Chapter 20 Get to the bottom of it

⊙The reason why Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was that the recommendation of Liang Dunyan, a fellow in Shunde, Guangdong, played a big role.The railway also allowed Liang's daughter, Liang Aishan, to marry Zhan's son, Zhan Wenguang. ⊙Sun Yat-sen is known as "Dr. Sun" and is very popular in the world.Some people say that Sun Yat-sen has never received a doctorate or an honorary doctorate in his life. It is purely false to say that he is a doctor, because Sun graduated from a medical school and also practiced medicine. The word doctor may be a mistranslation of the word Dr. (doctor) .

⊙In 1887, the "radical faction" in the Japanese government formulated a "National Policy of Conquering the Qing Dynasty" to invade China, and proposed a strategic plan of "seizing the opportunity and preparing to attack within a period of five years".However, at that time, the "slow progress faction" headed by Ito Hirobumi considered that Japan was fledgling and not strong, and worried that after initiating a war, Tsarist Russia would take the opportunity to go south and reap the benefits of fishermen. cost, build more railways, and increase the number of the navy", "look at China's situation in ten years before handling it".The Meiji government adopted the opinions of Ito Hirobumi and others.

⊙In 1925, Sun Yat-sen died of liver cancer, and a public sacrifice was held at the Sheji Altar in Beijing Central Park.Fan Zhongxiu, Commander-in-Chief of the Henan Army who founded the People's Republic of China, sent a huge plain flower banner with the words "Father of the Nation" written in it.In his telegram of condolences, he also referred to Sun as "the father of the country".This is the first time Sun Yat-sen has been honored as "Father of the Nation" in public. ⊙Liu Shipei was born with anomalies, a boneless meat tail less than an inch long on his rump, and a bright red birthmark the size of a longan in the middle of his left foot, so he was called "the rebirth of the old ape".

⊙Ding Ling's original name was Jiang Wei, and his courtesy name was Bingzhi.Under the influence of the new trend of thought, some progressive young people began to abolish their surnames and only called them by their first names. It was inconvenient to call "Bingzhi", so she adopted the simple strokes of "Ding" as her surname and called it "Ding Bingzhi".Later, she wanted to be an actress and wanted to change her catchy stage name, so she closed her eyes and found the word "Ling" in the dictionary. From then on, "Ding Ling" became her new name.When she published her debut novel "Meng Ke", she used this name for the first time.

⊙Wanrong was born on September 27, the thirty-second year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (November 13, 1906).Originally from Mannaitun, Longhe Township, Nehe City, Heilongjiang Province, Daur nationality, and later incorporated into Manchu Zhengbai Banner. ⊙On March 1, 1932, Japan supported Pu Yi to establish a puppet "Manchukuo" in the Northeast, with the year name "Datong". In September 1932, Pu Yi signed the "Manchukuo Protocol" with Japan. The Japanese government officially recognized "Manchuria", and "Manchukuo" also recognized Japan's special interests in Northeast China.

⊙When Huang Zunxian was 27 years old, he wrote a poem "From Ship to Tianjin", which mentioned the Western object "boat" for the first time.Later, he traveled to America, Europe and other places, and his poems were full of admiration and admiration for foreign things.For example, when he wrote about trains: "Once the bell rings in time, there will be a lot of time. Although there are tens of thousands of weights, the movement is as soft as fingers." ⊙Lin Shu is from Fujian, so in his translated works, many names of people and places are transliterated in Fujian. "Detective Case"), in the book, he pronounced "Watson" into "Watson" and "Holmes" into "Holmes" in Hokkien.Since then, these two translations have become well-known fixed translations.

⊙Du Yuesheng, whose real name is Du Yuesheng, got his name because he was born on the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month.Zhang Taiyan quoted scriptures and changed his name to Du Yong and Yuesheng.The book "Zhou Li Da Si Yue Shu": "The music of the East is called Sheng, and the music of the West is called Yong." ⊙Su Manshu is so talented that he is known as the "Revolutionary Poet Monk" because he has become a monk.He has a poem "The Poetry of Ingenuity" which says: "When will the spring rain on the roof of the building, when will you return to see the tide in Zhejiang? No one knows the straw shoes and broken bowls. How many bridges have you stepped on with cherry blossoms?" This poem is spread at home and abroad, known as all At the well water, everyone can sing "Shakuba Xiao".

