Chapter 16 Three Kings Xianzhi Uprising

When Xi Zong succeeded to the throne, he was still young, and he mostly obeyed his subordinates in the military and state affairs.The court officials of the Nanya and the eunuchs of the Beisi attacked and fought each other for power, and the political situation was turbulent and chaotic. "Since Emperor Yizong, the extravagance has become more and more serious. The army has been constantly deployed, and the collection of taxes has become more urgent. The Kanto has been flooded and droughted for years, and the prefectures and counties have not heard the truth. There are few soldiers in the county, and if peace is maintained for a long time, the people are not used to fighting, and if they encounter bandits, the officers and troops will be defeated."The contradictions intensified day by day and finally got out of hand.

Wang Xianzhi, a native of Puzhou (Zhijuancheng, now north of Juancheng County, Shandong), was born in a salt trader.At that time, the salt tax was an important income of the Tang court, and the salt business was controlled by the government, and the ban on salt among the people was extremely strict, and those who sold more than one stone of salt would be punished with death.But there are also many courageous people who make huge profits by selling salt privately.Most of the salt sellers formed gangs and armed the salt sellers with real knives and guns.Wang Xianzhi traveled all over the country while smuggling salt. In order to resist the government's investigation, he practiced martial arts well.

In the first year of Qianfu (874) of Emperor Xizong of Tang Dynasty, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered from drought, and half of the wheat was harvested in summer, but no grains were harvested in autumn.The people had no choice but to eat wild vegetables and bark to satisfy their hunger.Under such circumstances, the government's corvee and taxes have not been reduced, forcing the people to live without it.The angry crowd gathered around Wang Xianzhi when they were desperate, and took up arms to fight.Thus, the peasant uprising broke out at the end of Tang Dynasty.

Wang Xianzhi led thousands of people to revolt in Changyuan (now Changyuan County, Henan Province) and preached various ways. record").In the following year, Wang Xianzhi led his general Shang Junchang and others to break through Puzhou and Caozhou (both in present-day Shandong Province), and repelled the Tang official army who came to suppress them.The uprising team quickly developed to tens of thousands of people.Wherever he went, granaries were opened to release grain, and the people cheered loudly. At this time, Huang Chao, his brothers and nephews Huang Cun, Huang Kui, Huang Siye, and his nephew Lin Yan gathered thousands of people to revolt in Yuanju (now Heze County, Shandong) in response to Wang Xianzhi.

Huang Chao, a native of Caozhou, Shandong (now Cao County, Shandong), "(Huang) Chao Shao and (Wang) Xianzhi are both involved in smuggling salt. Chapter" ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian Volume 252").It can be seen that Huang Chao is different from the previous leaders of the peasant army. He has the dual identities of a scholar and a hero.Even in the orthodox "New Book of Tang", Huang Chao was included in "The Biography of Rebels", alongside An Lushan and other traitors. It can be seen that traditional historians did not regard Huang Chao as a general rogue.Huang Chao also organized an armed salt gang together with Wang Xianzhi, and had many armed struggles with the Tang government to crack down on smuggled salt.The long-term adventure career has developed Huang Chao's character of being upright and righteous, and he is willing to fight against injustices. Many people are willing to follow him.There is no doubt that Huang Chao has an obvious heroic temperament.

Huang Chao's psychology before deciding to revolt is hard to guess now.Judging from his experience of selling salt despite the government's ban, he should be full of quack habits and have an extremely adventurous spirit.But in fact, he is an out-and-out scholar. As mentioned above, he wrote the poem "The fragrance of the sky penetrates Chang'an, and the city is full of golden armor" full of indignation when he lost his reputation. .From this point of view, his subconscious desire is actually the same as Pang Xun's, and both have the mentality of waiting to be recruited.

