Chapter 47 46. ​​Government and Congress

The list of governors appointed by Yuan after July of the first year of the Republic of China is as follows: Governor of Zhili Feng Guozhang Fengtian Governor Zhao Erxun Governor of Jilin Chen Zhaochang Governor of Heilongjiang Song Xiaolian Governor of Jiangsu Cheng Dequan Governor of Anhui Bai Wenwei Governor of Jiangxi Li Liejun Governor of Zhejiang Zhu Rui Governor of Fujian Sun Daoren Li Yuanhong, governor of Hubei and Tan Yan, governor of Hunan Governor of Shandong Zhou Ziqi Governor of Henan Zhang Zhenfang Governor of Shanxi Yan Xishan Zhang Fenghui, governor of Shaanxi, Zhao Weixi, governor of Gansu, Yang Zengxin, governor of Xinjiang

Governor of Sichuan Yin Changheng Governor of Guangdong Hu Hanmin Governor of Guangxi Lu Rongting Cai E, Governor of Yunnan, Tang Jiyao, Governor of Guizhou The governors of these 22 provinces, some are new, some are still, some are old bureaucrats before the revolution, and some are new commanders after the revolution, which can be regarded as a hodgepodge. Yuan also stipulated the ranks of officials, such as the prime minister, the heads of various ministries, and the governors of various provinces, etc., were all called special appointments.Below special appointments, they are divided into nine ranks, the first and second ranks are simply appointed officials, the third, fourth, and fifth ranks are recommended officials, and the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth ranks are appointed officials.The ranks of the medals were also formulated. The Grand Medal was worn by the President. On it was engraved the twelve chapters of Sun, Moon, and Star Mountain, Longhua Chongzong, Yizao Fire Powder, Rice, and the following were divided into nine grades.Army and Navy Medals, only use two kinds of white eagles and tigers, and they are also divided into nine classes, depending on the color of the ribbon.In addition to the medal, there are honors, the first is the great honor, and the fifth is the order.For example, the official system of the State Council and the official systems of various ministries are determined one by one and promulgated sequentially.All national emblems, except the five-color flag as the national flag, the navy still uses the blue sky and white sun flag, the army once used the eighteen-star flag, and then added one star to become the nineteen-star flag, and the commercial flag is suitable for the national flag, which is the five-color flag.In all etiquette, men bow for taking off their hats, three bows for big gifts, one bow for regular gifts, and only hats for common encounters.The women's ceremony is roughly the same, but they do not take off their hats, and they only bow.The dressing ceremony is also ordered, and the drawings are clearly displayed, except for the military and police, who have other special etiquette, which is not limited to this.The army official system is divided into three grades and nine grades. The upper grades are called generals, the middle ones are called school officers, and the junior ones are called lieutenants. , Army establishment, 14 infantrymen per shed, three sheds for a row, three rows for a company, four companies for a battalion, three battalions for a regiment, second regiments for a brigade, and second brigades for a division. The name of the bid team will be renamed (the division is the town, the brigade is the association, the regiment is the bid, and the battalion is the team).The naval officer system has slight similarities and differences, such as military doctors, military supplies, machinery manufacturing, shipbuilding and other officers, there are titles such as director, chief supervisor, senior supervisor, intermediate supervisor, and junior supervisor, which is different from the army.The organization method is different from the ship, and it is also different from the army.It is like a school system, which is divided into four levels, the first is the university, the second is the middle school, the second is the higher primary school, and the lowest is the primary school (later renamed the national school).Primary school graduates in four years; senior primary schools in three years; middle schools in four years; undergraduates in three or four years, and preparatory courses in three years.The side branches are normal schools, industrial schools, and specialized schools, which generally graduate in four or three years.According to the rules of the court, it is divided into four levels and three trials. The Dali Yuan is the highest organ of the court, and the lower level is the high court, the local court, and the primary court. If you refuse to accept the judgment, you can appeal to the Higher Office; the judgment of the Higher Office has been finalized and you cannot appeal to the Dali Yuan.However, if you file a lawsuit from the Local Office and refuse to accept the judgment, you have to go through the Higher Office to the Dali Yuan, which is the third instance.There are two types of litigation regulations, criminal and civil.The criminal condition is that the defendant should be punished and has to ask the state for punishment, so it is also called public prosecution.The civil condition is that the defendant does not necessarily commit a crime, but infringes on personal interests and requests a judicial judge to award compensation on his behalf, so it is also called a private lawsuit.The criminal law is divided into main punishment and secondary punishment. The main punishment is divided into five grades. The death penalty is the most severe, followed by life imprisonment, fixed-term imprisonment, and criminal detention with a fine.There are two levels of punishment, one is deprivation of public rights, and the other is confiscation.

