Chapter 18 Chapter 17 "Miracle Doctor" died under the scepter

Cao Cao's killing of Hua Tuo shows that political power can harm science and technology from the spirit to the body.Even if it is not so extreme, while requiring science and technology to serve economic, political, military, and social needs, it also requires science and technology to be subordinate to practicality, which may also lead to distortion and retardation of the development of science and technology. The most well-known "miracle doctor" in China is probably not Bian Que in the pre-Qin period, but Hua Tuo in the Three Kingdoms.That's it too.In the first half of the seventy-fifth chapter, "Guan Yunchang scraped the bone to cure the poison", Hua Tuo was the one who scraped the bone to cure the poison for Guan Yu.He "cut open the skin and flesh until it reached the bone, which was green"; and "scraped the bone with a knife, making noises everywhere".After Hua Tuo "scraped off the poison, applied medicine, and sewed it up with thread", Guan Yu burst out laughing, and said to the generals, "This arm is as comfortable as before, and there is no pain. Sir, you are a genius doctor!" Hua Tuo Tuo also praised Guan Yu: "I have been a doctor all my life, and I have never seen this before. The king is really a god!" At this point in the novel, Luo Guanzhong specially dedicated a poem: "The treatment of diseases must be divided into internal medicine and surgery, and there are not many wonderful arts in the world. Only Guan Guan, a sage can heal Hua Tuo." It has been sung for hundreds of years, and Hua Tuo's reputation as a "miracle doctor" far exceeds that of the medical giants and masters of Xinglin in the past.Actually there is no such thing.Guan Yu attacked Xiangfan in the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219). About eleven years before that, Hua Tuo had been killed by Cao Cao.Nevertheless, Hua Tuo did have his own people and skills, and both "Three Kingdoms" and "Hou Hanshu" included his deeds in "Fang Ji Zhuan" or "Fang Shu Zhuan".

Hua Tuo, also known as Hua Tuo, was born in Peiguoqiao (now Bozhou, Anhui) in the late Han Dynasty. The date of birth and death is unknown, about the middle of the 2nd century to the beginning of the 3rd century.He is "commonly proficient in Shujing and knows the art of nourishing nature", especially "proficient in prescriptions and medicines", and is good at internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, acupuncture and massage.According to the biography of the two histories, in the practice of medicine over the years, Hua Tuo carefully absorbed the achievements of the predecessors and integrated his own experience, and made innovations in many aspects.He is proficient in pharmacology for all medicines used to treat diseases, and there are "no more than a few kinds" of compatible prescriptions, and he never engages in patchwork of medicines.And it is accurate with one hand, no need to weigh.Treatment with acupuncture and moxibustion is "no more than a few places".If "the disease is internalized and beyond the reach of acupuncture and medicine", such as tumors and stasis referred to by modern medicine, he will use his own method to perform surgical treatment.He invented Mafeisan, let patients take it with wine, "drunk without feeling", and then "cut the abdomen and back, and cut the accumulation".This kind of traditional Chinese medicine anesthesia was independently innovated more than 1700 years ago. It is not only leading China, but also leading the world. It is his greatest contribution to Chinese medicine.If the focus of the disease is in the intestines and stomach, Hua Tuo can also "cut and wash, remove the disease, and then suture it", and then apply his special "God ointment", the wound will heal within four or five days, and the patient will heal in about a month make a full recovery.Such tumor removal and gastroenterectomy performed under general anesthesia were very remarkable in the current world, but they are still not simple, so the medical circle honored Hua Tuo as "the originator of surgery".

