Chapter 12 Chapter Eleven

Throughout the ages, in almost every historical stage, there will be some unsolvable mysteries of personnel and affairs left behind.The biggest mystery to be solved during the Three Kingdoms period is not Diao Chan's life experience, Cao Cao's suspected tomb, whether the Battle of Chibi took advantage of the east wind, but the story of loyalty and trust in Yong'an Tuogu.The whole story of child care and orphans is actually a game of power and strategy. In this special game, both Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang have played a super-class level, which is dazzling. In June of the second year of Zhangwu in the Shu Han Dynasty (222), Liu Bei suffered a tragic defeat in his brazen war against Wu, and Yufu (now east of Fengjie, Chongqing), who fled back to Kuimen in embarrassment, stopped.

He changed Yufu's name to Yong'an, and he nestled there, refusing to return to Chengdu.In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu (223), he contracted dysentery, which then turned into other diseases, and finally he couldn't afford it.In February of that year, Zhuge Liang was summoned from Chengdu to Yong'an, and before his death in April, he asked Zhuge Liang and Li Yan to be lonely, and went through the final journey of his life in a miserable way.This is the very famous Yong'an Tuogu in history; because in the last years of Xinmang, when Gongsun Shu was proclaiming himself emperor of Shu, he called himself "White Emperor" under the name of Bailong Xianrui, and changed the name of Yufu City to Baidi City, so Yong'an Tuogu was also called "White Emperor". Known as Baidi Tuogu by Xi Jinping.Later, folk reports and opera sung changed Tuogu's ability, so that Liu Bei only trusted Zhuge Liang alone, or replaced Li Yan with Zhao Yun, becoming the so-called "Wen Tuo Wolong, Wu Tuo Zilong".But no matter how it is remodeled, there is only one theme, that is, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang are very close to each other, and they are entrusted with state affairs and family affairs, forming a faithful story that will continue to be sung.

However, is that really the case?Li Yan, who received Tuogu's death together with Zhuge Liang, has never been a Minister of Guming for a day since Liu Bei's death, and his later generations have been hidden for a long time, and little is known about it, which constitutes a mystery. The description in "Three Kingdoms" is very simple, and it is another mystery. The "Biography of the Former Lord" only mentions that the First Lord was dying, and he entrusted Gu Yu to the prime minister, and the minister ordered Li Yan to be his deputy. "Zhuge Liang's Biography" has a little more text, but it just says: In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu, the first master was ill in Yong'an, and he was summoned to Chengdu, which is a later matter.Wei Liang said: "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will be able to stabilize the country and make great decisions in the end. If your heir can assist, assist him; if he is not talented, you can take it yourself." Liang cried and said: "I dare to exhaust my strength, The festival of loyalty and chastity, followed by death."

"Li Yan's Biography" wrote: Three years later, the first master was ill, and Yan and Zhuge Liang also received the imperial edict to assist the young master.Take strictness as the central guard, unify the internal and external military, and stay in Yong'an. Considering the three biographies, why did Liu Bei entrust Gu to Zhuge Liang and Li Yan?Zhuge Liang heard what Liu Bei said, why did he "weep"?Since Li Yan was ordered to "assistant the young master" and "unify the internal and external military", why did he not take on this important task afterwards, but "stay in Yong'an"?Mysteries billowed and gathered into clouds, making it difficult for people to see through, and it took a lot of thinking.Even those who are good at translating the six words "Xiaoqi's governor Huaxiong" into Guan Yu's "Warming Wine and Killing Huaxiong" when Sun Jian was begging Dong Zhuo into an eloquent story, the eighty-fifth chapter on this matter is also restrained. Copying "Zhuge Liang's Biography": The first master ordered his servant to help Kongming up, covered his tears with one hand, and held his hand with the other, saying:

"I'm dead now, and I have a confidant to tell you." Kong Ming said, "What is the holy order?" The former master cried and said: "The king is ten times as talented as Cao Pi, and he will surely be able to stabilize the country and finalize major events. If heirs can help, then Auxiliary; if he is not talented, you can be the king of Chengdu." After hearing this, Kong Ming was sweating all over his body, lost his hands and feet, cried and bowed to the ground and said: "Chen An dare not exhaust his strength and serve the festival of loyalty. Do you want to die?" After saying that, he kowtowed and bled.

