Chapter 103 102. Resurrection of Congress and Political Parties

When Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, the Congress in Beijing was devastated, and members of Congress went south one after another. More than 200 people gathered in Shanghai.After Yuan's death, Li succeeded President Li, the "Convention Law" was restored, and the National Assembly was reconvened, and the congressmen who had gone south returned to Beijing one after another. On August 1, 5, the Congress held the opening ceremony of its second regular session in Beijing. There were 138 members of the Senate and 318 members of the House of Representatives.The Senate is still chaired by Wang Jiaxiang and Wang Zhengting, and the House of Representatives is still chaired by Tang Hualong and Chen Guoxiang. Wang Jiaxiang is temporarily elected as the chairman.President Li Yuanhong, Prime Minister and Chief of the Army Duan Qirui, Minister of Finance and Minister of Foreign Affairs Chen Jintao, Minister of Communications and Minister of the Interior Xu Shiying, Director of Education Fan Yuanlian, Director of Agriculture and Commerce Zhang Guogan, and Chief of the Navy Cheng Biguang attended the meeting at the same time. Article 4 of the promulgated "Great Presidential Election Law" solemnly swears.oath:

Yu Yi sincerely abides by the Constitution and performs the duties of the President. At the same time, Li also said in his speech: "God bless my country, the political situation is new, and the latitude and longitude are endless. It is appropriate to appeal to the opinions of the people. The gentlemen in the parliament are elected by the people, and they are familiar with the people's livelihood and the national economy. The current situation is difficult, and it is Lai Xianhao who makes it up. I hope that the gentlemen will be united. One virtue, no party and no bias, the rule of law as the guide, the foundation of constitutional government. The prosperity of the country and the clarity of the government will depend on the gentlemen. Yuan Hong is not sensitive, and I am sorry to send it again, but sincerely, from all After the gentleman, I hope that something will be built in the homeland. I will be happy when I come to the grand meeting. I would like to congratulate the Congress of the Republic of China."

The reason why Yuan Shikai dared to call himself emperor at the end of the period was because he cut off a little bit of political vitality after the founding of the Republic of China. The political party activities in the early Republic of China disappeared after the second revolution of Guichou. Even the Kuomintang, which overthrew the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China, was forced to Turned to underground activities, the founding figures such as Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, Chen Qimei, Hu Hanmin, Yu Youren, etc., some went into exile overseas such as Sun and Huang Ergong, and some were doomed such as Chen Qimei was stabbed to death.It was not until the National Defense Movement began that political party activities began to resume in the southwestern and southeastern provinces.

Liang Qichao's Progressive Party was very active in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces due to Cai E's relationship. The Kuomintang was originally centered on Guangdong and Shanghai. Shanghai was greatly affected by the assassination of Chen Qimei and the loss of a brave man. Those who opposed the Kuomintang most vigorously, therefore also failed to recover after a setback.The National Defense Movement began, and the Kuomintang gradually gained strength in Guangdong and Guangxi. The Progressive Party had no foundation in Guangdong and Guangxi. When Lu Rongting welcomed Liang Qichao into Guangxi, the Progressive Party started activities in Guangdong and Guangxi. Thoughts:

"Qianqing is recruiting with Yin and Yin this time, hoping that I will use Guangdong to deal with the aftermath. At the beginning, I did not want to admit it to myself....Although Chinese politics has been based on provinces for a long time. From now on, this kind of accumulation will continue. There is nothing to add to the situation. We can judge ourselves whether we can be thankful and let things go. If we can’t, we should judge the choice. If we want to carry out our ambitions, I am afraid that the place is better than the central government. This depends on how people get along with Qianqing. You have no guesses, you should let it go."