In the biography of the two histories, Hua Tuo's multi-faceted treatment effects are listed, some of which are almost miraculous.Chen Deng, the prefect of Guangling, suffered from a disease. His chest and diaphragm were oppressed all day long, his face turned red, and he could not eat.After looking, smelling, asking, and cutting, Hua Tuo concluded that there were parasites growing in his intestinal tract, so he prepared a decoction for him.The wife of a general surnamed Li was sick and in great pain, so she asked Hua Tuo for diagnosis and treatment.Hua Tuo diagnosed that the fetus was not born due to physical injury during pregnancy.General Li admitted that his wife was indeed injured, but insisted that "the fetus is gone", and refused to believe it.Hua Tuo said that it can be concluded from the pulse condition that "the fetus has not yet passed away".General Li still didn't believe it, and after more than a hundred days his wife's condition worsened, he invited Hua Tuo again.After taking the pulse, Hua Tuo said: "The pulse is the same as before. There are two fetuses. The first one will go away and there will be a lot of blood, so the second baby will not come out. Since the fetus is dead, the blood will not return, and it will dry the mother's spine." After acupuncture and medicine, Li's wife really felt that she wanted to give birth and couldn't.Hua Tuo also pointed out that this is because the stillborn fetus has been dry for a long time and cannot come out by itself, so it must be taken out by inserting hands into the birth canal.On the spot, he instructed a woman to probe for it, and indeed a stillborn fetus was taken out, "but its color was already dark."There are also two small government officials, one named Ni Xun and the other named Li Yan, "both have headaches and fevers, and suffer exactly the same."Hua Tuo diagnosed and treated them, but he believed that "seek the present, and prolong the sweat."Someone asked why the medicines were different. Hua Tuo explained that "seek the external reality and prolong the internal reality, so the treatment should be different."After Ni and Li took the medicine respectively, they recovered as usual early the next morning.The youngest son of Chen Shushan, a native of Dongyang, "got sick at the age of two, and often cried first when he was down, and became tired every day."Seeking treatment from Hua Tuo, Hua Tuo diagnosed that "his mother was pregnant with yang qi internally, and the breasts were weak and cold, and the child suffered from the mother's cold, so the order healed from time to time." He took Siwu Nuwan Pills, and the disease was cured within ten days.Such things can be called brilliant, and it is difficult for modern famous doctors to achieve them.

Hua Tuo not only has comprehensive and profound medical skills, but also attaches great importance to fitness and health preservation, combining sports with disease prevention.Based on the "Daoyin" technique of predecessors since the pre-Qin period, he invented a set of "Five Animal Plays" to "eliminate diseases and sharpen hoofs and feet".The first is the tiger play, with four limbs on the ground, walking forward and backward three times each, then pulling the waist forward and backward, then leaning up to the sky, with all four limbs back on the ground, walking forward seven times and backward seven times.The second is the bear play. First lie on your back, hold your knees with your hands and raise your head, then hit the ground seven times with the left and seven times with the right, then squat on the ground, and push the ground with your hands seven times each.The third is deer play, the fourth is ape play, and the fifth is bird play.The essential point is to imitate the movements of tigers flapping their forelimbs, bears falling down and standing up, deer stretching their heads and necks, apes stretching their feet and jumping vertically, birds spreading their wings and flying, etc., to move the joints, muscles and tendons of the whole body in a set. fitness gymnastics.He said to his disciple Wu Pu: "The human body wants to be labored, but it should not be used to the ears. If it is shaken, the energy of the grain will be eliminated, the blood will circulate, and the disease will not be born. It is like a Hushu, and it will be immortal." These words are materialistic. Dialectical, both incisive and wonderful, some modern medical experts or sports experts may not be able to explain it clearly within a hundred words.Wu Pu insisted on doing "Five Animals Play" according to his method, and lived to more than 90 years old, still "not deaf, eyesight, teeth intact, food and drink intact".

