Chapter 30 29. Nanjing Provisional Government

On the second day of November of the 1911 Year, Mr. Sun Yat-sen returned from Europe and arrived in Hong Kong. Hu Hanmin and Liao Zhongkai rushed to Hong Kong from Guangzhou to meet him.Hu had his own views on the revolutionary situation at that time, so he advocated that Mr. Sun Yat-sen should not go north and stay in Guangdong to preside over everything.His reasons are: "In the current revolutionary situation, there is no problem with the collapse of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, but Yuan Shikai is the biggest obstacle to the revolution. The problem with Yuan is not only that he is a traitor, but also that he has the four towns of the Beiyang faction. The strength of these four towns is undoubtedly It is the army with the most combat effectiveness at present, so Yuan's influence can at least reach Wuhan, or even Hunan, and Guangdong is far away from the Beiyang Army, so it can build a revolutionary army against Yuan. Yao Yuping has formed a strong army, but the number is not large. If you have half a year to streamline the civilian army and expand it with all your strength, it will not be difficult to form 50,000 to 60,000 elite troops. Only by fighting with Yuan can we be sure of victory. Therefore, Mr. It is the best policy, because if you go to Shanghai now, you will be hailed as the president. This president has no soldiers capable of fighting, and he must be controlled by Yuan, which will not help the revolutionary cause."

Hu's opinion is correct, but Mr. Sun Yat-sen has more insight. Mr. Sun said: "You only know one thing, but you don't know the other thing. Our revolution does not rely on strong armor and sharp soldiers. If we can't climb high and fall into the tiger's den, then what do the people look up to revolutionaries? If we can win the revolution peacefully Quangong is the first of its kind in the world revolution, so there is no need to train troops in the hometown first. The current situation urgently needs a revolutionary government to call for it. If a government can be established, the Manchu Qing will surely overthrow, and Yuan Shikai will not be able to resist. We are Revolutionary comrades should show sincerity and trust others, and should not first prevent others from disobeying, and then intend to use force to take over the world."

Both Hu Hanmin and Liao Zhongkai were moved by Mr. Sun Yat-sen's great ambition and open mind, and Hu expressed his willingness to go north with Mr. Sun.At that time, Wu Jingheng, Ma Junwu, Zhang Ji and others followed Mr. Sun to Shanghai.On the 6th day of November, Mr. Sun Yat-sen and his party arrived in Wusong. Shanghai revolutionaries Chen Qimei, Huang Xing, Wang Zhaoming and others welcomed them at the pier. Mr. Sun Yat-sen stayed in Aili Garden after arriving in Shanghai.On the seventh day of the lunar new year, a meeting of top cadres was convened, attended by: Huang Xing, Hu Hanmin, Wang Zhaoming, Chen Qimei, Song Jiaoren, Zhang Jingjiang, Ju Zheng, Ma Junwu, etc., discussed and organized the interim government plan, and unanimously elected Mr. Sun Yat-sen as the interim government of the Republic of China. big president.Song Jiaoren advocated the implementation of the responsible cabinet system. Mr. Sun believed that the responsible cabinet was not an appropriate system during the period of China's great revolution, but Song insisted. Mr. Sun Yat-sen finally reluctantly agreed, and ordered Song and Zhang Ji to discuss the candidate for the prime minister of the cabinet.Zhang Ji advocated pushing Song Jiaoren, but Song firmly refused to accept it, and suggested pushing Huang Xing.Huang Chu refused to accept, Song Nai asked Ju Zheng, Tian Tong, Lu Tianmin and others to persuade Huang Xing again, Huang finally agreed.However, this proposal must be submitted to the representatives of the provinces in Nanjing for approval, because the representatives of the provinces have already approved that the interim government of the Republic of China is a presidential system, but now it is going to be changed to a cabinet prime minister system.

