to cry and returned with all her sorrows."Indulging in wine and sex without adhering to etiquette, in fact, he hides his original interest of "happy floating world, complete with Tao, changing and scattered, and not always in shape" entrusted in "The Biography of Mr. Adults".Ji Kang was also addicted to alcohol, and he and Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, Xiang Xiu, and Wang Rong "often gathered under the bamboo grove to have a good time", so the world called them "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest".The difference is that he also "regularly cultivates the matter of taking food" and has a hobby of taking stones.In the mountains of Jijun (now Jixian County, Henan Province), he met Wang Lie, a hermit. Wang Lie "tasted the stone marrow like sugar, that is, he took half of it himself, and the other half and (Ji) Kang, all condensed into stones."Alcohol addiction, stone obsession, and beauty are all common methods used by the Wei and Jin literati to indulge themselves in absurdity and nonsense since Zhengshi to avoid political persecution.Ruan Ji and Ji Kang were not the instigators, but their influence on later generations of literati surpassed that of the instigators He Yan and his like. For Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, it can be said that there were ancients before and newcomers after retiring from the world.Zhuge Liang used to avoid chaos in Nanyang, and devoted himself to farming Longmu, which was only a temporary expedient measure, and he had no long-term plan to escape from the world, so it cannot be compared.For those who really escaped from the world, "Three Kingdoms" was combined into one biography, which recorded Bing Yuan, Wang Lie, Guan Ning, Zhang Yun and Hu Zhao.Bing Yuan, Wang Lie, and Guan Ning were all from the Central Plains. When they were young, they should not be ordered by the prefecture or the government to join the officialdom. After the Yellow Turban incident, they avoided chaos in Liaodong.Among them, Bingyuan is a type.He has always wanted to return to the Central Plains, but he has lived in the countryside of Liaodong for more than ten years only because Kong Rong wrote to him and told him that "the ranks are still in chaos, and the hero who resists the army is like playing chess to fight for the lord".After returning to his native land, Bing Yuan devoted himself to "telling rites and music, reciting poems and books, having hundreds of disciples and serving dozens of Taoists", and he was called "Bing and Zheng Zhixue" together with the famous Confucian Zheng Xuan.Cao Cao was appointed as Sikong, and he was hired to be the sacrificial wine in the East Pavilion, but he had to reluctantly accept it.However, "Although he is in the Military History Office, he often suffers from illness and sleeps in the alley, and finally does not take it seriously, and hopes (rarely) to meet him." Use alone".He was friendly with Yilang Zhang Fan, and Cui Yan, who was in charge of Dongcao at the time, commented that they were "virtuous and pure, loyal to the party, clean enough to be vulgar, and honest enough to do things."Cao Pi served as the general of the five senses, and appointed Bing Yuan to do it.At that time, Cao Pi was a dignified person, "the world admired him, and the guests were like a cloud", but Bing Yuan "kept the way and kept the law, and did not act rashly when he was not on official business."Once, Cao Pi invited hundreds of guests to a banquet, and asked, "Each father has a serious illness, and a pill can save one person. So he should save Junxie, father Xie?"Cao Pi insisted on him expressing his position, but he suddenly changed his face and replied: "Father too!" It made it difficult for Cao Pi to argue with him again.He responded to the Caos and his sons like this, showing that you want me to be an official, and I have to be an official as ordered, but I have to do my own way when I am an official, and I will never serve you, let alone be your slave. towards. Several others are hidden in the wild.Guan Ning lived in the same land and the same well as the villagers in Liaodong for more than 30 years.He "broke and blocked the door, stopped living in poverty, lived on food, and ate every day", but "chanted "Poems" and did not change his joy."Especially "mysterious and indifferent, free and easy with the Tao, entertaining the old and the old, wandering the six arts", "surviving dangers and dangers" and "not easy to be honest".Gongsundu, the prefect of Liaodong, had a conversation with him, and he "speaks only classics, not as good as the world".In the fourth year of Huangchu (223) of Emperor Wen of Wei, the third year of Taihe (229) of Emperor Ming, and the second year of Zhengshi (241) of Cao Fang, King of Qi, they all invited him to serve as an official in the imperial court as a doctor in Taizhong. ".Being willing to be poor and humble, Guan Ning was able to keep his will and live to be 84 years old.Similar to Guan Ning, Wang Lie also "avoided the land of Liaodong, handed over agricultural implements, weaved them among the people, clothed them with vegetables and fed them, and did not change their enjoyment".And get along very