Cao Cao and Hua Tuo were from the same hometown. He had a head-wind disease, "every time he had an attack, his heart was disturbed and dizzy", and he was in great pain, so he naturally sought Hua Tuo's treatment.Hua Tuo used acupuncture and moxibustion to treat the pain, and he often relieved the pain from the needle, "healing (healing) easily".But the head wind pain is quite stubborn, and it is difficult to treat the exterior, so it will inevitably recur. Hua Tuo said to Cao Cao: "It's hard to get close (in a short period of time), but constant (long-term persistence) attack can prolong years." Attack"?Relying on the power in his hands, he wanted Hua Tuo to stay by his side as a "special servant" and become a full-time private doctor.Hua Tuo went from south to north, and was used to helping all living beings, so how could he be content with "special service"?Coupled with the fact that he had been away from his hometown for a long time and was eager to return, he asked for leave for "temporary return" on the grounds of returning to his hometown to "take prescriptions".After returning home, he excused that his wife was sick and needed to be taken care of, and asked again and again to postpone the deadline for returning to Cao Cao.Cao Cao wrote many times to urge, and ordered county officials to urge the trip, but Hua Tuo refused to send it again.Cao Cao was furious and sent people to investigate on the spot.Before the trip, two measures were stipulated: "If the wife believes (really) that she is ill, give her a small bean forty dendrobium, with a lenient holiday"; if there is any fraud, "take it away" immediately.As a result, the truth was revealed after an investigation, and Hua Tuo was arrested and imprisoned, facing the death penalty.Xun Yu interceded for him: "Tuo's skill is practical, and human life is (suspended), so it should be forgiven (forgive)." Cao Cao disagreed, and said angrily: "Don't worry, there should be no such evil in the world? "Hua Tuo's life was then deprived, about the time before the southern expedition to Jingzhou in the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208).

Before Hua Tuo died, he entrusted a volume of his life's medical crystallization to the jailer, emphasizing: "This can make a living." No matter what, I dare not accept the disaster.Hua Tuo also understood that the matter was serious and the consequences would be serious, so he did not force the prison guards to "burn it with fire" with infinite regret.In this fire, most of Hua Tuo's precious medical skills, prescriptions and medical records were turned into ashes and could not be passed down.This is an irreparable and extremely heavy loss to Chinese medicine and Chinese civilization!Hua Tuo should not be blamed for the loss, but Cao Cao, the number one statesman of the Three Kingdoms, who abused political power and wiped out Hua Tuo from spirit to body.

After Hua Tuo was wiped out, Cao Cao's headache did not go away, and he even said: "Tuo can heal this. The villain nourishes my illness and wants to respect himself. But if I don't kill this son, I will not cut off this ear for me in the end!" "It turned out to be a rake, falsely accusing Hua Tuo of "wanting to respect himself" and deliberately "not cutting this root for me."This is the logic of the autocratic feudal emperor. Your medical skills can only be used by "I" and serve "I", otherwise I will wipe you clean and completely from the world.It wasn't until later that his beloved son Cangshu became seriously ill that he lamented, "I regret killing Hua Tuo and make this son die by force."But his remorse is limited to "make this son die by force", and he never thinks about the common people in the world.It can be said that Cao Cao killed so many people in his life, the last thing he should kill is the "miracle doctor" Hua Tuo, because killing Hua Tuo is not limited to specific individuals, he also killed a precious achievement of Chinese medicine .

Fortunately, the destructive or destructive power of any political power is always limited. Zhang Ji, another medical expert at the same time as Hua Tuo, escaped the butcher knife of Cao Cao or other politicians and warlords.Zhang Ji, courtesy name Zhongjing, was born in Nieyang, Nanyang (now northeast of Deng County, Henan). He lived between the first year of Heping (150) at the end of Han Dynasty and the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219).From the first year of Jian'an (196) to the ninth year of Jian'an (204), wars and chaos continued in the Central Plains, and people died everywhere, which caused the plague epidemic. More than 200 members of the Zhang clan died in less than ten years. Two-thirds of them died. Ten all died of typhoid fever.Typhoid fever, as it was called in the Han Dynasty and before, was not limited to typhoid fever caused by typhoid bacillus, but also acute infectious diseases including cholera, dysentery, pneumonia, and influenza, with high infectivity and mortality.Zhang Ji, who has been reading many books since he was a child, studied medicine meticulously. In addition to grief, he further studied ancient medical classics such as "Internal Classics" and "Yin Yang Da Lun", and actively absorbed the medical prescriptions and medical records of many doctors before the Eastern Han Dynasty. In his own medical practice, he concentrated on the pathology, diagnosis, treatment and medication of typhoid fever and other medical, surgical and gynecological miscellaneous diseases.After several years of hard work, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he finally compiled sixteen volumes of "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases", covering two major parts of Shanghan and Miscellaneous Diseases.It was handed down to the Jin Dynasty, and the medical scientist Wang Shuhe edited and sorted it out, and evolved into two books, "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" and "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber".

"Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" is a classic masterpiece with the longest history and the greatest influence in the field of clinical medicine in the history of Chinese medical development.It systematically summarizes the diagnosis and treatment experience of traditional Chinese medicine for typhoid fever and miscellaneous diseases up to Zhang Ji himself, forming a fairly complete medical theory and medicine system.In terms of dialectical treatment, Zhang Ji summed up the "eight principles" of yin, yang, exterior, interior, cold, heat, deficiency, and excess. , and then identify cold and heat.It also summarizes the "four diagnosis" of looking at the sight, hearing the sound, asking about symptoms, and feeling the pulse, emphasizing that the results of looking, hearing, asking, and feeling should be combined to form a diagnostic process for distinguishing symptoms.For prescription drugs, he attaches great importance to adopting different compatibility schemes and treatment methods for different diseases, different patients, and different conditions.The treatment methods such as sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and detoxification summarized by him have all been regarded as the yardstick by later generations of Chinese medicine.

In addition to oral prescriptions, Zhang Ji’s book also introduced specific methods of acupuncture, moxibustion, warm ironing, medicine rubbing, foot soaking and even artificial respiration, and advocated that both treatment and prevention should be emphasized, and there are methods for health preservation and labor. Moderate.Since the Song Dynasty, government-run medical schools have listed "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" as a must-read textbook, and the field of traditional Chinese medicine has respected Zhang Ji as a "medical saint", and "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" and "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber" as "medicine classics". "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" also spread to Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries. Up to the present day, there are still professional groups in Japan that study "Treatise on Febrile Diseases".Zhang Ji and Hua Tuo are like twin constellations, shining in the night sky of the Central Plains filled with murderous aura during the Three Kingdoms period, which is more memorable than many politicians and warlords in the current world.

Alongside medical research, mathematical research has also been successful.During the Han Dynasty, mathematics research was not purely theoretical research, but was always closely integrated with the actual needs of the economy and society. One is to meet the needs of astronomical observation and astronomical calendar calculations. During the reign of Emperor Wu, a "Zhou Bi Suan Jing" appeared, which deduced the theory of Gai Tian, ​​and revealed the Pythagorean theorem by using the method of measuring the sun's shadow with a pole to find the sun's height.The second is to meet the needs of field calculation, land measurement, corn exchange, proportional distribution, warehouse volume, earthwork calculation, and tax apportionment. The solution of square root, cube root, quadratic equation and simultaneous linear equations, and the concept of negative numbers and addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers are also proposed.In the fourth year of Cao Wei Jingyuan (263), the mathematician Liu Hui annotated "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic" and wrote the book "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic".He pointed out that the calculation of the area of ​​a circle by the value of pi equal to 3 in ancient times recorded in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" is not the area of ​​the circle, but the area of ​​the regular hexagon inscribed in the circle.Liu Xin in the Western Han Dynasty calculated the value of pi as 3.1547, and Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty calculated the value of pi as 3.1622, which is still not accurate.Liu Hui doubled the number of sides of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle in turn, from dodecagon, twenty-four-gon, forty-eight-gon, ninety-six-gon to one hundred and ninety-two-gon, and obtained the value of pi as 3.1416, which is an important achievement of ancient Chinese mathematics research on pi.He also believed that the more sides of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle, the closer it is to the circumference, which coincides with the concept of limit in modern mathematics.During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi (429-500) calculated the value of pi between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927, accurate to seven digits, which was obtained on the basis of Liu Hui's research results.Central Asian mathematician Alkassi advanced the value of pi to 16 digits in 1427, 1,000 years later than Liu Hui and Zu Chongzhi. Another field of outstanding scientific and technological achievements during the Three Kingdoms period was machinery manufacturing.Ma Junzhuo, a native of Fufeng (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi), stands among them and is the most famous.Ma Jun, whose name is Deheng, was born in a poor family and had never read too many books in his youth.Mainly through social production practice, he carefully studied mechanical principles, and through independent innovation in various production processes, he became a "peerless ingenuity" machine manufacturer.In ancient China, the silk weaving industry developed very early, and manual machinery was improved day by day.In the Western Han Dynasty, Chen Baoguang’s wife pioneered a satin weaving jacquard machine, which consists of 120 sheds (one shed controls a set of warp threads) and 120 sheds (pedals that control the heddles in conjunction), and it takes 60 days to weave a piece of satin, which is very inefficient.By the early days of the Three Kingdoms, it had been improved to 60 or 50, but the operation was still not very convenient.Ma Jun carried out further equipment reforms, reducing the number to 12, which increased the weaving efficiency by four or five times.Agricultural production is inseparable from water diversion for irrigation. Ma Jun improved and invented a dumper specially designed to lift water and irrigate the fields on the basis of the dumper created by the predecessors for absorbing water and sprinkling roads, that is, the keel waterwheel that has been passed down to future generations.The structure of this kind of water-lifting rollover is extremely ingenious. The linked pumps are connected like keels, which can continuously lift up water. It can be operated by women and children, and its efficiency is several times that of other water-lifting machines at that time.Spread to the north and south of the river, inside and outside the Great Wall, until the middle of the 20th century, it was still widely used in the vast rural areas. The fame of the private machinery manufacturer attracted the attention of the officials, and he was given an official position.In August of the third year of Wei Qinglong (235), the reigning emperor Cao Rui issued an edict ordering Ma Jun to make a guide car.As one of the four great inventions in ancient China, the compass has long been used in marching and combat to indicate the direction.Predecessors have built Sinan vehicles for it, and there are records in historical records, but the production method has not been handed down.Ma Jun believed it to be true, but his regular attendant Gao Tanglong and Xiaoqi General Qin Lang believed that it belonged to the ancients' "false record of words" and argued with him endlessly.He even made a mockery of Ma Jun's name, saying, "Mr. Jun's name is Deheng, and Jun is the model of utensils, and the weigher determines the weight of things, and the weight is not accurate, so there is no model."Ma Jun always stuttered and couldn't compete with them, so he replied, "it's better to try and get results than to fight with empty words."Using the structural principle of differential gear machinery, he quickly built a guide car based on practice.Its shape is a two-wheeled single-shaft cart, and a wooden figure stands on the cart. When the cart is started, the wooden figure will point to the south; Relying on the guiding effect of the gears, no matter how the driving direction changes, the wooden man always points south.Later, someone gave Cao Rui a set of Baixi sculptures, which are very delicate and beautiful, but unfortunately they cannot be moved and can only be used as decorations.Cao Rui asked Ma Jun to make him move.Ma Jun carved and chiseled a prime mover wheel out of wooden materials, placed it on flat ground, and turned the wheel with the help of water power.They also made female music and dancing images, which can make wooden figures play drums and flutes; make mountain shapes, which can make wooden figures jump balls and throw swords, and climb ropes to stand upside down; It is called "Water Turning Hundred Operas".From then on, the world obeyed its cleverness. From the private toilet to the officialdom, Ma Jun's reputation of "famous and clever" in the world has greatly increased, but at the same time, his independent technological innovation ability has also