On the eighth day of November of the 1911 Year, Huang Xing and Song Jiaoren took a special car to Nanjing and stayed in Dingjia Garden. In the evening, they went to the Consultative Bureau to attend the provincial congresses to discuss the revision of the Interim Government Organization Law.However, most representatives of the provinces do not agree with the cabinet system, so the presidential system is still adopted when voting. On the tenth day of the first lunar month, the 17 provincial revolutionary representatives held a formal election meeting. The list of representatives from the 17 provinces attended was: Fengtian representative Wu Jinglian, Zhili representative Gu Zhongxiu, Henan representative Li Ji, Shandong representative Xie Hongtao, Shanxi representative Jing Yaoyue, Li Su, and Liu Maoshang , representing Zhang Weisen and Ma Buyun from Shaanxi, Yuan Xiluo and Chen Taoyi representing Jiangsu, Xu Guanyao, Wang Zhuhuai and Zhao Bin representing Anhui, Lin Zichao, Zhao Shibei, Wang Youlan, Yu Yinglu and Tang Yi representing Jiangxi, Tang Erhe, Huang Qun, Chen Shixia and Chen Yi representing Zhejiang , Qu Yingguang, Fujian representatives Pan Zuyi, Guangdong representatives Wang Chonghui, Hui Xianfu, Guangxi representatives Ma Junwu, Zhang Qinshi, Hunan representatives Tan Renfeng, Zou Daifan, Liao Mingbin, Hubei representatives Ma Boyuan, Wang Zhengting, Yang Shijie, Hu Ying, Ju Zheng, Sichuan representatives Xiao Hunan and Zhou Daiben, Yunnan representatives Lu Zhiyi, Zhang Yipeng, Duan Yuqing.Tang Erhe, representative of Zhejiang, is the speaker, Wang Chonghui, representative of Guangdong, is the deputy speaker, and Yuan Xiluo, representative of Jiangsu, is the secretary.The first speaker, Tang Erhe, announced the opening of the meeting and reported that the thousands of years of autocracy in our country had come to an end and that the republic had been realized. Everyone applauded warmly.Elections were held immediately, with one vote for each province, a total of 17 votes. As a result, Mr. Sun Yat-sen was elected with 16 votes, and Huang Xing was the other.The speaker then solemnly announced that Mr. Sun Yat-sen was elected as the first interim president of the Republic of China.At the same time, the meeting passed, recommending Tang Erhe and Wang Chonghui to Shanghai to welcome Mr. Sun Yat-sen to Nanjing to take office.At the meeting on the 12th, Huang Xing temporarily proposed to use the Gregorian calendar instead of the Republic of China as the era, and the meeting unanimously approved it.After the meeting, Huang Xingnai sent two telegrams, unanimously with Chen Qimei: "Chen Du Dujian learned: Today the Senate has decided to switch to the Gregorian calendar and the era of the Republic of China. Tomorrow will be the first month of the first year of the Republic of China. Please announce it." Yu Youren: ""Minli Daily" learned from Yu Junyou: Today is decided by the Senate, and tomorrow will be the first day of the first month of the first year of the Republic of China. President Sun Da came to Ning to announce the organization of the interim government."

At the same time, a telegram was sent out: "Today, an interim presidential election meeting will be held in Ning, and seventeen provinces will be present. Mr. Sun Yat-sen has been elected as the interim president, and hereby announces." After Mr. Sun Yat-sen was elected as the interim president, he sent a telegram to Li Yuanhong in Wuchang: "Wuchang raised righteousness, followed by clouds from all over the world, public opinion from all over the world, chanting the people's army, meticulous, and especially admired the hardships of the public. Although the article was written in the Chinese revolution, although it has been running for many years, but this time it is carried out, there is no strength. Representatives of various provinces I feel ashamed to be elected president, but I can only do what I can, and use the kindness of the princes. Wuhan is the hub of the whole country, and the responsibility of the public is difficult, and the responsibility of the public is very difficult." Li Yiyou replied to Mr. Sun Yat-sen: "I will receive the representatives of the provinces Huizhen telegram said: Mr. Huo Sheng is delighted to be elected as the interim president! Mr. knows great things through the ages, thinks about the whole world, reverses the decline of the last days, restores the prosperity of Tang and Yu, and makes the country see the majesty of Han officials again. You are not alone. Blessings to tens of thousands of compatriots, even all countries in the east and west admire Gao Feng, and celebrate the National Day of the Republic of China! I send this message to congratulate you. Long live the Republic of China! Long live the President of the Republic of China!"

Then the provincial delegations also jointly sent a call to Li Yuanhong: "The representatives of the provinces decided on the 2nd of the first month to elect the interim vice president. That is to say, the election of the interim vice president will be held at 10:00 am on the 3rd. My husband was elected. In addition to notifying the whole country, this government will The special commissioner and the representatives of the provinces signed a letter of respect and welcome." The Nanjing Provisional Government also called Li Yuanhong: "Today, the Senate elected the vice president. After all votes, I will be elected as the vice president. Let's celebrate the winner. I would like to serve the Republic of China Congratulations to the future."