Luo Guanzhong obviously read Chen Shou's subtle words and righteousness, so he was so sincere and frightened by Zhuge Liang, and he was frightened and lost his composure, so he vividly played "weeping tears".To solve the mystery of Tuogu's doubts, I think such details must not be ignored. In fact, the former sages have already pointed out the cleverness hidden in Liu Bei's words.Pei Songzhi's annotation of "Three Kingdoms" was completed in the sixth year of Liu Song Yongjia (429), only 206 years after Liu Bei Tuogu.When he commented on Tuogu, he only quoted a comment from Sun Sheng, a Jin native; while Jin succeeded Wei Li, Sun Sheng was not far from the history of the Three Kingdoms, and what he saw and understood should be more sober than his predecessors and descendants.

What he said was: The husband sticks to the righteousness, and the body is faithful and obedient, and then he can help the master and help the merits, and finally the great cause will be determined.There is a saying: "A player who is indecisive in his moves is still invincible to his partner." Is Kuang Liangjun's talent in two or three ways, able to destroy powerful neighbors and conquer the world?The fate of preparation is bright, what is more chaotic?There may be people in the world who say that they are ready to pay with sincerity and the ambition of a Shu person, but the gentleman says otherwise.If you send loyalty and virtuousness, you don't need Ruosi's instructions; if you are not the person, you should not start usurping the smear.Therefore, the ancients who care about fate must make words; deceitful and false words are not meant to be left alone!Fortunately, Liu Chan is dark and weak, has no guessing and dangerous nature, and Zhuge Weilue is enough to guard against heresy, so the heart of similarities and differences can't help but arouse his ears.Otherwise, there will be a provocation of doubts and failures.Isn't it confusing to call it power?

Sun Sheng's comments first pointed out that Liu Bei's words were clearly probing, which was neither moral nor obedient, so "what is more chaotic".Secondly, it is exposed that Liu Bei's actions can never show "the sincerity of entrustment", and there should be no "ruosi instructions" for the "loyalty" who truly trusts, and it is enough to say that to those who are not "loyalty". The painting (way) of initiating usurping and rebelling", so it is really a "deceitful and false speech, not a so-called solitary speech."Secondly, "lucky value" and so on, analyze the consequences from both positive and negative sides, and accuse Liu Bei of using power and tactics in this way, "it's not confusing."These sharp and penetrating comments are obviously cited by Pei Songzhi as the same tone, so he only quotes Sun Ping as an annotation.It is a pity that for thousands of years, there have been many people who have studied the history of the Three Kingdoms and talked about the affairs of the Three Kingdoms. They have never seen this note, and they always regard Liu Bei as a model of benevolence and faith, and Zhuge Liang as a model of loyalty and righteousness. , Deduce the story of Tuogu towards the ideal vision, and even turn the doubtful cloud into a colorful cloud.

Is there any rational basis for Sun Sheng's comments?Have.As early as the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, practiced the way of killing eight kings with different surnames one after another.After Liu Bang's death, Empress Lu usurped power. Although she was granted the surname of Lu, she still felt jealous of this agreement and warned Lu Chan and Lu Lu.After Empress Lu died, Zhou Bo, Guan Ying and others joined forces to kill Zhulu and abolish the young emperor whom Zhulu established. ("Historical Records Luhou Benji") After the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che, Huo Guang, who was a foreign relative, official residence general, and chief Sima, and chariot general Jin Rixun, left general Shangguan Jie, Yushi doctor Sang Hongyang, and prime minister Tian Qianqiu received the imperial edict and assisted the eight-year-old prince Liu Fuling to succeed to the throne as Emperor Zhao.Huo Guang took over the power of the government, neither crowned the king nor replaced him.In the thirteenth year of Emperor Zhao's reign, he died early in the first year of Yuanping (74 BC) and had no heirs. Huo Guang asked the Empress Dowager for permission to welcome Liu He, the grandson of Emperor Wu's grandson, Changyi King, to Beijing, intending to support him as emperor.But when Liu He presided over Liu Fuling's funeral, he exposed all kinds of bad deeds (far from Liu Chan's "incompetence"), and Huo Guang admitted the responsibility of not careful investigation, so he asked the empress dowager to agree, and the empress dowager personally came forward to attend the ceremony. Chengming Hall of Weiyang Palace abolished Changyi King.Afterwards, Huo Guang and other ministers solemnly discussed and chose Liu Xun, the great-grandson of Emperor Wu who lived among the people, who was 18 years old at the time, as Emperor Xuan.Huo Guang accepted the important task of Emperor Wu Tuogu, assisted Zhao Lixuan, ensured Liu's imperial power, promoted "Zhaoxuan Zhongxing", and became the head of the famous ministers of Qilin Pavilion in the Western Han Dynasty. ("Han Shu Huo Guang Biography")