been restricted, and he will not be able to do it without the support of the authorities.He saw the Liannu, which was said to be improved by Zhuge Liang, and found that it was "a clever thing, but not perfect", and thought that it could be improved to make it more capable of continuous firing.In his actual experiment, he used a wheel-driven machine to launch dozens of bricks and tiles continuously, and he was able to fly hundreds of steps away.So it is further envisaged to enlarge and manufacture a new type of siege weapon based on this principle-the forward-type catapult machine, which is expected to be able to hang dozens of large stones at one time, and use the machine drum to drive the launch, "flying to attack the enemy city, making the head and tail Telephone to".As everyone knows, this idea was ridiculed by Shang Shupu She Pei Xiu, who thought he was whimsical.When Ma Jun was found to argue, Ma Jun was "wrong with his mouth", so Pei Xiu went around talking about him.Literary Fu Xuan criticized Pei Xiu: "Fu Qiao, the trivial things in the world are endlessly difficult if you don't understand them, and they must be far away if you attack each other."That means, if you criticize Ma Jun about something you don't know about skills, you will definitely be wrong.Fu Xuan found Cao Xi, the Marquis of Anxiang, who, like Pei Xiu, didn't take it seriously.Fu Xuan said earnestly: "If the Ma family wants to write today, the country's fine weapon is also used by the army. It takes ten hunts of wood and two people's effort. It doesn't matter whether it's time or not." Let him try it. Try it, so as not to "suppress people's abilities with words", leading to "the coincidence of the world has no way to come out".Cao Xi understood it, so he recommended it to his brother Cao Shuang, Marquis of Wu'an (the one who served as Minister of Gu Ming with Sima Yi), but Cao Shuang immediately rejected it.Because of Cao Shuang's denial, Ma Jun's experiment came to naught, and that advanced siege weapon failed to appear during the Three Kingdoms period. Comparing the production of "Water Turning Baixi" and the trial production of forwarding stone machine, the success or failure depends on the thoughts and words of Cao's princes.Fu Xuan lamented that Ma Jun was not allowed to trial-produce the forwarding type hair stone machine, and made a comment with emotion: "This is not only an easy thing to try, but also Ma's clever name has been established, and he still ignores it. He is a deep talent. Is there no name for it? The future gentleman can learn from it! Mr. Ma’s coincidence, although the ancient Gongshu Pan, Mo Di, and Wang Er, Zhang Pingzi (Zhang Heng) in the Han Dynasty could not pass by. Both Gongshu Ban and Mo Di were used in the current period It is beneficial to the world. Although Pingzi is a servant, and Mr. Ma is a minister, he is not a typical official, and it is not beneficial to the world. Employing people who are not suitable for their talents, and not trying to do things when they hear the talents, good and hateful!" Pei Songzhi obviously Corresponding to Fu Xuan, so when there is no mention of Ma Jun in "Three Kingdoms: Fang Ji Zhuan", he specially inserted a supplementary note with a length of more than 1,300 characters, which is equivalent to setting up a biography for Ma Jun and Spread Fu Xuan's deeds and words to the world. It can be seen from this that science and technology should be "applied to the times" and "beneficial to the world". It is a good tradition starting from Gongshu Pan and Mo Di in the pre-Qin period.At that time, there was a contention among a hundred schools of thought in the field of science and culture, and the degree of political interference of the princes was relatively low, so they could each be good at what they could do.However, since Qin Shihuang initiated the centralization of power, dictatorship has overridden science and culture, and the possibility of independent scientific and technological innovation has been greatly reduced. The economic, political, military, and social needs centered on the interests of imperial power have become a must for science and technology. The attached skin, in addition to serving this utility, must also be subject to this utility. And power is the criterion, imperial power is above all else, the political power of emperors, generals and ministers is actually tyrannizing science and technology.What the emperors and generals need and allow, even if it is just "water turns a hundred plays", all rely on it to come into being.Emperors and generals don't care about it, and if they don't approve it, even if it is so practical that it is a forward-type hair stone