Although the Progressive Party has the opportunity to expand, the Progressive Party only relies on Liang Qichao, and Liang can only speak and write with his mouth. Compared with the Kuomintang, it is far behind in terms of organization and talents.Therefore, the Kuomintang in the southwestern provinces still has potential power. Before Yuan's death, Liang Qichao wanted to consolidate the progressive party's power in the south, and he also wanted to use Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou as the basis for his activities.In his telegram to Cai E on May 14, he said: "The result of this campaign, at least, must create a balance of power between the north and the south, otherwise there will be no way to deal with death." He also said in the fifth letter to Cai E: "This Shiyou was in the perish of Qin Dynasty. Although the cloud was exhausted, he still had a common heart, and he could still try his best to control him. After the traitor was killed, people's desires flowed freely... After this, he played the water curtain cave and the evil tiger When I was in the village, there was absolutely no place for my generation to set foot in, but I had to share hardships with my younger brother in the mountains of Sichuan and Yunnan, hoping to dignify this land and find a place to grow for the people of the country..." The meaning is to use Cai's power, According to Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou are small sites for political reform.But as soon as Yuan died, his idea of ​​"creating a balance of power between the north and the south" was eliminated immediately, but he tried his best to contact Duan Qirui and advocated the withdrawal of the Military Affairs Council.And when Cai went to Sichuan due to illness, his thought of "decorating Shu and Dianxiu" also disappeared.However, he still wants to support Dai Kan to enter Sichuan to succeed Cai E.

As for the radical faction of the old national system, the Chinese Revolutionary Party, its plans in Shandong, Guangdong, and the Yangtze River Valley have all failed, so it will not gain any territory.In addition, Chen Qimei was assassinated in Shanghai and lost a master.Therefore, after the end of the war against Yuan, only the so-called moderate old nationalist and progressive factions were able to deal with the warriors from the north and the south, and became the focus of politics for a while; Encouraging warlords big and small, foreshadowing warlord disputes in the future. During the four or five years of the Republic of China, the activities of political parties were relatively quiet. At that time, there were only the following three parties that could be called political parties:

1. The Chinese Revolutionary Party, since the second revolution of Gui Chou failed to challenge Yuan, the Kuomintang leaders Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, Li Liejun, etc. all fled overseas, and the Kuomintang was also disbanded by Yuan.Sun Yat-sen realized that the revolutionary situation mainly required the overthrow of Yuan, so he organized a Chinese Revolutionary Party in Japan in the third year of the Republic of China.Judging from the naming, the party called for revolution, and the Yuan family proclaimed itself emperor, and the word "revolution" was the mainstream of political activities at that time.Some people call it the left wing of the Kuomintang.

2. The moderates of the Kuomintang are called the rightists of the Kuomintang. Some of them are scattered overseas, some stay in China, and some are in Japan. When Sun Yat-sen organized the Chinese Revolutionary Party, he also contacted them, but they opposed the Chinese Revolutionary Party. Excessive positions, such as: "The Party Program of the Chinese Revolutionary Party" divides the boundaries between party members who participated in the revolution and those who did not participate in the revolution, and enjoy different rights. On Sun Yat-sen's side, he learned from the past and learned from the future. The Beiyang faction robbed and rejected them, so they had to rigidly protect the revolutionary party members.This point is opposed by moderates, who feel that the revolution should not be divided into each other, nor should it be divided into classes.At the same time, Sun Yat-sen stipulated that the fingerprints of party members should be affixed when joining the party, which was also disagreed by the moderates.Therefore, led by Huang Xing, they refused to participate.After the 21 Articles were proposed in Japan, the moderates further hoped that the country would unite and resist Japan. At that time, Huang Xing had gone to the United States from Japan and did not participate in this action. Twenty-eight people were listed and sent a telegram, demanding to stop anti-Yuan actions and unanimously communicated to the outside world.And because the European War broke out at that time, the European Affairs Research Association was organized to contact comrades.Li Gengen is a man with ambition and power. He uses the European Affairs Research Association as the basis for his activities and wants to support Cen Chunxuan as the leader. Cen has nothing to do with the Revolutionary Party, but he is against Yuan. During the Battle of Gui Chou, Zhang Shizhao introduced Li Gengen Knowing Cen, some people wanted to support Cen's plan to organize resistance against Yuan in Nanjing. This plan died of the failure of the second revolution. After that, Li, Zhang, and Cen kept talking.During the battle to protect the country, both Cen and Li were active in the southwest, and the European Affairs Research Association became a representative force of the moderate faction of the Kuomintang, and it was in harmony with the Progressive Party. The publications of the European Affairs Research Association were "Jiayin Magazine" and the Progressive Party's "China Magazine" echoes each other.