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang monopolized power, and in the first year of Emperor Ping's Yuanshi (1st AD), he was granted the title of Duke Anhan, and he counted four "solid concessions" and won the reputation of "humility"; in the first year of Ruziyingjushe (6th AD), he So he tore off his disguise and became the "emperor". Liu Chong, the Marquis of Anzhong, immediately believed that he "will endanger the Liu family, and the world is wrong", and attracted everyone to attack him.Although Liu Chong incurred the crime of "conspiracy" because of this, his anti-Wang Mang action shows that the White Horse Covenant "not the king of Liu's family, the world will fight against it" is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. ("Zizhi Tongjian Hanji Twenty-Eight") Extending to the Eastern Han Dynasty for nearly two hundred years, it was not uncommon to see Tuogu's death. Cao Cao broke this rule once again when he became the king of Wei.Even so, in the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an (220) Wei Dynasty Han Xing, there was also a political drama in which Liu Xie surrendered three times and Cao Pi wrote three times to surrender, which shows that Liu Bei really has no "sincerity" of "entrusting Gu".The so-called "supplementation" and "self-acquisition" seem to have two options, but in fact there is only one option.If Zhuge Liang had a short-circuit in his thinking, he would fall into the usurping situation of "the world will attack it together", just like Wang Mang and Cao Cao.During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Fu Zuoji, a native of Wushan who served as the left deputy capital of the Metropolitan Procuratorate (equivalent to the current deputy minister of the Supervision Department), wrote a seven-character poem "Yong'an Palace", with three or four lines "Heirs are not talented" It is desirable for the king, and the old minister should be punished for such a crime." This is deeply samadhi.Later, Fu Zuoji was right in his words, but Zhuge Liang, the person involved, could see through it at a glance?

How sinister and sinister Liu Bei's words are!He was horrified when he heard it, as if he was facing an abyss, so he had to choose to "cry", "sweat all over his body, lose his hands and feet, and cry to the ground", and even "knocked his head and bleed", swearing allegiance to death. What Liu Bei wanted was such an effect.He hides a knife in his words (if it is a needle, it is also a poisonous needle that seals the throat when it sees blood), and his insidious and treacherous style is different from Cao Cao.This is his political quality and his political tactics.The reason why he did such a weird and hypocritical act is ultimately due to his political considerations, that is, he must spare no effort to maintain his Liu family, which was so hard-won, so that it can be passed on to the second and third generations.After Yiling's defeat, he did not go back to Chengdu, but insisted on nesting in Yufu, far away from the capital of Shu Han, and renamed Yufu "Yong'an".As a scheming politician, he wanted to avoid the hustle and bustle of personnel affairs in the capital, and choose such a place located in Kuimen, on the bank of the great river, which was dedicated to Gongsun Shubailong, who was also a partial emperor, two hundred years ago. In a place of victorious shape, the ears and eyes are quiet, and the heart is peaceful to think about the way to plan the Yongan regime of the Shu Han Dynasty. At the beginning, he didn't have bad expectations that his time would be exhausted, but he still wanted to regain his glory, make a difference, and even planned to attack Wu again.To fight against the outside world, we must first secure the inside. His main focus at that time was still how to continue to implement the established policy of relying heavily on the "domestic snakes", and how to control the two major interest groups belonging to him with ease.Since the most trusted Fazheng after entering Shu died of illness in the 25th year of Jian'an (220), Xu Jing, another representative of Yizhou Xinchen, also died in the second year of Zhangwu (222), and the interests of a Yizhou Xinchen were determined The new head of the group became the top priority of personnel adjustment at that time.When he lived in seclusion in Yong'an for two months, he selected Li Yan, the general of the Han Dynasty, and specially summoned him to Yong'an, entrusting him with the important task of Shang Shuling.Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, although there were Sangongs in the court, they belonged to the Shangshutai. The Shangshu Ling was in charge of the pivotal power, and the real power was always above the Sangongs.The official system of the Shu Han Dynasty has been inherited as a rule. Liu Bei was called the king of Hanzhong, and the first minister was given to Fazheng;Little did they know that there were no holidays, and Li Yan had only been appointed Minister of the Ministry for only four months when Liu Bei fell ill, forcing him to make an arrangement to ask Zhuge Liang to come to him in February of the third year of Zhang Wu (223). Yongan. Since Li Yan needs to be reused to make him the second in Fa Zheng, why is it difficult to carry out the work to the end, and Tuo Gu is entrusted to Li Yan alone, and Zhuge Liang is also added?The hidden deep-seated reason still lies in how to maintain the Liu family, which he had so hard to conquer. In feudal autocratic dynasties bound by patriarchal blood ties, the succession of imperial power has always been a