November 13th of the Xinhai Year became January 1st of the first year of the Republic of China.On this day, Mr. Sun Yat-sen led representatives Tang and Wang and American consultant Homer Lee to arrive in Nanjing by special car at 5:00 p.m. and stayed in Baohua.Speaking of Baohuayu, it is a famous place. It was the hotel where Governor Liangjiang of the Qing Dynasty entertained foreign guests, and later became the staff headquarters of Xijiandao. After Mr. Sun Yat-sen arrived in Beijing, someone asked Mr. Sun: "How much money did you bring with you when you returned to China this time? How many guns?" Mr. Sun replied with a smile: "I came back empty-handed, but what I brought back is what the Chinese people need most. What is there is the revolutionary spirit.”

At 10:00 p.m. on New Year's Day of the first year of the Republic of China (all the following articles use the Gregorian calendar), Mr. Sun Yat-sen became the interim president and declared the establishment of the Republic of China.The Interim President's oath said: "Overthrow the autocratic government of Manchuria, consolidate the Republic of China, and seek the happiness of the people. This is the general will of the people, and it must be faithfully followed in order to be loyal to the country and serve the people. After the autocratic government is overthrown, there will be no chaos in the country, and the Republic of China will stand out in the world and serve the people. It is recognized by all nations that Si Shiwen should be relieved of the post of interim president, and I would like to swear this to the people.”

The interim president proposes a list of cabinets, which is modeled on the American government system. There is no prime minister, and it is divided into nine departments. The president proposes the list of ministers and deputy ministers, such as: Chief of Army and Chief of Staff: Huang Xing, Deputy Chief: Jiang Zuobin Chief of the Admiralty: Huang Zhongying, Deputy Chief: Tang Xiangming Chief of the Ministry of Justice: Wu Tingfang, Deputy Minister: Lu Zhiyi Minister of Finance: Chen Jintao, Deputy Minister: Wang Hongyou Minister of Foreign Affairs: Wang Chonghui, Deputy Minister: Wei Chenzuo

Chief of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: Cheng Dequan, Vice-Minister: Ju Zheng Director-General of the Ministry of Education: Cai Yuanpei, Vice-Minister: Jing Yaoyue Chief of Industry Department: Zhang Jian, Deputy Chief: Ma Junwu Chief of the Ministry of Communications: Tang Shouqian, Deputy Chief: Yu Youren Secretary-General of the Presidential Office: Hu Hanmin The list of state servants at the representative meeting was also slightly revised. It turned out that President Sun Da had nominated Song Jiaoren for internal affairs and Zhang Binglin for education, but it was not approved.