It is particularly worth emphasizing that Huang Chao showed an unusual love for Chang'an in the sentence "The fragrance soaring to the sky penetrates Chang'an, and the city is full of golden armor".As the author analyzed in the previous article "The Ideal of Huangchao", he has a deep "city lord" complex in his heart.So, is it possible that Huang Chao decided to raise troops because he was obsessed with Chang'an, and even regarded it as the conversion of his soul, so he did not hesitate to fight against the Tang court that he had always wanted to serve?At least, a long time ago, he was obsessed with Chang'an, its unparalleled magnificence, and its supreme political significance, and even wanted to have it one day.Of course, Chang'an is the capital of the empire, and only the ruler of the world can own Chang'an.This kind of ambitious wish seemed unattainable at the time, so it lay dormant deep in Huang Chao's heart.Although this desire has been dormant for a long time, it will be aroused under special circumstances.With such a premise, it can also explain why Huang Chao suddenly didn't want to make progress after entering Chang'an, and settled in Chang'an city contentedly.The psychological evolution of a hero is itself a page of meaningful history.

Let's get down to business.After the Huangchao Uprising, the team also grew to tens of thousands of people within a few months.Afterwards, Wang Xianzhi came to join Huang Chao, and the two rebels joined together, making their momentum even bigger. Seeing that Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao's rebel army was very powerful, the Tang court immediately ordered the envoys of Huainan, Zhongwu, Xuanwu, Yicheng, and Tianping to attack the rebel army.In July of the third year of Qianfu (876), Tang Tianping Jiedu envoy Song Wei defeated Wang Xianzhi's army under the city of Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong).When Song Wei heard that Wang Xianzhi had died in the rebellion, he was so proud that he didn't know the truth, so he immediately wrote to the Tang court, saying that Wang Xianzhi was dead.Therefore, "all officials came to congratulate", the Tang court issued an edict to dismiss all Taoist soldiers.

However, within a few days, Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao moved to Henan and quickly captured eight counties including Yangdi (now Yu County, Henan) and Jiacheng (now Jia County, Henan).Seeing that Wang Xianzhi had "resurrected from the dead", the Tang court hurriedly issued an edict to dispatch troops again.Repeatedly like this, the soldiers from all walks of life were full of resentment, "all the soldiers were angry and resentful."All Taoists have their own selfishness, and now it is even more difficult to be of one mind. The peasant army then captured Ruzhou (Zhiliang County, now Linru County, Henan Province), and captured the governor of Ruzhou Wang Liao alive.Ruzhou is only 160 miles away from Luoyang. The fall of Ruzhou shocked Luoyang, and the scholars and people fled with their families.

Ruzhou Inspector Wang Liao was the cousin of Prime Minister Wang Duo, and Qizhou Inspector Pei Xun was Wang Duo's protégé when he was Zhiju.Wang Xie wrote a letter to Pei Ji on Wang Xianzhi's behalf, expressing Wang Xianzhi's willingness to accept "recruitment".According to the above, Pei Xun played to the court.Seeing that his cousin was in the hands of the peasant army, the prime minister Wang Duo tried his best to persuade Xi Zong to "recruit him".Emperor Xizong appointed Wang Xianzhi as the guard and supervisor of Zuo Shence Army. Wang Xianzhi was very happy and decided to accept it.Huang Chao was very angry, and said: "At the beginning, we made a big oath to run rampant in the world. Now you go to the Zuo Shence Army as an officer, where will the many soldiers live?" Wang Xianzhi was beaten to the point of bleeding.