There is also the legislature, which is the most important foundation in the republic. In the past, the Senate was organized by the representative assembly, which was the initial temporary scale. Now that the country is united, the Senate should be changed to the National Assembly. Article 53 of the "Temporary Constitution" stipulates that within a limited period of 10 months, Yuan cannot violate the express text of the convening of the Congress, and the Senate cannot postpone the discussion. Therefore, the "Congress Organization Law" and the "Senator and Representative Election Law" are held every day. .There are 22 articles in the Organic Law of the National Assembly, which generally use a bicameral system, namely the Senate and the House of Representatives.Members of the Senate are elected by the provincial councils of each province, 10 in each province.The Mongolian Election Committee had to elect 27 people, the Tibetan Election Committee had to elect 10 people, Qinghai had to elect 3 people, the Central Society had to elect 8 people, and overseas Chinese had to elect 6 people, a total of 294 people.Members of the House of Representatives are elected by people from all over the country. Each person has a population of 800,000 or more. One member can be elected. The population varies. It is planned that there will be 46 members from Zhili Province, 16 members from Fengtian Province, 10 members from Jilin Province, 10 members from Heilongjiang Province, and 40 members from Jiangsu Province. , 29 from Anhui Province, 35 from Jiangxi Province, 38 from Zhejiang Province, 24 from Fujian Province, 26 from Hubei Province, 27 from Hunan Province, 33 from Shandong Province, 32 from Henan Province, 24 from Shanxi Province, 21 from Shaanxi Province , 14 from Gansu Province, 14 from Xinjiang Province, 35 from Sichuan Province, 30 from Guangdong Province, 19 from Guangxi Province, 22 from Yunnan Province, 13 from Guizhou Province, 27 from Mongolia, 10 from Tibet, and 3 from Qinghai Province, a total of 595 people.Senators serve a six-year term, with one-third re-elected every two years, and members of the House of Representatives serve a three-year term.The functions and powers of members of the two chambers are (1) to make suggestions, (2) to question, (3) to investigate and deal with officials’ requests for bribery, (4) to answer government consultations, (5) to accept people’s petitions, (6) to It is the permission of the member's arrest, and (7) is the formulation of the regulations in the court.As far as the budget and final accounts, and the power to negotiate the constitution are jointly managed by the two houses.More than half of the members of the two chambers must be present before they can start a discussion, and the bill must be approved by more than half of them before it can be decided.It is held for four months each year.

Before the end of the provisional Senate, the formal Congress first elects members of the Senate and House of Representatives.The primary elections for the Senate and the House of Representatives began in mid-December of the first year of the Republic of China, and the election was completed after two months.At that time, democratic elections were still in their infancy, and everything was going on jerky, almost arguing, because there were no rules and the constitution was still being debated. Song Jiaoren was most active during the congressional elections.At this time, Sun Yat-sen had already traveled east to Japan, and Song Jiaoren was acting as the chairman of the Kuomintang party affairs. He traveled from Beijing to Nanjing, Shanghai, Hubei, and Hunan provinces to give speeches everywhere, criticizing the current affairs and accusing the Yuan government of being incompetent. government.He is really a genius of democratic politics. He can speak well, write a thousand words, and rely on horses to wait.He has a magic power, he can make the whole scene under his control as long as he appears in any kind of public situation. His energy, talent and pleasing richness are very similar to the assassinated President Kennedy of the United States.They are all political stars belonging to the type of "comet", shining brilliantly in the sky, but they shine quickly and disappear quickly, and they are only short-lived in the world.

In the election of the first Congress of the Republic of China, due to Song Jiaoren’s meritorious presidency, the KMT won a complete victory. In the House of Representatives, there are a total of 596 members of the House of Representatives, and the votes of each party are as follows: The Nationalist Party has 269 seats, the Republican Party has 120 seats, the Fine Gael Party has 18 seats, the Democratic Party has 16 seats, cross-party parties have 147 seats, and non-affiliated parties have 26 seats. In the Senate, there are 274 senators, and the votes of each party are as follows: The National Party has 123 seats, the Republican Party has 55 seats, the Fine Gael Party has 6 seats, the Democratic Party has 8 seats, the cross-party party has 38 seats, and the non-affiliated party has 44 seats.

According to the figures above, the KMT has a total of 392 seats in the Senate and House of Representatives out of 870 seats. House of Representatives. Yuan Shikai didn't know the characteristics of democratic politics until after the congressional election. Everything depends on the voters. After the Kuomintang won a big victory, he was worried and quietly told Yang Du: "I am not afraid that the Kuomintang will use violence to seize power. I am only afraid that they will use legal means to seize power." Win power!"