vital issue, and a little carelessness may lead to disaster.For Liu Bei, this universal subject is also particular.He joined the military career at the age of 24 to the age of 63. He has been in the world for 40 years.During the competition in the Central Plains, his wife, concubine and children were captured by the enemy three times, and what happened after the reunion is not recorded in history books.In "Three Kingdoms", "Houzhu Zhuan" stated that Liu Chan "located in Chengdu, at the age of seventeen", according to which, his birth year should be the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), that is, Liu Bei was defeated by Changbanpo the previous year. "The Biography of the Second Master's Concubine" also said, "The first master, Empress Gan, was also from Pei. The first master came to Yuzhou, lived in Xiaopei, and took her as a concubine. The first master counted the funeral rooms, and often took pictures of the internal affairs. Following the first master in Jingzhou, The postpartum master." From this, it can be confirmed that Liu Bei's original wife, his successor wife, and their children were all lost in the turmoil.After arriving in Yizhou, the widowed wife of Nazong's relative Liu Mao was the queen, and the sons of Empress Mu, Lu Wang Liu Yong, were nine years old, and Liang Wang Liu Li was seven years old, and they may all become contenders for the throne.According to Liu Bei's original intention, he wanted to pass on the throne to Liu Chan; for this reason, he had accepted Zhuge Liang's suggestion three years ago, and adopted his adopted son Liu Feng, who was "hard and fierce" by nature and had considerable military exploits, "it will be difficult to control after the change of the world" give death".But if he is gone, even if Liu Dan becomes the second emperor, he may not be able to sit still.Because Liu Yong and Liu Li's biological mother, Empress Mu, is still alive, she is the empress dowager, and Empress Mu's brother Wu Yi was a chariot general at that time, and he was granted the title of county marquis.Wu Yi was originally an in-law of Liu Zhang, and had a deep relationship with the Yizhou Xinchen interest group. If Liu Chan was only entrusted to Li Yan, once Wu Yi and Li Yan joined forces, Liu Chan would at least be turned into a puppet like Liu Xie, and at worst May be discarded at any time.Liu Bei, who can't fight militarily but knows how to fight politically, must have far-reaching plans for Liu Chan to prevent problems before they happen.To prevent problems before they happen, it is necessary to create an effective mechanism for balanced allocation and mutual restraint of the two major interest groups, the old Ministry of Jingzhou and the new ministers of Yizhou.The last major strategic decision of Liu Bei's life was historically the reorganization of personnel and the redistribution of power within the upper ruling group of Shu Han.In the old Jingzhou Ministry, both Guan Yu and Zhang Fei died, and Zhuge Liang was the leader. Since Chen Shou, almost everyone said that Liu Bei had no doubts about Zhuge Liang's trust. In fact, judging from the records in "Three Kingdoms", it is doubtful.Three visits to the thatched cottage to invite Zhuge Liang out, until before and after the Battle of Chibi, the destitute Liu Bei thought that Zhuge Liang was indeed like a fish in water, and even Guan and Zhang were jealous of him and wanted to stop him.But since Pang Tong and others, the number of civil and military talents under his command has gradually increased, and this kind of dominance has weakened. Although he still relies on him as his arm, he is already the number one adviser and no longer the only one.Once Yizhou was occupied, the weight of employment was shifted to the "land snake" of Yizhou's new ministers, and the degree of reliance and trust in Zhuge Liang further declined. Some facts are the essence of externalization. From the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214) when Liu Bei led Yizhou Mu, to the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219) when Liu Bei became the king of Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang's status and role have not been as good as Fazheng.Zhuge Liang had already served as a military counselor general in Jingzhou, and added a "administration of the left general's office" in Yizhou (equivalent to the current director of the Central Office). "Co-sign" with him.During this period, "The First Lord went out, Liang Chang guarded Chengdu, and had enough food and soldiers", and played the secondary role of a left-behind director and logistics minister. Neither "The First Lord's Biography" nor "Zhuge Liang's Biography" mentioned that he was still alive. Do anything else.Fa Zhengze became the number one political star of the Shu Han, "as the prefect of Shu County, a general who raised his prestige, ruled the capital outside Ji, and was the mastermind inside".In the twenty-second year of Jian'an (217), Liu Bei went to Hanzhong, and those who offered advice and "followed" were all Fazheng.His political quality is extremely bad, "the virtue of a meal, the grievances of grievances, all revenge, and the number of people who kill and hurt themselves without authorization."Some people found Zhuge Liang and asked him to report to Liu Bei to suppress the power of Fa-rectification. meaning", adopting an attitude that you can't afford to offend and can afford to hide.As soon as Liu Bei became the king