What needs to be specifically mentioned here is that the Tang court only appointed Wang Xianzhi, and no one else was mentioned.In view of Huang Chao's experience of asking for security several times later, he resolutely expressed his opposition at this time, it should be only because the Tang court did not give him an official job.If the Tang court had been more strategic and listed the names of the main generals of the rebel army on the recruitment letter, even if it was a false post, the recruitment would probably have been completed this time.But only a simple document is needed, why didn't the Tang court do it?There are many articles in this. In the past, there was an allusion of "two peaches kill three scholars".The three warriors are Gongsun Jie, Tian Kaijiang, and Gu Yezi. They fight tigers with bravery and are favored by Qi Jinggong.Yan Ying thought that the three scholars did not understand the righteousness of the monarch and ministers and court etiquette, so he wanted to get rid of them.It happened that one day, Duke Lu Zhaogong and his official uncle Sun Ruo arrived in the state of Qi. Duke Jing of Qi hosted a banquet for them, Yan Ying sat with him, and Tian Kaijiang and other three men stood at the foot of the steps with their swords.Halfway through the wine, Qi Jinggong said to Lu Zhaogong: "I planted a 'Longevity Gold Peach' in my garden. It has grown for more than 30 years, and it has only bloomed but not produced fruit. It happened to bear a few fruits this year. I would like to invite you You taste it." Lu Zhaogong was very happy to hear that.Yan Ying went to pick peaches.After a while, six peaches as big as bowls with a strong aroma were brought over. Yan Ying said, "There are still three or four unripe ones, so I'll pick the ripe ones first." After being polite, Qi Jinggong and Lu Zhaogong each After eating a peach, Shusun Luo and Yan Ying also ate a peach each.Yan Ying said: "There are still two peaches here. My lord can order all the ministers to show their merits, and the two who have the most credit can eat the peaches." Qi Jinggong agreed and asked Yan Ying to be a judge.Gongsun Jie was the first to step onto the stage and said: "I went hunting with my lord back then, and killed a tiger with my bare hands and saved my lord's life. Is this a great contribution?" Yan Ying quickly said, "This is a great contribution. Drink a glass of wine and eat a peach." Gu Yezi immediately jumped out and said, "What's the point of killing a tiger? I once killed a turtle in the Yellow River and saved my lord's life. Do you think I should eat a peach? " Qi Jinggong said: "If it wasn't for General Gu, I would have been buried in the belly of the turtle.At this time, Tian Kaijiang stood up: "I once conquered the north and the south, killed countless enemies, shocked the princes, and elected the lord as the leader. I don't know if this is a great contribution or not?" Yan Ying quickly said: "The credit of General Tian It is ten times bigger than General Gongsun and General Gu, but the golden peaches are gone, please give him a glass of wine, and give General Tian peaches when the peaches are ripe next year." When Tian Kaijiang heard this, his blood rushed, and he said: " I have made a lot of contributions but I can’t eat peaches, and instead suffer this kind of insult in front of the two kings, what face do I have to live in this world?” After speaking, he drew his sword and committed suicide.Gongsun Jie was taken aback, holding his sword and said, "I ate the peaches due to my merits, but Tian Shi didn't eat the peaches because of his great contributions. If he is dead, what face do I have to live in this world?" After speaking, he committed suicide.Gu Yezi shouted loudly: "The three of us became brothers. They are both dead. I have no meaning in living." He also drew his sword and committed suicide.Knowing human nature, Yan Ying used two peaches as an introduction, and killed three warriors effortlessly. The Tang court only appointed Wang Xianzhi in Zhao'an, and he was also suspected of "killing three scholars with two peaches".Unfair distribution will inevitably lead to internal strife.The purpose of the Tang court to use a letter of appointment to alienate the generals of the peasant army was achieved as it wished. Under the resolute opposition of Huang Chao and the generals, Wang Xianzhi was forced to give up the official position conferred by the Tang court.The situation at that time should have been quite tense, and it was likely that Wang Xianzhi would splatter blood on the spot if he disagreed, because Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao had split openly afterwards.They are not