⊙Zhang Fakui's real name is Zhang Fakui. When he was applying for the entrance examination of Huangpu Army Primary School, the examiner in charge of registration changed his name to Fakui, which means a man striding forward. ⊙In the autumn of 1902, Liang Qichao wrote to Huang Zunxian, proposing the establishment of "Guo Xue Journal", with the purpose of "maintaining the quintessence of the country", and first proposed the name of "Guo Xue". Later, Liang Qichao wrote "On the General Trend of Chinese Academic Thought Changes" At that time, the term "Guoxue" was also mentioned. On February 23, 1905, Zhang Taiyan, Liu Shipei, Deng Shi, etc. founded the "Journal of the Chinese Academy of Sciences". It will be fixed.

⊙In the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, there were 36 checkpoints. The first ten people added "Dianqian", and they were divided into left and right. The numbers were left single and right double.Such as "three checkpoints on the left in front of the hall" and "twelve checkpoints on the right side of the hall". ⊙The heroine Meng Ke in Ding Ling's novel "Meng Ke" is based on Ding Ling's best friend Wang Jianhong.The name Mengke is also Qu Qiubai's nickname for Wang Jianhong, "love language", which means "my heart" in French.

⊙Sun Yat-sen was originally named Sun Wen, and his name was Yixian.In order to prevent the Qing government from chasing and killing him, he went into exile in Japan in 1897, under the alias of Zhongshan Qiao.Later, Zhang Shizhao added the word "Zhongshan" to Sun's surname, which is the origin of Sun Yat-sen as it is known later. ⊙In 1895, Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan, and newspapers published news: Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, arrived in Japan.Sun said: "The word 'revolution' comes from the phrase 'Tangwu revolution, conforming to the sky and responding to people'. The Japanese call our party a revolutionary party, which has a very good meaning. Our party will be called a revolutionary party in the future. The word "revolution" has been widely used to this day.