3. The Progressive Party is the incarnation of the Junxian Party. They embraced Liang Qichao as their leader, looked up to the Yuan family, and were played by the Yuan family. They shared some leftovers under the Beiyang faction.After the Hongxian monarchy, Liang Qichao first opposed the monarchy and spoke out loudly. After the publication of his article "The So-called Problem of the National System", it had a great impact on the anti-Yuan and anti-imperialist movement, especially because most of the Progressive Party members were moderates and quite responsible. Shi Yu, the mentality of ordinary scholars in the early years of the Republic of China, believed that revolutionaries were adventurous, while progressives were more peaceful and would not go to extremes.Now the Progressive Party is also opposing Yuan and the emperor, which means that Yuan should indeed oppose it.

This was the situation of the political parties at that time, especially the Progressive Party was quite influential at that time, because the representatives of the Progressive Party were neither new nor old, half new and half old. In terms of old forces, they could compete with bureaucrats, restorationists, and Beiyang factions. In new respects, it can be united with the moderates of the Kuomintang. At that time, if the Progressive Party had organizational talents, it would become a thriving party. After the resumption of the Congress, the activities of the political parties became hand-to-hand combat. The Progressive Party advocated "non-partyism" after Yuan's death, so there was only one Fan Yuanlian in the cabinet.After the opening of the National Assembly, the Progressive Party first divided into two groups, one was the Constitution Discussion Committee headed by Tang Hualong and Liu Chongyou, and the other was the Constitution Research Association headed by Liang Qichao and Lin Changmin.The two associations were soon merged and became the "Research Department".They joined hands with the Beiyang faction in Congress. As for the Kuomintang, the leftist Chinese Revolutionary Party was originally a secret revolutionary group that advocated drastic revolutionary measures, so it did not recruit members in the Congress.As for the European Affairs Research Association, it also slowly disappeared. It was Zhang Ji who used the name "Zhang Yu" to secretly entangle comrades, and later put up a sign called "Constitution Discussion Association".Soon the Constitution Discussion Committee was divided into three factions. 1. The Kelu family is dominated by Zhang Ji, Wang Zhengting, Wu Jinglian, Gu Zhongxiu, Zhang Yaozeng, etc. 2. The Taoyuan Department is dominated by Sun Hongyi and Ding Shiyi, who were members of the old Progressive Party and newly attached to the Kuomintang. 3. The Bingchen Club can be regarded as the incarnation of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, with Lin Sen, Ju Zheng, and Tian Tong as the main members. Not long after, Gu Zhongxiu and Zhang Yao from the Kelu clan left the Kelu to form the Political Science Society, the Bingchen Club and the Taoyuan faction merged into the Minyou Society, the Discussion Society was changed to the Yiyou Society, and the Yiyou Society was changed to the Zhengyu Club , with Wang Zhengting and Chu Fu as the masters. On August 10, 5, Li Yuanhong held a tea party at the Beijing Guest House to entertain all the members of the Congress. Li was humble and sincere, and asked the members to work together and support each other. His speech briefly read: "Organizing the cabinet has been repeatedly appointed in the past two months. Even if the organization is not perfect, it is not without special difficulties. The reconstruction of the republic is composed of various forces, so the organization of the government cannot be limited to one aspect of talent. The period of use When it is appropriate, there is no way to get it. After the turmoil, it is necessary to put peace of mind and the overall situation first. It is not appropriate to have partial opinions on one person or one thing. I hope that all the kings will share the difficulties. When seeking consent in the future, do not be strict, so that you can accept it. The effect of mutual aid, mutual support, and the formation of a country ruled by law. To the people's livelihood and the country's economy, the latitude and longitude are endless, and there is time to discuss matters. I hope to contact them frequently to facilitate circulation and avoid estrangement. Yuan Hong is not sensitive. , and work together to reshape the overall situation.” Members of the Congress are very satisfied with Li's attitude, and believe that Yuan Shikai used diplomatic means to deal with Congress in the past, and treated members with bandits and thieves, which led to extremely bad relations between the presidential palace and Congress. Of course, repay it with sincerity. On October 30, 2015, Feng Guozhang was elected vice president in the by-election of the Beijing Congress.