of Hanzhong, he "regarded Zheng as the minister and the general who guarded the army", and he was favored and trusted; in the second year, Fazheng died of illness at the age of 47, and Liu Bei "were crying for days."Another Yizhou new minister, Xu Jing, who was a Xiaoyao official with his old qualifications, first served as the commander of the left general (equivalent to the secretary-general of the Central Committee today), and later as the king of Hanzhong Taifu (the head of the three princes). He was also above Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang In the first year of Zhang Wu (221), after he became the prime minister, "all worshiped him". Zhuge Liang was promoted to prime minister one year after Fazheng's death, and the person who recorded the affairs of the minister did not always rank under Liu Bei alone and above everyone as written.Moreover, after becoming the prime minister, Liu Bei was determined to raise troops to defeat Wu, and the "officials" including Zhao Yun tried to dissuade him. He did not approve of such an act of destroying the alliance, but he kept silent and refused to express his opinion.If Liu Bei still relies on him and trusts him as before, and the master and minister are intimate, how could he adopt such an attitude?After Liu Bei retreated from Xiaoting to Yong'an, he sighed to others: "If the law of filial piety exists, it will be able to control the Lord and order it not to go east; if it goes east again, it will not be in danger!" These words clearly revealed that A piece of information, Zhuge Liang knew very well that after entering Shu, the position of "conspirator" has been replaced by Fazheng, and he has always been with the king like a tiger. He can only protect himself wisely and behave as a man.In connection with these antecedent changes, it is not surprising that Liu Bei tempted him with deceitful words. Zhuge Liang was only cautious in his life, especially not confused about major issues.When Fa was in the limelight, they "respected each other with justice" and "demonstrated every strange and upright wisdom", but never competed with him for a day's short and long, and worked as his chief of staff with peace of mind for seven or eight years.Now that Fazheng is gone, Liu Bei's promotion of Li Yan as Shangshuling is clearly setting up another political nemesis for him.As one of the outstanding politicians in the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang at that time must have a clear understanding of Liu Bei's deliberate deliberations.His loyal character cannot be subverted casually, but he is neither a born perfect man, nor an alienated monster, nor a god-man glorified by folk reports, but a resourceful and resourceful man in the midst of political whirlpool. A strategist and doer who is good at taking things calmly.For a long time, there is no choice but to follow the example of Guan Zhong and Le Yi, or follow the example of Wang Mang and Cao Cao.Since he chose the former, on the one hand, he must examine the general situation, take into account the overall situation, set an example, be loyal to the country, and on the other hand, he must deal with Liu Bei and his heirs, and deal with various political forces. Go with the flow in the torrent.Liu Bei's tentative words have two sides in themselves, that is, they expect him to be Guan Zhong and Le Yi, but they are also afraid that he will be Wang Mang and Cao Cao. Although he is about to die, his words are still not good.Liu Bei is using power and strategy, Zhuge Liang can only use power to counter strategy, humbly follow Liu Bei's expectations, fully express his sincerity and fear, and swear allegiance to the death, otherwise he will inevitably be "punished".Even if he did this, Liu Bei was still not completely relieved of him. Not only did he let Li Yan accept Tuogu's death with him, but he also named Li Yan "the protector of the central government and unified the internal and external military", and handed over the military command to Li Yan. .In this regard, Zhuge Liang could only endure the humiliation and accept it completely. When I said that Zhuge Liang was using power to counter power, it was by no means a subjective assumption or false talk, but to find the truth from clues based on Tuogu's funeral. "Three Kingdoms · Li Yan Biography" wrote, "Yan and Zhuge Liang also received the edict to assist the young master; take Yan as the guardian of the central government, unify the internal and external military, and stay in Yong'an."Who told Li Yan to "stay in Yong'an"?Pay nothing.It is definitely not Liu Bei's will to deal with the details, because since Li Yan "serves as the protector of the central government and unifies the internal and external military", he should return to Chengdu with Zhuge Liang, so that he can exercise his power of appointment.Excluding Liu Bei, the only possibility is Zhuge Liang, and it cannot be Li Yan's own voluntary.At the end of his life, Liu Bei insisted on "mixing sand" with the top officials of the Shu Han ruling group, and granted the military command to Li Yan, the new head of Yizhou's new ministers. There is no doubt that he wanted to weaken the prime minister's power held by Zhuge Liang, the leader of the old Jingzhou department. In order to prevent Zhuge Liang from forming a monopoly in the future.Zhuge Liang is absolutely unwilling to be constrained by the "Second Fa Zheng" again, not to mention that Li Yan was born as a