only fellow countrymen, but also good partners who were born and died on the battlefield of private salt sellers. If it were not for irreparable conflicts, the two would not part ways at the risk of being defeated by the government and the army.This contradiction must be due to Huang Chao's use of force to force Wang Xianzhi to dare not accept the recruitment on the spot.The rebel army split up because of the recruitment. More than 3,000 people followed Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junchang, and more than 2,000 people followed Huang Chao to the north. In order to vent his anger of "failure to recruit security", Wang Xianzhi sent his troops to plunder wantonly in Qizhou.Half of the people in Qizhou City were driven out of the city, half were killed, and their houses were burned.The governor of Qizhou in the Tang Dynasty, Pei Ji, who was mediating in the middle, fled to Ezhou, and the eunuch who came to recruit security fled to Xiangzhou, and Wang Liao was detained by the peasant army. Huang Chao sent troops to the north, and in the first month of the fourth year of Qianfu (877), he conquered Yunzhou (ruling today's Yuncheng, Shandong), and killed Xue Chong, the envoy of Tianping Jiedu; in March, he broke through Yizhou.Although Huang Chao went down to two prefectures, he was still fighting alone, weak and weak.At this time, Shang Rang (Shang Jun's eldest brother) from Wang Xianzhi's tribe stationed troops on Chaya Mountain (now in the west of Suiping, Henan Province), and Huang Chao joined Shang Rang to protect Chaya Mountain together.In this way, under the pressure of the situation, Huang Chao had to get together with his old partner Wang Xianzhi again. Not long after Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi joined forces again, they attacked Songzhou (now south of Shangqiu, Henan) in an attempt to cut off the canal traffic.Because Tang Ting dispatched a large number of reinforcements, the peasant army failed in battle.So Wang Xianzhi led the original team to the south and broke up with Huang Chao again.Huangchao turned south towards Qi and Huang (the prefecture was governed by Huanggang, now Xinzhou County, Hubei), and northwardly attacked Puzhou (governed by Juancheng, north of today's Juancheng County, Shandong), Huazhou (governed by Baima, east of today's Huaxian County, Henan), and attacked Ye (now south of Yexian County, Henan Province) and Yangzhai (now Yuxian County, Henan Province) in the periphery of Luoyang.In order to defend the eastern capital Luoyang, the Tang court mobilized heavy troops to deploy defenses around the eastern capital.Seeing that there was no opportunity to take advantage of it, Huang Chao sent his troops south. Wang Xianzhi once crossed the river and captured Ezhou (Jiangxia, now Wuhan, Hubei), but his main force was still in Jiangbei.The rebel army broke through Anzhou (Zhi'anlu, today's Anlu County, Hubei), Suizhou (Zhisui, today's Suizhou, Hubei), and then went to Ying (Jingshan, now Jingshan County, Hubei), Fu (Mianyang, now southwest of Xiantao City, Hubei) ) with the transfer of cooperation strategy. At this time, Yang Fuguang, the deputy envoy, governor and eunuch of the Tang Dynasty, sent people to persuade Wang Xianzhi to surrender.Wang Xianzhi couldn't recruit security last time, and he has always regretted it. In order to show his sincerity, he sent his most trusted confidant, Shang Jun, to Dengzhou to meet Yang Fuguang.After Jiedu envoy Song Wei learned the news, in order to claim credit, he sent someone to rob Shang Junchang on the way.Song Wei was the one who lied about Wang Xianzhi's death.After the thick-skinned Song Wei captured Shang Junchang, he immediately reported to the court, saying that he had captured Shang Junzhang alive.The eunuch Yang Fuguang was furious, and also reported that Lord Shang had indeed come to surrender, and that Song Wei had not been captured on the battlefield.The Tang court sent Yushi Guirenshao to investigate, but there was no result, so Shang Junchang was beheaded at Goujiling. Once Shang Junchang died, Wang Xianzhi's way to recruit security was cut off.In the first month of the fifth year of Qianfu (878), Wang Xianzhi attacked Jiangling Waiguo, and five hundred Shatuo cavalry came from Xiangyang to reinforce the Tang army in Jiangling. Wang Xianzhi was defeated and retreated.In the same month, the Tang court dismissed Song Wei, who was old and sick and had no success in the battle, promoted Zhang Zimian, the governor of Yingzhou, as the deputy envoy to recruit, and transferred Gao Pian, the military governor of Xichuan, to be the military governor of Jingnan and also salt. The iron transfer envoy