well with the local aborigines, "people in the Eastern Region treat him like a king".Gongsundu asked him to be the chief historian, and Cao Cao appointed him as the prime minister to enlist in affairs, but he refused to accept his orders. In the 23rd year of Jian'an (218), he died of illness at the age of 78.Zhang Yun from Julu and Hu Zhao from Yingchuan "also cultivate ambitions but not official positions".Throughout his life, Zhang Yun "had no business with the emperor, and no friends with the princes." Yuan Shao, Gao Gan, and Cao Cao did not obey their orders in all their conquests.He "dedicated himself to learning and living in seclusion, not competing with the times, and enjoying himself with Taoism", lived to be 105 years old, and only died in the first year of Zhengshi (240).A few days before his death, he also "sang songs with the aid of the piano and wrote two poems".Hu Zhao also shied away from Yuan Shao and Cao Cao's conquest, and "relocated to Luhun Mountain, devoted himself to farming, and entertained himself with scriptures."When Sima Yi was a commoner, he once had the virtue of saving Sima Yi's life in private, but "he never said anything". Sima Yi still kept quiet and didn't ask for compensation when he took power. .In the second year of Jiaping's reign (250), the authorities had another feature, just in time for his death at the age of 89.These few high-ranking scholars who lived in the wild consciously, resolutely, thoroughly, and persistently drew a clear line from the bad politics and corrupt officialdom, kept a distance, did not procrastinate, and did not provoke right and wrong, so they were able to truly maintain their integrity. To protect oneself.From this point of view, not only Bing Yuan is inferior, but also Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are slightly inferior. As for the release of birthdays, in addition to being addicted to alcohol, taking stones, and being fond of beauty, there are other manifestations of being fond of powder, indulging in lust, and fond of field hunting.Literati such as Ruan Ji and Ji Kang were infected with this trend because of their need to avoid the world, but the roots were in the upper echelons of the Cao Wei ruling group.Cao Pi is fond of field hunting, and Cao Shuang is so indulgent to the point of confusing the court, which has been covered in previous chapters, so I won’t repeat them here. Here I will only talk about Cao Zhi.Cao Zhi's literary talent and attainments, Xie Lingyun has the extreme praise of "there is only one stone in the world, and Cao Zijian has eight fights alone" (see Li Han's "Meng Qiu Ji Zhu"), although it is too much, after all, it reflects the number one in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. .In terms of character and behavior, this literary genius is another playboy and a swinger.In the biography of "Three Kingdoms", it is clearly defined as "acting willfully, not self-encouraging, and drinking without restraint".In the second year of Huangchu (221), he was demoted to the title of Marquis of Anxiang. Although Guan Jun, the supervisor of the country, followed Cao Pi's will and framed him, he himself "drunk and arrogant, and robbed the envoy" did give people a handle.When the title of the prince was not determined, once he met with the famous literary scholar Handan Chun, he showed his absurdity and arrogance.It was hot and hot at that time, Cao Zhi asked Handan Chun, who met for the first time, to sit down first, but went to take a bath by himself, Fu Fen.The so-called Fu Fen is to paint a white face with powder like advocating you (Japanese geisha can be used as a reference), which was considered fashionable by the aristocrats at that time.Then Ke kept his head (without wearing a crown, cap, scarf), patted his half-naked body with his hands, smugly danced the Hu dance five vertebra forging, danced pills and fencing, and recited thousands of words from comedian novels. Evil?" Without waiting for anyone to react, he went to change his clothes and tidy up his appearance before talking with the guests.These hobbies and deeds of his are just like some aristocratic sons and chasing youths in today's society who must import famous brands, speak in foreign languages, or dye yellow or white hair, or wear long hair with shawls. They are not out of hiding from the world, but to show off Identity, showing that it is different from ordinary people. Compared with He Yan, Cao Zhi is like a little witch.He Yan, as Lu Xun said, "likes empty talk, is the patriarch of empty talk", but also likes Fu Fen and Fu Shi.Relying on his mother to remarry Cao Cao as a concubine, he became the special status of Cao Cao's "fake son". Marrying Princess Jinxiang as his wife is not satisfied, but also very lustful. Cao Shuang's fornication is mostly involved in it.Also "self-happy with sex", loves to describe appearance and dress up, "doesn't move in pink and white", walks with twists and turns, "walks and looks at shadows", fearing that his rate of turning heads is not high, and he won't win many attentions .He, Wang Bi, Xia Houxuan and a group of metaphysics celebrities are all keen to serve stones, just like today's "K fans" are