The provisional government of the Republic of China was formed, and the list was announced. Among the chiefs of the ministries, only the Army, Foreign Affairs, and Education were members of the Tongmenghui. The rest of the chiefs were constitutionalists who sympathized with the revolutionaries.But almost all the undersecretaries were gay.Although the government was established, Zhang Jian, Director of the Ministry of Industry, and Tang Shouqian, Director of the Ministry of Communications, all lived in Shanghai; Cheng Dequan, Director of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, was sick in the concession; Therefore, the Nanjing government at this time was actually in charge of only three revolutionaries, namely Huang Xing, Chief of the Ministry of War, Wang Chonghui, Chief of Foreign Affairs, and Cai Yuanpei, Chief of the Ministry of Education.The affairs of the remaining five ministries are represented by the deputy ministers. After the interim government was approved by the Senate, President Sun Da held the appointment ceremony of various ministries on January 5, and the dates for the establishment of each ministries vary.The special list is as follows: Organization name Date of establishment Department of the Army January 9th Supervisory Office Admiralty January 17 Naval Academy The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was originally located in the Presidential Palace on January 11, and moved to the Lion Bridge in front of the Drum Tower on March 2. Jiajia Lane, Ministry of Justice, January 12 The Ministry of Finance, January 17, the old domain office Ministry of the Interior January 17 Jiangnan Government Affairs Office January 19th, the Ministry of Education Negotiations Office (Department of Foreign Affairs of Beiting Lane) Ministry of Industry, January 23, Quanye Road Department Ministry of Communications January 23 Food and Roads Administration Legislative Affairs Bureau January 15th China Association Administration (now Feihou Mansion) Nanjing Garrison Governor's Mansion January 14th Originally, the revolutionary comrades in Wuchang and Shanghai were not in harmony. The cause of the incident was Huang Xing. Huang Xing himself had tried his best to fill up the rift.When Nanjing formed the government, it was also Huang Xing's suggestion to elect Li Yuanhong as the vice president. Its purpose was to reconcile Wuhan. However, there are many people with lofty ideals in the first Uprising in Wuchang. It is unfair for Wuchang to only let Li Yuanhong be the vice president. .At that time, among the revolutionary comrades under Li Yuanhong, the most important one was Sun Wu, who made great contributions to planning the uprising. The day before the uprising, Sun Wu tested a bomb, unfortunately broke out and was injured. After the uprising, Sun Wu became the Minister of Military Affairs and the Nanjing Provisional Government was established. A few years ago, Sun Wu came to Shanghai from Wuchang. Because he was close to Li Yuanhong, he treated Huang Xing very badly. Since he was not on good terms with Huang, he naturally treated the revolutionary comrades in Shanghai also badly.Chen Qimei had a very bad impression of Sun Wu.When the interim government was formed, Sun Tzu hoped to be the deputy minister of the army, but the chief of the army was Huang Xing. Since Huang didn't like Sun Tzu, he would not choose him as the deputy minister.So Sun Wu was abandoned, which made the relationship between Wuhan and Ninghu even more incoherent. When the personnel affairs of the provisional government were still being negotiated, one day, Yu Youren went to Huang Xing. It happened that Hu Hanmin and Song Jiaoren were both at Huang's place that day. The host smiled and said: "You came at a good time. We are discussing candidates to form the government. What's your opinion? Let's exchange ideas." Yu said that there is one thing that must be paid attention to. Revolutionary comrades of Wuchang Shouyi.Unfortunately, Yu's opinion was not fully adopted by Huang.At that time, Mr. Sun Yat-sen had just returned from abroad, and Huang Xing's opinions on the organization of government personnel were most respected. Huang believed that Li had been publicly elected as vice president, and Wuchang should be satisfied, so most of the deputy ministers were returned overseas comrades.As for Zhang Binglin (Taiyan), he was originally nominated to be the Minister of Education, but he was not approved by the representatives of the provinces, so it fell through.Zhang is a scholar, but has a very strange personality. He joined the revolution and wanted to be a national teacher, imagining Zhuge Liang or Liu Bowen on the stage. Unexpectedly, after the formation of the Nanjing Provisional Government, he did not have his share, so he also stood on the Wuchang side.Because Wuchang was dissatisfied with the personnel affairs of the Nanjing government, and Tao Chengzhang in Zhejiang was also close to Wuchang, so some revolutionary comrades in Zhejiang also favored Wuchang, which widened the rift between Ning and Han. The Tongmenghui was always a secret organization during the revolutionary period. It was only after the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government that it decided to change it to an open organization. With the purpose of "consolidating the Republic of China and implementing the people's livelihood", Sun Yat-sen was elected as the prime minister, Huang Xing and Li Yuansun were the assistants. Jiaoren, Hu Hanmin, Ma Junwu, Liu Kuiyi, Ping Gang, Zhang Ji, Li Zhaofu, Wang Zhaoming, Ju Zheng, and Tian Tong were the officers.Actual responsibility rests with Song Jiaoren. Before the Revolution of 1911, the concept of revolutionary patriots was mostly nationalism in the narrow sense of "fullness". Therefore, after the success of the revolution, some revolutionary party members thought that their goals had been achieved, and the factors that combined in the past disappeared. , so the role of differentiation will ensue.Zhang Binglin's Restoration Society was originally a branch of the Tongmenghui. After the recovery of 1911, the Tongmenghui led a rapid advance, while Zhang sent the leader to advance slowly.After the establishment of the Nanjing government, Zhang broke away from the Tongmenghui, and organized the Federation of the Republic of China on January 3, the first year of the Republic of China.Later, Zhang Jian’s faction’s Preparatory Constitutional Association merged with Zhang Zhi’s Federation of the Republic of China to form a unified party because it was centered on people from Jiangsu and Zhejiang. It focused on people’s livelihood, adopted