⊙In 1934, Pu Yi, the pseudo-emperor of "Manchuria", changed the name of the country to "Manchurian Empire" and the name of the year to "Kant". "Kant" is the abbreviation of Kangxi and Dezong Guangxu. ⊙ On November 13, 1909, Chen Qubing, Liu Yazi, Gao Xu and others founded Nanshe in Suzhou.The name Nanshe, which means "do not forget the old music when practicing Nanyin", is a famous poetry club before and after the Revolution of 1911, and it is also a political organization.At that time, not only were Nanshe members presided over the writing of almost all the newspapers and periodicals in Shanghai, but also its members were widely distributed in many newspapers all over the country. For a while, there was the domineering spirit of "look at today's territory, it is actually Nanshe's world". ⊙In 1884, the Qing government established telegram archives in the military aircraft department, and Emperor Guangxu personally decreed that the telegrams should be treated as official documents.The telegram exchanges between colleagues are called "electric documents", and the telegram memorials to the emperor are called "electrical performances". During the Hundred Days Restoration in 1898, the telegram was elevated to the status of an official document by the new law. ⊙Ding Baozhen used to be the governor of Shandong, and he was added the title of Prince Shaobao, referred to as Gongbao.He often asks the chef to use the method of Shandong cuisine to stir-fry diced chicken, and then stir-fry it with peanut kernels and dried chili.After Ding became the governor of Sichuan, the guests at a certain banquet, when the spicy and tender fried chicken diced in sauce was served, all the guests praised and applauded.When asked about the name of the dish, the cook couldn’t tell for a while, but said that it was the favorite dish of Master Kung Pao when he was in Shandong, so everyone called it “Kung Pao Chicken”. ⊙The uniforms of female officers in the Taiping Army are divided into sewn skirts, buttoned skirts, open skirts, loose skirts, loose robes, and leg coverings.The so-called sewn clothes refer to the crotch is completely sewn to death, but the trouser legs are very fat; Divided into left, right, and back three pieces, tied around the waist, it is worn when enjoying the cool. ⊙Lin Huiyin's real name is "Huiyin", which means "Huiyin is the son of Bai Sinan" in "The Book of Songs · Daya".Later, when she published literary works in newspapers, she was often confused with the male author with the same name and surname. So in the third issue of "Poetry Magazine" on October 5, 1931, the editor-in-chief Xu Zhimo changed the word Huiyin to "Huiyin". . ⊙In 1940, Dai Jitao visited India on behalf of the Kuomintang and met Nehru, Tagore, Gandhi and other celebrities.Gandhi's name is Mahatama, and when Dai introduced it to the Chinese people, he translated it as "Gandhi" to show his willingness to save the world from hell. The translation is accurate and is still in use today. ⊙Jiang Chaozong's so-called "Three Ding Jingshi" refers to: Jiang became the commander of the infantry in 1912, and was promoted to "General Diwei", in charge of public security in the capital; in 1917, Zhang Xun was restored, Duan Qirui led When the soldiers went to Beijing to seek rebellion, Jiang Chaozong was still the commander of the infantry in charge of public security; after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, when Beiping fell, Jiang came forward to organize the "Public Security Association". ⊙There are a large number of foreigners in Li Hongzhang's staff.Among them, there are two most prominent ones: German Detriline and American Bidger. Detriline is in charge of liaising with foreigners in industrial and commercial enterprises, and Biedger is in charge of managing foreign personnel serving in the Beiyang Navy.On the basis of geography and language, there is also a less strict division of labor between the two of them: De Trilin dominates the Europeans serving under Li Hongzhang, while Bidegg dominates the Americans and some British people. ⊙ On August 13, 1912, the China League, the United Republican Party, the Nationalist Party, the Nationalist Progressive Association, and the Republican Real Progressive Association jointly issued the "KMT Manifesto", which stated: "In a republican system, the people are the main body of the country. Our party wants to It makes people not forget this righteousness, so Yan Qi's name is: 'Kuomintang'." ⊙The establishment of the Taiping Army is based on the "Zhou Li" "Shu Wu" law and the regulation of integrating soldiers into agriculture as the basic principles, which is very sound.Five men form an army, five five form two, five two form pawns, five pawns form a brigade, five brigades form a division, and five divisions form an army.Including the military commander himself, there are 13,156 officers and soldiers in the army.In the early days, the Taiping Army was divided into men and women, and later formed a men's battalion and a women's battalion.After the capital was established in Nanjing, the Taiping Army established the 