strengthened the troops and stepped up the encirclement and suppression of Wang Xianzhi's rebel army.In February, Wang Xianzhi led the rebel army to go south to Qizhou (to govern Qichun, now north of Qichun, Hubei).Zeng Yuanyu pursued him relentlessly.The two sides fought a decisive battle in Huangmei (northwest of Huangmei County, Hubei Province today). The peasant army was defeated, and about 50,000 volunteers died heroically. Wang Xianzhi died in the breakout. When Wang Xianzhi died in battle, Huang Chao was attacking Bozhou (Zhiqiao County, now Bo County, Anhui Province) and had not yet captured it.After Wang Xianzhi died, the rest of the troops, led by Shang Rang, rushed to join Huang Chao's army.At this time, Huang Chao's heart should be both sad and happy. The sad thing is that he lost an old friend, and he lost a power to restrain the Tang court; the happy thing is that the old friend's subordinates finally belonged to him.As a result, the rebel army promoted Huang Chao as the main leader, and was renamed "General Chongtian", and changed his name to "Wangba", and set up officials to divide the duties, initially establishing a peasant military regime. The word "Chongtian" is obviously taken from the sentence "the fragrance of the sky penetrates Chang'an" written by Huang Chao's description of chrysanthemums. Soon, after Huang Chao led his army to attack Yi and Pu prefectures, the situation reversed again.Tang Ting ordered Zhang Zimian, the general of the right guard, to recruit envoys for the Northeast camp, and supervise the troops to suppress the peasant army.Huang Chao wanted to attack Xiangyi and Yongqiu, but was stopped by Li Yi, the governor of Huazhou.Most of the rebels operating in various places were also defeated by the official army.Huang Chao wanted to attack Luoyang, the eastern capital, and the Tang court quickly sent a large number of reinforcements. At this time, the Tang court once again induced surrender and ordered Huang Chao to be the general of the right guard.According to historical records, Huang Chao refused to surrender to the Tang Dynasty because he "did not have the same degree of military affairs and towns, but he was not enough to control himself".But in fact, Shangjunchang and Wang Xianzhi died not long ago, especially Shangjunchang's "sending death", Huang Chao had to suspect that Zhao'an was a conspiracy.This should be the root cause of Huang Chao's refusal to recruit. In March of the fifth year of Qianfu (878), Huang Chao led an army to attack Bianzhou and Songzhou. The Tang court used Zhang Zimian as an envoy to camp in the southeast to stop the rebels.Huang Chao turned to attack Weinan (now northeast of Hua County, Henan), Ye (Ye County, Henan), and Yangzhai (Yu County, Henan). The Tang court ordered thousands of Heyang soldiers to go to Dongdu to guard the palace with Xuanwu and Zhaoyi soldiers. In addition, 3,000 Yicheng soldiers were recruited to guard Yique, Wulao and other places near Dongdu to strengthen the defense of Dongdu.Huang Chao saw that the government and army in Henan were powerful and difficult to win, while Jiangnan was relatively weak; and Wang Xianzhi's former general Wang Chongyin captured Hongzhou (now Nanchang, Jiangxi) and moved to Hunan, so he led his army across the south of the Yangtze River and fought with Wang Chongyin The Ministry echoed and captured Qian, Ji, Rao, Xin and other states one after another.In August, Huang Chao's army attacked Xuanzhou and was defeated by the official army at Nanling.Therefore, Huang Chao led his army into the east of Zhejiang, passed through Wuzhou to Quzhou (now part of Zhejiang), and then overcame thorns and thorns, opened a mountain road for 700 miles, and invaded Fujian.In December of the same year, the rebels entered Fuzhou (now part of Fujian).After that, Huang Chao's army was defeated by the official army again, and entered Guangdong under the pursuit of the official army.At this time, there are still two full years before Huang Chao enters Chang'an. Tang Zhenhai Jiedu envoy Gao Pian was greedy for military exploits. He once asked the court to lead more than 10,000 troops to pursue Huang Chao, so as to completely wipe out Huang Chao's tribe.However, the Tang court had other precautions. It was deeply afraid that the pursuit of Huangchao would fail, and the central plains would be defenseless, making it difficult to defend both the east and the west;Therefore, Gao Pian's plan was not agreed.Not only that, because the Tang court was only worried that Huang Chao would go north again, he deployed several lines of defense, and did not mobilize troops to carry out any military offensive against Huang Chao.Huang