machine, it is very likely to end up in the situation of "failing to try".Even Zhang Heng and Ma Jun, who have a half-time official position, are like this, and the fate of other talented people in science and technology can be imagined. For more than 2,000 years, Chinese people have by no means lacked the ability of independent innovation compared with Europeans and Americans, and their innovative contributions to human civilization are by no means limited to the so-called "four great inventions". However, there have been many distortions and obstacles in the history of scientific and technological evolution. In the meantime. Zhuge Liang was much luckier than Ma Jun.As the prime minister, he took over the military and political power of the Shu Han after Liu Bei's death, and made some small technological inventions and small innovations, so it is easy to get what he wants.According to the biography of "Three Kingdoms", he "is good at ingenuity, and his gains and losses are continuous, and he is full of ideas."Liannu is not a new invention, but a small technological innovation. "Profit and loss" means minus one minus, plus one plus, and some improvements.The Liannu used by the Shu Han army in the Northern Expedition was named "Yuanrong". It was an improved long-range weapon made of iron arrows with a shaft eight inches long and capable of firing ten pieces at a time. In 1964, a copper crossbow machine was unearthed in Pixian County, Sichuan Province (now part of Chengdu). It was made in the fourth year of Jingyao in the Shu Han Dynasty (261). Being able to open it was undoubtedly quite sophisticated at the time.Ma Jun's so-called "smart is clever, not perfect" Liannu is probably this kind of "ten-stone crossbow". He said that the expected efficiency can be increased by five times.As for the wooden ox and horse, Professor Liu Xianzhou believes that the wooden ox is the rooster cart that is still widely used in the Chengdu Plain until modern times (similar to the northern wheelbarrow, which is pushed by hand). It is also said that Liuma is also a wooden transport tool with as many as four wheels.However, according to Zhuge Liang’s Collection quoted in Pei’s annotation, Zhuge Liang once explained the shape and function of the wooden ox and the flowing horse respectively. For example, the wooden ox has a square belly and a curved head. ", "The cattle are driven by the double shafts, people walk six feet, and the cows walk four steps", "Carry one-year-old grain, travel twenty miles, and people don't have to work hard", Liuma "shape like an elephant" and so on, it seems that chickens and carts do not correspond to each other. superior.Wooden cattle and horses carry heavy loads and can be braked, which means that they may not only be pushed by people (people can't push the "one-year-old grain") and pulled by people, but also use the principle of leverage or gears to reduce the physical burden of people.Lack of empirical evidence, I have doubts. It is worth noting that the four words "all out of intention" marked in this biography include two meanings, two possibilities, that the Liannu and Mu Niu Liuma were designed by Zhuge Liang, or were successfully trial-produced by his instruction.What kind of meaning is incompetence, which kind of possibility, Zhuge Liang combined with military needs, focusing on improving long-range weapons and means of transportation, is commendable.If Ma Jun works under his command, he will definitely be able to display more ingenuity and make greater contributions. Sun Wu is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the southeast two parts are close to the sea. The expansion of the navy and the development of the economy require shipbuilding, so the shipbuilding industry is particularly developed, and the level of shipbuilding technology is also quite high.Its shipbuilding bases were distributed along the southeast coast, mainly in Houguan (now Minhou, Fujian), Yongning (now Wenzhou, Zhejiang), Panyu (now Guangzhou, Guangdong), etc., and the captain of the ship was set up to manage it.One is to build warships, and the other is to build merchant ships. There are many ships with large hulls and advanced manufacturing technology.In detail, the sculls, rudders, sails, anchors, and the combined use of sails and sculls, the combination of wind and manpower, which were widely used since the Han Dynasty, have made great progress, and their seaworthiness and sailing speed were at the forefront of the world at that time.Viewed from the grandstand, the largest combat ship can carry 3,000 soldiers, with five floors up and down, carved and decorated, magnificent and extraordinary.Merchant ships are "more