40th Army of the Women's Army.Each army has 1 female commander, 25 pawn commanders under it, 4 battalion commanders per pawn commander, a total of 100 people, 2500 female soldiers, and a total of 2625 officers and soldiers in the first army. ⊙The nursery rhyme "Two Tigers": "Two tigers, two tigers, run fast, run fast, one has no ears, the other has no tail, how strange, how strange." It uses the tune of European nursery rhymes, the earliest Gregorian chant from the 10th century.After it was introduced to China, Kuang Yong wrote the lyrics and created "National Revolutionary Army", which became the military song of the Northern Expeditionary Army.The lyrics are: "Down with the great powers, down with the great powers, get rid of the warlords! Get rid of the warlords! Work hard for the national revolution, work hard for the national revolution, work together, work together." During the second agrarian revolution, the Communists used this tune to compose the lyrics of "Agrarian Revolution ": "Down with local tyrants, down with local tyrants, divide the fields, divide the fields. We want to be the masters, we want to be the masters, what a joy! What a joy!" ⊙During the May 4th Movement, Luo Jialun drafted a leaflet of the "Manifesto of Beijing Academic Circles", and put forward the slogan of "struggling for sovereignty outside and eradicating national thieves inside".In the "Weekly Review" on May 26, Luo first proposed the term May 4th Movement, and it has been used to this day. ⊙Before 1900, Bada Hutong was dominated by the northern class.At that time, there was a folk proverb: "Six Departments and Three Officials: Da Rong Xiao Na Duan Lao Si; Jiucheng Wuyao Sister: Shuanghong and Er Cui are all fans." Rong Lu, the most powerful of the four finger departments of Da Rong, Xiao Na, and Duan Lao , Natong, and Duanfang were well-known prostitutes at that time, and the last five were well-known prostitutes at that time. ⊙As early as 1918, Cao Kun bribed the election of the vice president, but that time his bid was too low, and he promised to send 500 silver dollars to each congressman. Not as. ⊙Cai Yuanpei once admitted: "To sum up, I have been the president of Peking University for ten and a half years, but I have actually been working at the school for five and a half years." When President Cai was not in school, it was Jiang Menglin who handled administrative affairs on his behalf.In addition to serving as the chief of general affairs for a long time, Jiang also acted as the president of the bank three times. At that time, some people commented: "The president of Peking University in the past five or six years is not so much Cai Yuanpei as Jiang Menglin." ⊙The name of Wanrong is Guo Buluo·Wanrong. The name of Wanrong was given by his father Rong Yuan according to "Wan Ruo Youlong" in "Luo Shen Fu" (the homonym of Rong is Tonglong).Wanrong's nickname, Muhong, comes from "Pian Ruo Jing Hong" in "Luo Shen Fu", which means admiring the swift and beautiful posture of birds. ⊙In 1861, the Qing government established the "Prime Minister's Office of State Affairs", referred to as "Prime Minister's Office", "General Administration" and "Translation Office", and later changed its name to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.This is the first institution in charge of foreign affairs in China.When Gu Weijun was Secretary and Counselor to Minister of Foreign Affairs Lu Zhengxiang, one of his tasks was to set up a translation room, browse foreign newspapers every day, cut out reports about China, and translate them into Chinese for archiving.The presidential palace looks at new translations every day to understand the reaction of Chinese affairs in foreign countries. ⊙In the 1930s, Shanghai "News" published an article by Fan Yanqiao titled "The Mystery of Xiaofengxian's Life Experience", in which he wrote: "Xiaofengxian was an abandoned baby on the streets of Yangzhou. Fengxian, a red prostitute in Xiangyuan, saw her pity and adopted her, but because she didn't know her parents' surnames, she was named Xiaofengxian after her mother-in-law." ⊙In 1917, Sun Yat-sen recounted the course of the revolution at a welcome meeting in Shantou, saying that "the first revolution started in Wuchang to overthrow the Qing autocracy; the second revolution started in Nanjing when Yuan Shikai assassinated Song Jiaoren." The term "Second Revolution" is still in use today. ⊙ Cixi ordered Li Hongzhang to be responsible for designing the national flag pattern.After many collections and screenings, Li Hongzhang submitted various proposals such as the Eight Trigrams Flag, the Yellow Dragon Flag, the Qilin Flag, and the Tiger and Leopard Flag for the Empress Dowager Cixi to decide on. Finally, Cixi decided to use the Yellow Dragon Flag as the national flag of the Qing Dynasty. ⊙In November 1946, a mass wedding was held in Guangzhou, witnessed by the mayor.In addition to obtaining a "marriage registration license", participants must also present a health examination certificate issued by a qualified doctor, which is the earliest "marriage examination" in