Chao, who was already doomed to lose, got a precious respite. In this way, Huang Chao led the army to attack the city and conquer the land, and swept across the Central Plains like a storm, causing great damage wherever he went. Base construction.In addition to looting and looting, local officials were forced to recruit logistical supplies, and local officials were naturally passed on to the Li people. The supply method of fishing in the dry marshes was bound to prevent the peasant army from staying in a certain area for too long.More importantly, Huang Chao obviously has no interest in any other cities and regions other than the capital Chang'an. He only wants to gradually grow his power between attacking and escaping, and wait for an opportunity to plan to go north.Regardless of whether it is going south or going north, it can be regarded as Huang Chao's tortuous road towards Chang'an.It can be seen how magnificent Chang'an used to be, and it had a fatal attraction to Huang Chao, a foreigner. After a series of setbacks, the main force of the peasant army basically withdrew from the Central Plains battlefield.It can be said that since Huang Chao rose up, although there have been partial military victories so far, those victories are too small, limited to the capture of a few small cities, and the results are almost insignificant.Huang Chao basically relies on guerrilla warfare to survive in a large area, and he feels somewhat exhausted.It is conceivable that this kind of big failure experience will have a considerable impact on Huang Chao's psychology.He may have gradually realized that the lofty ambition of Lingyun was not so easy to achieve, and a series of blows made him gradually become realistic and sober.It can be said that from this time on, he has realized that the Chang'an he dreamed of is too far away from him, and may be forever out of reach. After the Huangchao Uprising, many small peasant armies across the country responded one after another.A peasant army in Jiangxi is specifically mentioned here, led by Liu Yanzhang.In June of the fourth year of Qianfu (877), Liu Yanzhang led his troops to capture Jiangzhou and captured Tao Xiang, the governor of Jiangzhou in Tang Dynasty.Liu Yanzhang asked Tao Xiang to submit a form to the court, asking for surrender.Emperor Xizong issued an edict, appointing Liu Yanzhang as the general of the right prison gate, and ordered Liu Yanzhang to disband all the troops and go to the capital to become an official; he also issued an edict to appoint Liu Bingren, the general of Zuo Wuwei, as the governor of Jiangzhou.After receiving the edict, Liu Yanzhang refused to agree, and led more than a hundred warships to set up a water village on the Panjiang River.Liu Bingren, governor of Xinjiang Prefecture, was brave and resourceful. He took office on a post horse and drove a small boat to Liu Yanzhang's water village alone.Liu Yanzhang was surprised and at a loss for a while, when he went forward to pay respects stupidly, Liu Bingren took the opportunity to behead him.Liu Bingren immediately disbanded all Liu Yanzhang's troops, creating a miracle of one man leveling one army.See "Zizhi Tongjian Volume 253" for details. There is also a quite famous story about this Liu Bingren.According to the "History of Laughter in Ancient and Modern Times" by Feng Menglong of the Ming Dynasty: When Liu Bingren came to serve as governor of Jiangzhou, he brought a camel from the capital and raised it under Mount Lu.The people near Mount Lushan were shocked when they saw this, they beat the drums together and beat the camels to death.So he went to report to the new governor and said: "One day, somewhere, the Lushan spirit was captured." Liu Bingren ordered someone to carry the "Lushan spirit" in, but found that it was a camel he had raised himself. The story behind Huang Chao has been discussed in the previous chapters.It is worth noting that Huang Chao later mentioned that he wanted to be the Jiedushi of two places: Tianping and Guangzhou.Tianping is his hometown. There is no doubt that he hopes to return to his hometown. This can be said to be the hometown complex that almost all Chinese people have.As for Guangzhou, it was because after Huang Chao arrived in Guangzhou, he found that this place far away from the Central Plains was quite rich, and compared to the balance, Guangzhou was also safer.But in any case, Chang'an is Huang Chao's most anticipated dream deep in his heart. Finally, let me mention the relationship between Shatuo and the Tang Dynasty.From the aforementioned Pang Xun uprising and Wang Xianzhi uprising, we can see that the Shatuo army often appeared in key battles and