military general, and it is difficult to predict whether he will become the "Second Dong Zhuo" in the future, so once Liu Bei passed away, he would no longer use the mouse. , but to act when it is time to act, and to use real power to preemptively force Li Yan to submit while the situation is still uncertain.At that time in Yong'an, Zhuge Liang was supported by Zhao Yun, Xiang Lang and other old Jingzhou generals, but the new Li Yan was alone, and it was quite easy to clean up.Zhuge Liang killed two birds with one stone, not only suppressing Li Yan's momentum, but also breaking Liu Bei's tricks, and finally became the biggest winner of this power struggle.As for Li Yan, he was suppressed before he was in his early years. He "stayed in Yong'an" for nearly four years, just like a commander of a military division today, he was actually left alone.It was not until the fourth year of Jianxing in the Shu Han Dynasty (266) that "Yitun Jiangzhou (now Chongqing Yuzhong Peninsula and its surrounding areas)" was obtained, and it was still far away from the center of power.Li Yanshi was Liu Bei's favorite, he was Liu Bei's victim, and he became the biggest loser in this accidental power struggle. Not only he himself was unpredictable, but even Liu Bei could not predict it. According to the historical data provided by "Three Kingdoms", Yong'an Tuogu's follow-up struggle unexpectedly lasted for nine years.Li Yan has always been "known for his talents". It should be said that Liu Bei did not choose wrongly.As early as the eighteenth year of Jian'an (213), he served as an army guard under Liu Zhang, and was ordered to lead the army to resist Liu Bei in Mianzhu, but he led the crowd to surrender to Liu Bei.In the next ten years, he successively served as General Pi, Qianwei Prefect, General Xingye, and General Fuhan, and made many military achievements in the local area.In August of the second year of Zhang Wu (222), Liu Bei suddenly called him to Yong'an and entrusted him with the important task of Shang Shuling, which was an unexpected favor for him.From the locality to the central government, although it is different from the so-called "rocket cadres" in terms of official rank promotion, after all, it has aroused the hatred of some "central officials", especially the officials of the old Jingzhou Ministry.Liao Li, the servant, "self-proclaimed that his talent and name should be the second of Zhuge Liang, but he was scattered under Li Yan and others, and he was often disconcerted."Only in this way, Zhuge Liang cleaned up Li Yan and ordered him to "stay in Yong'an", so he had the "organizational foundation".But Li Yan is also a persevering person. After finally "moving to Jiangzhou", he did not hide his strength and bide his time, but tried to make a difference.The construction of Jiangzhou City became the beginning of Chongqing's history of building a city on the Yuzhong Peninsula following the construction of Jiangzhou City by Zhang Yi in the Qin Dynasty.During this period, it was planned to dig through Futuguan to connect the waters of the two rivers (now the Yangtze River and Jialing River), but Zhuge Liang stopped it.He also asked to expand the jurisdiction of the governor of Jiangzhou, and asked his son Li Feng to be appointed a larger official, but Zhuge Liang did not agree. But Zhuge Liang also showed his favor to Li Yan many times. After passing through the master Liu Chan, Li Yan was granted the title of Marquis of the capital in the first year of Jianxing (223). In the eighth year (230), he was promoted to General Hussars, and in a letter to Meng Da, he praised Li Yan for his strong leadership ability.Li Yan reciprocated, and also showed his favor to Zhuge Liang, writing to persuade him "it is better to accept Jiuxi, become a noble and become a king".Zhuge Liang wrote back, saying, "We have known each other for a long time", "It is not effective to hunt down the thieves now", and it is not the time to "sit on your own". , more so than Jiuxie” (see Zhuge Liang’s Collection quoted in Pei’s Note).There is no grudge on the surface, but in fact he is ruthless.In the spring and February of the ninth year of Jianxing (231), Zhuge Liang sent troops out of Qishan to attack Wei, and ordered Li Yan to "urge and supervise the transportation".In June, Zhuge Liang had no choice but to withdraw his troops because "it was raining heavily and the supply of grain could not continue".If the two parties really "have known each other for a long time" and communicate with each other to explain the objective reasons for "short supply of food", they can live in peace.However, Li Yan took the opportunity to express to Liu Chan, falsely claiming that "the military rations are sufficient", and falsely accusing Zhuge Liang of "retiring the army in puppet", with different ambitions.Zhuge Liang immediately retaliated, settled the old and new accounts together, and also went to Liu Chan, counting that Li Yan "received too much kindness, didn't think about repaying loyalty, made things for no reason, had a lot of danger and shame, lost people from top to bottom, abandoned subjects in prisons, and led people to behave. All kinds of crimes, such as treachery, narrow-mindedness and madness, finally demoted Li Yan to a commoner, "abandoned in Zitong County (the county government is in present-day Zitong County, Sichuan Province)".So far, the political struggle came to an end with Li Yan's reputation ruined, and Li Yan died of