than twenty feet long, three or two feet high, looking like a pavilion, carrying six or seven hundred people, and producing tens of thousands of dendrobium (about 500 tons or more)" (see "Taiping Yulan" Volume 26 Nine).In the second year of Wu Huanglong (230), Sun Quan sent generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhizhi to lead an army of more than 10,000 people. They set off from Zhang'an (now southeast of Linhai, Zhejiang), sailed from Taizhou Bay, sailed along the coastline, passed by today's Fuzhou and Quanzhou, and then crossed Taiwan Strait, and then landed in Tainan and Chiayi, Taiwan Province today, and reached Yizhou at that time, opening a new chapter in the history of communication between mainlanders and Taiwanese indigenous peoples.In the second year of Jiahe (233), He Da was ordered to lead more than 10,000 people and drive more than 100 ships to cross the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea to the north, and arrived at Liaodong and Gaoguli (now North Korea) at that time.In the fifth year of Chiwu (242), Nie You and Lu Kai were also ordered to lead 30,000 soldiers to sail through the South China Sea to Zhuya and Dan'er (now Hainan Island).All this indicates that the shipbuilding and navigation skills of the Sun Wu period were world-class at that time. Sun Wu's handicraft manufacturing industry is also quite developed.Wuchang (now Ezhou, Hubei) area is the center of smelting and casting industry, mainly producing weapons.According to Tao Hongjing's "Swords and Swords Record", in the fourth year of Huangwu (225), copper and iron from Wuchang mountain were collected to make thousands of swords and ten thousand swords. .Jiankang (now Nanjing) is famous for its gold and silver manufacturing industry. Sun Hao once "made Shangfang use gold and silver for Huasui, Buyao, and fake buns in thousands", which is exquisite.The bronze mirror manufacturing industry in Kuaiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province) was the crown jewel for a while, and the portrait mirrors that express myths, legends or historical stories with high-relief technology can be called beautiful.The most remarkable thing is the celadon manufacturing industry. Based on the glazed pottery of the Han Dynasty, regardless of shape, glaze color or firing process, Wu celadon marks the maturity of Chinese porcelain. The celadon tiger (urine container) unearthed in the tomb of Wu Chiwu's fourteenth year (251) in Zhaogang, Nanjing in 1954, and the celadon bear lantern unearthed in 1958 in the tomb of Wu Ganlu's first year (265) in Beijing Road, Nanjing And a pair of celadon lying sheep, reflecting that the rulers at that time even replaced some daily necessities with exquisite celadon products.Developed to the Tang Dynasty, the kilns for firing celadon in Shaoxing and Yuyao, Zhejiang today are called "Yue Kiln" (Shaoxing and Yuyao are ancient Yue places), and the level of craftsmanship has been further improved, but the basis is Wuzhi celadon. It has been shown that all the achievements of science and technology during the Three Kingdoms period served and obeyed the economic, political, military, and social needs of that time, especially the actual needs of the military rulers.This should neither be fully affirmed nor totally denied.On the bright side, focusing on the combination with actual needs is, after all, the main source and basic way of the development of science and technology. Regardless of whether the subjective intentions of the emperors and generals are as good as this, the science and technology of ancient China survived and created the No less brilliant.On the bad side, no matter how outstanding the emperors and generals are politically and militarily, or even more clever than Zhuge Liang, as long as science and technology are limited to serve, especially within the practical framework of their imperial power, Practical is unavoidably overweight and underweight, there is some waste, and scientific theoretical research is even more unavoidably relatively weak.Therefore, it is inevitable that the development of science and technology will be distorted and blocked, and even human beings will be destroyed.What happened to Hua Tuo and what happened to Ma Jun made people sigh.What's more, as shown in "Three Kingdoms: Biography of Fangji" and "Book of Later Han: Biography of Fangshu", in the minds of emperors, generals, and Han Confucians, science and technology are nothing but witchcraft and similar techniques. There is no productivity status at all.When reading history for lessons, one should not only remember the aspect of long-term spirituality, but also the aspect of preserving lessons.