played an extremely important role in suppressing the peasant army. Shatuo is another tribe of Western Turkic. Its name is Chuyue, and it is also transliterated as Zhuxie.According to legend, their ancestors were born in a nest of carvings. Because of his strange birth, the chief let the various tribes take turns to raise him, so he got the surname "Zhu Ye", that is, he was not raised by one person, and later passed down to Zhu Xie, that is, "Zhu" changed Become "Zhu", "Ye" becomes "Xie", but the pronunciation remains unchanged.Zhu Xie is distributed in the south of Jinsuo Mountain (now Bogduo Mountain in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, one said it is Nichi Jinshan), and the east of Pulei Sea (now Barkol Lake in northeast Xinjiang). Because there is sand moraine in the resident, it is named Shatuo moraine (now the Gurbantonggut Desert in Xinjiang), so it is known as the Shatuo tribe to the outside world.Turks are used to taking the name of the tribe as their surname, so the people of the Shatuo tribe all have the surname Zhuxie. During the reign of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty, the leader of the Shatuo tribe accompanied the Western Turkic aristocrat Ashinami to Chang'an to meet Emperor Taizong. After that, he was attached to the Tang Dynasty and maintained a good relationship with the Tang Dynasty.After the Anshi Rebellion, Tubo occupied the Hexi Corridor and other places, the road between Shatuo and the Tang Dynasty was blocked, and the contact was interrupted, and Shatuo returned to Tubo.Tubo moved the Shatuo tribe to Ganzhou (the seat of the government is now Zhangye County, Gansu Province). Later, the Uighurs competed with Tubo for land and captured Liangzhou (where the government is located in today's Wuwei County, Gansu Province).Tubo worried that Shatuo was secretly colluding with the Uighurs, and planned to move Shatuo to the area north of the Yellow River.Shatuo people are very afraid of this.Zhu Xie, the leader of Shatuo, was loyal to discuss with his son Zhu Xie Zhiyi.Zhu Xie Zhiyi said: "I was an official of the Tang Dynasty in my life, and unfortunately I fell into filth. If I go to Xiaoguan (located in the southeast of Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) and return myself, will I not be more extinct?" So he decided to leave Tubo and go to defect Tang Dynasty. In the third year of Yuanhe (808), 30,000 people from the Shatuo tribe moved eastward.Tubo sent troops to pursue, Shatuo fought and left, along Taoshui (now Taohe River, a tributary of the Yellow River in Gansu Province) to Shimenguan (located in the northwest of Guyuan County, Ningxia today), fought hundreds of times, suffered heavy losses, and most of the tribe died in battle. Zhu Xie died loyally in battle, and Zhu Xie Zhiyi was also seriously injured.After going through untold hardships, nearly 10,000 people from Shatuo, led by Zhu Xiezhiyi, finally arrived in Lingzhou (where the government is located in the southwest of Lingwu County, Ningxia). After learning the truth, the Tang court was very moved and arranged for the remnants of Shatuo to live in Yanzhou (where the government is located in today's Dingbian County, Shaanxi Province).And set up the Yinshan Mansion for it, and appointed Zhu Xiezhiyi as the military envoy of the Yinshan Mansion.This is the beginning of Shatuo's internal migration. Zhu Xiezhiyi once went to Chang'an to meet Emperor Xianzong Li Chun.Emperor Xianzong bestowed him with "thousands of gold coins, robes and horses, and was awarded Tejin and General Jinwuwei", which was very courteous.After Zhu Xie Zhiyi died, his son Zhu Xie Chixin succeeded him. Zhu Xie Chixin was very grateful to the Tang court for taking in his father, and led the army many times to help the Tang court resist the Tubo invasion.The Shatuo army was very brave and often attacked as the vanguard of the Tang army.In particular, Zhu Xie was brave enough to win the three armies, invincible.The enemy was as fearful as a tiger, and said: "I see General Chima is on the head of Huosheng." He was endowed with a mythical color, which shows how amazing Zhu Xie's aura on the battlefield is, which makes the enemy tremble with fear. Later, Zhu Xiechixin was given the surname Li and the name Guochang by the Tang court for his meritorious service in suppressing Pang Xun's uprising, and he was given an official residence in Qinrenli in the capital.Li Guochang has a famous son, Li Keyong.Li Keyong was the father of Li Cunxu, the founder of the Later Tang Dynasty. The foundation of the founding of the Later Tang Dynasty was actually laid during the period of Li Keyong. Li Keyong was brave and good at