illness there three years later. At that time, Sun Sheng commented on Yong'an Tuogu, citing the metaphor of the game, and criticized Liu Bei for "what is more chaotic".In fact, Liu Bei is using tactics, and Zhuge Liang is also using tactics. Using tactics is like the layout of the game.Politicians throughout the ages have used tactics and played games of tactics to achieve a certain political goal. Under the same political goal, the layout of different tactics is indeed divided into loyalty, treachery, good, evil, beauty and ugliness, but the main thing is high The difference between good and bad.Liu Bei is wholeheartedly committed to maintaining his Liu family, and Zhuge Liang is unswervingly loyal to that Liu family. Their political goals should be said to be the same, so the conflicts between them can be resolved and they can find a balance of interests together.Liu Bei, who was dying, had accumulated 40 years of political skills and played a super-class level in that game.His cosmic flow layout with one stone and three birds is aimed at ensuring that Liu Chan's succession to the imperial power will be realized safely as he wished.To this end, it is necessary to control the old Jingzhou interest group with Zhuge Liang as the leader, and to appease the Yizhou Xinchen interest group with Li Yan as the new head, and the Queen Mother and foreign relatives behind it. The necessary conditions are also basically constituted --- therefore, death can rest in peace. Zhuge Liang is also a top-notch master. His game is like a stream of consciousness layout. First, he successfully responded to the vicious temptation of Liu Bei's sudden attack by retreating and bearing the burden of humiliation; Then they changed Tuo Gu into Tuo Gu alone.Only one Li Yan was sacrificed, without shedding a drop of blood, without killing a single person, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang achieved a win-win situation, and the transition of imperial power in Shu Han also relied on it to achieve a smooth transition.Perhaps it is for this reason that for thousands of years, kind-hearted descendants have always regarded Yong'an Tuogu as a well-known historical story, passed it on orally, and staged it on stage, while ignoring the deceitfulness and confusion that existed in it back then. However, the advantages are only one side, and the disadvantages are another.With the passage of time, both for the Shu Han regime and for Zhuge Liang personally, the root cause of that political struggle has become increasingly apparent.The most prominent is the contradiction in personnel.Li Yan, who is directly involved, is only a representative that will not be missing during this period, and the two major interest groups are all involved in it.There was Fazheng's oppression in the front, and Li Yan's threat in the back, which couldn't help but stimulate Zhuge Liang deeply.He served as prime minister in the first year of Zhangwu (221). Salt depends on brightness."According to Pei Zhu's "Shu Ji", Guo Chong, a native of Jin, was quoted as saying, "The criminal law is urgently implemented, and the common people are cut off, and the gentlemen and villains are full of resentment."Although Pei Songzhi believes that "with a bright and humble body, it is almost impossible", Guo Chong's statement is not groundless.Chen Shou commented on Zhuge Liang, and pointed out that he "will be punished even if he breaks the law and neglects his relatives", "he who speaks cleverly will be killed no matter how light he is", and "the evil is not degraded if there is no fiber".He formulated a series of laws and regulations such as "Shu Ke", not only to govern the people, but also to govern the officials.Examining the civil and military officials who were dismissed, exiled, beheaded, or ordered to be beheaded by him, except for a close confidant Ma Di who was beheaded in tears because of the loss of the street pavilion, the rest of the heroes and veterans were all talented, but He is not so respectful to Zhuge Liang. According to Chen Shou's comments in the biography of "Three Kingdoms", Wei Yan, the old general of Jingzhou, "served with courage and strategy", Liao Li, the adviser, "advanced with talent", and Li Yan, Peng Yi, and Lai Min, the new ministers of Yizhou, were all extraordinary in their own right. , But they all suffered accidents because of things or because they violated Zhuge Liang.In all fairness, even if these people did have some kind of fault, it was not so serious that they should be eliminated quickly, so people today write dramas to rehabilitate Wei Yan. During the eleven years when Zhuge Liang ruled Shu, the government was left to himself, and behind the "urgent criminal law" was "drawing the line with me".In fact, he was afraid that Fazheng and Li Yan would appear again, so he put respect and attachment to him first as the evaluation standard of "virtuous"; With reference to the conditions, another line of "appointing people on the merits" with his personal imprint and elements of closeness and intimacy was created.Among the seven civil and military "sages" recommended by him in "Teacher's List", except for Zhang Yi who is from Yizhou Xinchen, the other six are Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, Xiang Chong, Chen Zhen, and Jiang Wan. Moreover, most of these people can only "inherit Zhuge's established rules and follow them without changing them", and never dare to "act on their own merits".Others, such