China. ⊙After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, 16-year-old Sun Weishi came to the Eighth Route Army Office in Wuhan and asked to apply to go to Yan'an, but no one knew her, so she stood alone at the door and cried.After Zhou Enlai saw it, he recognized Sun Weishi as his goddaughter and took her to Yan'an. ⊙In 1862 (the first year of Tongzhi), the Qing court used the "triangular yellow dragon flag" as the flag of official ships. In September 1881, the two cruisers "Yangwei" and "Chaoyong" ordered in the United Kingdom returned to China. Li Hongzhang changed the Yellow Dragon Flag to a rectangle and used it as the military flag of the Beiyang Navy. ⊙The initial construction investment of Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau was about 250,000 taels of silver, and the early operating funds mainly came from the military expenditure of the Huai Army. In 1867, the Qing government allowed 10% tariffs to be extracted from Shanghai Customs as funds for the Manufacturing Bureau. In 1869, this ratio increased to 20%, about 400,000 taels of silver. ⊙By 1888, the Beiyang Fleet was already a modern navy of considerable size.In total, there are two armored ships Zhenyuan and Dingyuan, seven fast ships Jiyuan, Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Jingyuan, Laiyuan, Chaoyong and Yangwei, and Zhenzhong, Zhenbian, Zhendong, Zhenxi, Zhennan and Zhenbei. There are six gunboats, six torpedo boats, three Weiyuan, Kangji, and agile training ships, and one Liyun transport ship. There are a total of 25 large and small ships, with nearly 4,000 officers and soldiers. ⊙Su Manshu's original name was Su Jian, his courtesy name was Zigu, and his scientific name was Yuanying (also known as Xuanying). Manshu was his dharma name after he became a monk. "Manjushri" is originally the name of a Buddhist Bodhisattva. The Sanskrit transliteration is Manjushri, also translated as Manjushri, and free translations are Miaode, Miaojixiang, etc. It is one of the four major Chinese Buddhist Bodhisattvas. ⊙The number of troops and casualties of the Eight-Power Allied Forces invading China in 1900: 21,634 Japanese, 349 dead, accounting for 1.61%; 15,570 Russians, 160 dead, accounting for 1.03%; 10,653 British, 64 dead, accounting for 0.6%; 7080 people in France, 50 people died, accounting for 0.71%; Germany 8401 people, 60 people died, accounting for 0.71%; the United States 5608 people, 48 people died, accounting for 0.86%; Austria-Hungary 429 people, 8 people died, accounting for 1.86%; Italy 2545 people, 18 people died, accounting for 0.71%.A total of 71920 people, 757 people died, accounting for 1.05%. ⊙On January 10, 1912, the Senate of the Nanjing Provisional Government of the Republic of China passed a special resolution to determine the national flag of the Republic of China as the five-color flag.The five-color flag is composed of red, yellow, blue, white, and black, which respectively symbolize the five major ethnic groups in China: Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan.The blue sky and white sun tricolor flag is designated as the navy flag, and the 18-star flag is the army flag (formerly the flag of the Hubei Revolutionary Association). ⊙In 1871, Li Hongzhang bought 328 Krupp cannons of various calibers from the German Alfred Krupp at one go, and deployed them in Dagukou, Beitang, Shanhaiguan and other places to stabilize the city of Beijing defense security. In 1877, Li took the lead in equipping 19 artillery battalions in the Huai Army. Each battalion had 144 Zhengyong soldiers and 6 Krupp four-pound breech-loading steel guns, a total of 114. ⊙Wang Xiaohang said that he advocated vernacular Chinese, about 20 years earlier than Hu Shi.He said in "Biography of Lian Xiaozi": "A filial son looks at his father's portrait every day, and puts it on the plate at the right time. When he eats and eats as if he was alive, he calls out: Daddy eat! Daddy wash your face!" The recruits of the revolution." ⊙In a book, Qian Zhongshu commented through Dong Xiechuan's mouth: "Oriental students praise Su Manshu, and Western students praise Huang Gongdu." Among them, Huang Gongdu refers to Huang Zunxian. ⊙In 1933, Jiang Menglin expelled nine "leftist" students on the grounds of "non-payment of tuition fees".These expelled students later received an anonymous letter of sympathy with a check for three hundred oceans.That's a lot of money.The students analyzed that the Communist Party wanted to send them away, but they had no money; the righteous people in society wanted to send them away, but they did not know the names and addresses of the expelled students.Qian Jiaju later recalled: "I judged that this was a double-dealing tactic played by President Jiang Menglin. On the one hand, Jiang expelled the students, but on the other hand, he was afraid that they would stay in Beijing and take risks and things that would not benefit him, so he simply paid a sum of money to tell them to leave early. Sure enough. After the nine students got the money, some went east to Japan, some went to Germany, and went their separate ways.”