riding and shooting when he was young. He was able to hit a needle or a horsewhip from a hundred paces away. Everyone admired him very much.Since he was born blind in one eye, he was nicknamed "One-Eyed Dragon".When Li Keyong was fifteen years old (868), Pang Xun led the Guilin garrison uprising, which was so powerful that it crossed Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places.The Tang court was shocked and urgently summoned Shatuo cavalry to help.Li Keyong went out with his father, and was called "Flying Tiger" in the army. Because of his meritorious service in suppressing the uprising, he was awarded the title of "Yunzhong Yajiang". A few years later, he was promoted to Yunzhong Shouzhuo. In the fifth year of Qianfu (878), on behalf of Beishuilu, Duan Wenchu, the defense envoy of Yunzhou, cut off the military food, which caused dissatisfaction in the army.Li Keyong was the border guard in Yunzhong at that time, and his subordinates complained to him one after another.Military Academy Kang Junli, Li Cunzhang and others took the opportunity to embrace him into Yunzhou (now Datong, Shanxi), with a mighty crowd of tens of thousands.At this time, a mutiny also occurred in Datong City, and Duan Wenchu ​​was killed by internal cooperation and external cooperation.The generals wrote to Tang Xizong, requesting the appointment of Li Keyong as the defense envoy of Yunzhou.The Tang court categorically rejected this request, and conscripted various soldiers and horses to crusade against Yunzhou.Just at this time, the Huangchao Peasant Rebel Army crossed the Yangtze River and attacked northward.In order to avoid fighting on two fronts, the Tang court had no choice but to recognize Li Keyong as the Jiedu envoy of the Datong Army, and to review the minister of the Ministry of Industry, which actually recognized the fact that Li Keyong separatized Yunzhou. But the Tang court was not willing to watch Li Guochang and Li Keyong's father and son's power rapidly expand.After Huang Chao's peasant uprising army suffered setbacks in the Central Plains and retreated to the south, the Tang court decided to deal with Li and his son.In the spring of the sixth year of Qianfu (879), the Tang court ordered Li Jun, the Jiedu envoy of the Zhaoyi Army, to be the recruit envoy to the north, and joined forces with Youzhou and other troops to attack Weizhou.But he was defeated by Li Keyong, and Li Jun died of an arrow. In the first year of Guangming (880), the Tang court appointed Li Zhuo (the grandson of the famous general Li Sheng) as Weishuo Jiedu envoy, together with Lulong Jiedu envoy Li Keju and Tuyuhun soldiers to crusade against Li Keyong.Under the strong pressure of the Tang army, Tuyuhun governor He Lianduo persuaded Li Keyong's general Gao Wenji to surrender, and Shatuo chief Li Youjin and others also surrendered Li Zhuo.Soon, Lulong Jiedu sent Li Keju to defeat Li Ke and use it in Yaoerling.Li Zhuo and He Lianduo also defeated Li Guochang.Li Keyong and Li Guochang led their troops to flee to the north of the Datar (who lived in Yinshan at that time) tribe.At this time, it was the time when Huang Chao's army marched from north to south, and the road was like a broken bamboo. Datar welcomed Li Guochang and his son at first and took them in.But later, due to a divorce, the two sides gradually became suspicious.Soon, Huang Chao crossed from Jianghuai to the north and pointed his finger at Chang'an.Hearing this news, Li Keyong was overjoyed. He expected that the Tang court would have no generals available, so he would definitely use him to deal with Huang Chao, so he killed cattle and bought wine. He met the leader of the Tartars and said: "What is the situation in this world? How can you die forever?" It’s in the pile!” Li Ke used these words very cleverly, not only to express his heroic ambition, but also to appease the Datar leader, letting the other party know that he will not stay here for a long time, but just wait for action. At the end of the first year of Guangming (880), Huang Chao occupied Chang'an, and Tang Xizong fled to Sichuan.Sure enough, Li Youjin, the governor of Shatuo, suggested to Chen Jingsi, the acting northern supervisor, to appoint Li Guochang and his son.Because he had no strong troops to resist the rebel army, Emperor Xizong had no choice but to appoint Li Keyong as the envoy of Yanmen Jiedu, and led his troops to march against Huangchao. Afterwards, Li Keyong started his fortune by suppressing the Huangchao Uprising, and relying on his military strength, he became one of the influential figures on the political stage in the late Tang Dynasty.This is something to say later, and I will show it later.