as the cautious Dong He, the exaggerated Ma Su, and the narrow-minded Yang Yi are also full of them.On the contrary, not only the above-mentioned heroic generals who belonged to the two major interest groups suffered accidents one after another, but even Zhao Yun, a veteran general who was brave and dared to speak out, was not reused throughout his life.Such abnormal severity and abnormal lightness, which are inextricably intertwined with the completion of the criminal law, will inevitably aggravate the "gentleman and villain's salty grievances".In the later period of the Shu Han Dynasty, there was a growing shortage of talents. If it is not taboo for the venerable, it should be admitted that Zhuge Liang has an inescapable responsibility.For thousands of years, many people have pointed out that Zhuge Liang is not as good at knowing people as Liu Bei, and at the same time ignored such deep backgrounds, which is not a pity. Another major legacy lies in state affairs.The situation of Wei, Shu, and Wu's three-point confrontation is established, and the Shu Han is the weakest. It should take advantage of the natural dangers of Bashu to rest and recuperate, work hard to govern, and then seek external expansion when the country is rich and strong.Zhuge Liang himself was even more like what Chen Shou commented, "Yu Zhirong is his strengths, his ingenuity is his weakness, and managing the people is better than general strategy." And the weak Shu Han was built into a small but strong Shu Han.However, he did the opposite, "Using troops without using them, showing off their strength repeatedly." , and in the eight years from the fifth year of Jianxing (227) to the twelfth year (234), "five out of Qishan Mountain" (written as "six out of Qishan Mountain", including Wei's attack on Hanzhong in 230 years).These five Northern Expeditions, plus one northward expedition to resist the enemy, except for the third Northern Expedition in 229, which captured Wudu (now Chengxian, Gansu) and Yinping (northwest of Wenxian, Gansu), all ended in failure or retreat.The long-term attack, the difficulty in food transportation, and the use of troops for years and years were exhausting and expensive, which seriously weakened the people and national power of the Shu Han.Zhuge Liang himself, also due to military fatigue, lack of food and troubles, overwork and illness, died of illness in the military camp of Wuzhangyuan (now southwest of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province) on the south bank of the Weishui River in August of the twelfth year of Jianxing (234). "Death before leaving the teacher will make the hero burst into tears", what is the reason?It cannot be ruled out that Zhuge Liang has been in politics for a long time, he is getting older, and his wisdom is not as good as before. He made a misjudgment of the situation and sent troops blindly in order to make contributions.But it is more likely, or to a large extent, that it was forced out by Liu Beituo's lonely death.Based on what?One is the "Teacher's List" which says, "The emperor's advising ministers were cautious, so he sent his ministers to deal with major events when he was about to collapse. Since he was ordered, Suye sighed, fearing that the entrustment would not work and hurt the emperor's bright. Therefore (please pay attention to this word) Wuyuedu Lu, go deep into the barren. Now the south has been settled, the army is full, and the three armies will be rewarded, and the central plains will be set in the north. ) ministers report to the first emperor and are loyal to your majesty's duty." The second is "The List of Later Teachers" wrote, "The first emperor was concerned about the conflict between Han and thieves, and the king's career was not partial, so I entrusted (more attention to these two words) ministers To beg for thieves. The minister bows and tries his best, and dies." Comparing the two "Biao", I can't understand more clearly that the top "big things" assigned by Liu Bei at the end of his life cannot be narrowly interpreted as assisting Liu Chan, but focus on solving the remaining problems of "the Han and the thieves are not at odds, and the king's career is not partial" Therefore, Zhuge Liang is required to pay the price of his life to achieve "rejuvenation of the Han Dynasty and return to the old capital".Even if he knows that he can't do it, he has to do it, otherwise he will inevitably be attacked by his political opponents for "ineffective entrustment".This, in any case, is a historical tragedy, and has little to do with Zhuge Liang's personality and morality. From this, I think of the couplet written by Zhao Fan, a Qing Dynasty native of Wuhou Temple in Chengdu: "If you can attack your heart, you will turn your back on yourself. Since ancient times, you have known that soldiers are not belligerent/If you don't judge the situation, you will be lenient and strict. Later, you must think deeply about governing Shu." The first couplet clearly points to Zhuge Liang’s successive Northern Expeditions, while the second couplet clearly concerns Zhuge Liang’s urgent completion of criminal law.If Zhuge Liang Jiuquan had spirits, how would he feel?Let me boldly speculate that in addition to publicly strict self-discipline and taking the blame, I may tell my wife in private that the root cause lies in Yong'an Tuogu.Ye Feiye, the people who need and can "think deeply" are not limited to the mere "rulers of Shu" now and now?