social policies and developed the national economy. , Cheng Dequan, Zhang Jian, and Xiong Xiling are directors, and Tang Shouqian, Tang Shaoyi, Tang Hualong, etc. are counselors.On the other hand, because Sun Wu was dissatisfied with Huang Xing, he asked Hubei temporary senators Liu Chengyu and Zhang Bolie to organize a civil society, calling for support for Li, and advocating "progressiveism, seeking the benefit of the country and the people" as the purpose. The founders were Li Yuanhong, Lan Tianwei , Tan Yankai, Wang Zhengting, Wang Hongyou, Sun Wu, Zhang Zhenwu, Wu Jingheng, Liu Chengyu, Ning Tiaoyuan, Zhang Bolie, Wang Pengnian, etc.This civil society can be said to be centered on Hubei people. Zhang Binglin is knowledgeable, eccentric, and a man who dares to speak up, and President Sun treats him very well.When forming the government office in Nanjing, Zhang You sent a letter to President Sun Da, please be careful, but Mr. Sun Yat-sen thought that Zhang Su was easy to slander, so he didn't take it seriously.Zhang Sui wrote another book: "... Wuchang advocated righteousness, it was not two months ago. The north and the south were purged, and those who first made troubles dare not take credit, and what's more, I am advocating people?... I have also tried to tell people that Sun Jun is here in China today. As for the general group Li, it was not the time when the secret society was formed in the past. Yiping went to lucky people, committed to the seniors, and those who followed the east and the west were counted among the floating waves. The four peoples, although the south is weak, are enough to encourage themselves to achieve, and try to convey their words to Wang Zhaoming...the precepts are not listened to, and the newspapers have to be read...although the servant is shallow, he has also been involved in the changes of the world, the difference between life and death, and the deacon Ears." President Sun Da did not take this arrogant master of Chinese studies as disobedient, and even hired him as a privy adviser to the presidential palace. The elite of the family is the appearance of the world. He dares to honor the sincerity admired by the people and submits to be a privy adviser. A few cowards hear the rumors, Ying Yan Jing attaches them, making great achievements in the infinite, and setting a model in the nine. Waiting for the high wind, nothing Ren Xiangxiang, rushing Huixuan car, to comfort hunger and thirst." From this letter of engagement, we can see that President Sun Da is open-minded and magnanimous, and he is really a great founding leader. The Provisional Senate of the Republic of China was formally established at 8:00 a.m. on January 28, the first year of the Republic of China. There were 38 members from 17 provinces present.President Sun Da delivered a congratulatory speech, and then Huang Xing, Cai Yuanpei, Ju Zheng, and Ma Junwu made speeches one after another.In the end, Lin Sen was elected as the speaker and Wang Zhengting was elected as the deputy speaker. During the period of the Nanjing Provisional Government, there was always a considerable distance between Mr. Sun Yat-sen and the Senate composed of representatives from 17 provinces. In ancient China, there was no national flag at all. It was not until the Western powers invaded China that the Qing Dynasty formulated the national flag. At that time, it decided to use the "Yellow Dragon Flag" as the national flag of the Qing Empire.The dragon is an abstract thing. It represented the emperor in the feudal era, while yellow was the representative color of the Qing Dynasty, "I am the country", so it is reasonable for the yellow dragon to be the national flag of the Qing Dynasty.But the dragon only has a symbolic meaning in China, and has no meaning to Western countries. Foreigners don't even know what kind of animal it is?In addition, the early yellow dragon flag was triangular, and the triangular national flag has not yet been seen in the history of national flags in the world. The animals on the triangular flag are animals that everyone has never seen before. snake"! During the Wuchang Uprising, the flag used by the revolutionary army was the "Iron Blood Eighteen Star Flag" representing the eighteen provinces; later it was changed to represent Han (red), Man (yellow), Mongolia (blue), Hui (white), The Tibetan (black) five-color flag represents the five ethnic groups.When the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, the Provisional Senate resolved to use the five-color flag as the official national flag of the Republic of China.President Sun Da insisted on using the blue sky and white sun flag as the national flag. In his message to the Senate for reconsideration, he cited the following reasons: "Your court decided to use the five-color flag as the national flag. The President thinks that it should not be promulgated in a hurry. In the old system of the Qing Dynasty, the navy used the five-color flag as the flag of first- and second-rank officials. Now it is impolite to depose the national flag of the Manchu Dynasty and use its official flag. The five-color flag is meant to represent the five major nationalities, but the distribution of the colors is not accurate, such as the use of Huang to replace Manchu. Moreover, it is said that the five ethnic groups are equal, but there are still classes in the upper and lower ranks....The flag of the sky is the Han Republican Party (Note: That is, the predecessor of the Tongmenghui (Xingzhonghui) was used by the southern rebels for more than ten years. In the year of Yiwei, Chen Haodong died on this flag....The blue sky and white sun are magnificent: China is a big country in the Far East, and the sun rises in the east. It is the largest star, and The blue sky and the white sun show that the light is shining, and the righteousness of freedom and equality..." The provisional senate believes that the blue sky and white sun flag was only formulated by a party of the Tongmenghui, and cannot represent the whole country. The five-color flag has been adopted by the Wuchang Revolutionary Army, which has great historical significance. The flag was changed to the navy flag, and the eighteen-star flag used by the Wuchang Revolutionary Army in the early days was designated as the army flag. In the early days of the Revival Society, the red, blue and white tricolor flags were used. Red symbolizes "bleeding for freedom", blue represents "just and equal sky", and white represents "clear hearts and mutual love".Three meanings mean "liberty, equality, fraternity".The tricolor flag was soon replaced by the blue sky and white sun flag.