addicted.The cold food powder they take mostly uses ore as the basic ingredient; one of them is composed of five inorganic ore powders such as stalactite, stone sulfur, white quartz, amethyst, and red stone fat. It is called Wushi powder, which is especially popular. favor. All kinds of cold food powders contain toxins. After taking the pills and wine, the body will be hot and cold.Once the drug effect occurs, the whole body suffers unspeakably, and the spirit enters a trance state, which makes people forget everything else temporarily, as if they are detached from the world.Hanshi San is like the "white powder" of the Wei and Jin Dynasties.He Yan, Wang Bi, Xia Houxuan and other Zhengshi famous scholars pioneered the service of stones, which extended to the Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and evolved into a fashion for bureaucrats and bureaucrats.Among them, taking advantage of the properties of medicine to let loose and temporarily eliminate troubles is undoubtedly common, but how many people mainly anesthetize themselves to avoid the world passively, and how many people mainly seek spiritual stimulation and indulge themselves more, it is really not appropriate to generalize.For example, Ji Kang's serving of stones should have both similarities and differences with He Yan and others' serving of stones. In fact, it is more than one item of serving stones that needs specific analysis, metaphysics, clear talk, avoiding the world, letting go of birth... all of them are like this.The specific analysis includes at least two levels, one is the individual level, and the other is the overall level.From an individual point of view, everyone is like a leaf, even if they are roughly similar, whether they are in power or in opposition, whether they are in power or in power, whether they are half-hidden in power or completely hidden in power, as well as their personality, qualifications, experience, life experience, etc. The detailed analysis texture is also different.He Yan is different from Wang Bi, Ruan Ji is different from Ji Kang, Bing Yuan is different from Guan Ning, and so on.On the whole, individual differences are discarded, and texture correlations must be paid more attention to.Why did metaphysics, clear talk, and Fangsheng all start in the Zhengshi period, and why did escapism intensify during that period?Undoubtedly, as many historical works have explained, during that period, the power struggle between Cao Shuang and Sima Yi was extremely fierce. After Sima won, he used killing methods to eradicate dissidents. Together to form such a variety.But just looking at this kind of political factor can't explain why metaphysics, clear talks, and birthdays are all implicated in Lao Zhuang's thought, so a deeper cultural gene detection is still needed. From the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms, the two theories of Confucianism and Taoism have been producing spiritual influences alternately or even mixedly. The famous pedagogical outlines promoted by Sima are often mainly taken from Confucianism.No matter how many similarities and differences there are, right and wrong, Confucius and Mencius advocated "the benevolent is the man", which stipulates the orientation of the relationship between "two people" in the social structure, so there are "three cardinal principles and five constant principles".The orientation of this "two people" relationship determines the value system dominated by the traditional culture of the Chinese nation, and the enthusiasm is well known.But at the same time, it also brings another side, which is to suppress or even eliminate individual value, leading to "the ruler wants the minister to die, the minister has to die, the father wants the son to die, the son has to die", otherwise it is the set of disloyalty and filial piety.The "cannibalism" mentioned by Lu Xun has genes in it.The Taoist theory of Laozi and Zhuangzi is in opposition to it, advocating that "everything can be born from one" ("Laozi·Fabian Thirty-ninth"), "heaven and earth are born together with me" ("Zhuangzi·The Great Master"), and pay more attention to "One person" pays attention to personal protection and health preservation.Metaphysics in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Qingtan, and birthday celebrations have different forms of expression, but the roots of culture all extend to self-preservation and health preservation, which is also beyond doubt.If we put people first in an all-round way, the "two people" of Confucianism and the "one person" of Taoism should be all-inclusive, instead of just sticking to one end.Especially in the political terror situation at that time, individual lives were threatened by the butcher knife at all times, and following the famous teachings to meet them head-on was tantamount to death. Even if they did not die, they would still be lingering and struggling in the haze of bad luck. Some people sought the possibility of self-protection in this way. The way should be regarded as the consciousness awakening of cherishing life.Even if it is distorted, even if it is absurd, it should not be indiscriminate and denounce it as negative and decadent.