Chapter 19 18. Formation of the Beiyang Military System

The Wuwei Army is no longer in name, and is actually dead, so Yuan Shikai's ambitions can be expanded by taking the opportunity.At that time, the Minister of Beiyang was also the Minister of Military Training. After Yuan returned to China from North Korea, he won the praise of all parties for his military training.So he reformed the military system and drafted "Nineteen Rules for New Army Recruitment and Drills", which was approved by the Qing court.Send Wang Yingkai and Wang Shizhen to various places, select and recruit 6,000 strong men, and select 50 graduates from Wuwei Youjun to study at the Japanese Army Non-commissioned Officer Academy, and set up a supervisory office in Baoding to concentrate military power on staff, coaches, and military equipment three places.There is a general office in each place, and Duan Qirui is appointed as the general office of the staff office, Feng Guozhang is the general office of the coaching office, Liu Yongqing is the general office of the military equipment department, and Wang Shizhen is the first infantry association and the Zhili province's military and defense battalion office Superintendent, Wang Yingkai is the general counselor.Yuan Shikai appointed himself the president of the whole army and officially changed its name to "Standing Army".

The standing army can be regarded as the beginning of China's official army. Yuan Shikai planned to organize two military systems: the standing new army Zuozhen and the standing new army Youzhen.Each town has jurisdiction over the Second Association of Troops, one for the cavalry team, one for the artillery team, one battalion for the engineering team, and one battalion for the transport team.There are 12512 officers and soldiers in the town.The military system at that time, the so-called town, association, standard, battalion, and team were equal to the current division, brigade, regiment, battalion, and company.The two towns form one army, which is a kind of wartime organization, and the leader of this army is called the president or military commander.Commander or wing commander is the later division commander, Xietong is the later brigade commander, Biaotong is the later regimental commander, Guandai is the later battalion commander, team officer or sentry officer is the later company commander, gang leader or supervisor officer He was later the deputy battalion commander.There is also a mixed brigade, which is a brigade composed of a mixture of different arms, and its scale is larger than that of ordinary brigades.

After the establishment of the standing army, Wang Shizhen served as the first coordinator.A second association was formed later.At that time, Yuan Shikai had a new regulation, which was "employing people on their own merits", so all senior generals of the new army must pass the exam, and those with the best grades will be appointed to higher positions.After the establishment of the Second Association, an examination was held, and Feng Guozhang got the highest score in the exam, so Feng was appointed as the president of the Second Association. When Yuan Shikai was training at the small station, his three important cadres were: Wang Shizhen, Duan Qirui, and Feng Guozhang, known as the Three Masters of Beiyang, Wang Shilong, Duan was Hu, and Feng was a dog.Yuan treats these three heroes equally, regardless of their status. This is Yuan's control technique, which requires his three important cadres to develop in a balanced manner so as to check each other and facilitate control.When the Xietong of the standing army was selected by examination, both Wang Shizhen and Feng Guozhang became the Xietong.Therefore, Yuan felt very sorry for Duan Qirui.When the third association was established, Yuan was afraid that Duan Qirui, who had poor grades, would still fail the exam, so he secretly told Duan the test questions before the exam, so that Duan was admitted to the association.Because this incident moved Duan Bisheng, he often told his close friends that he had received too much personal favor from Yuan Gongbao.

The establishment of the standing army was the responsibility of Yuan Yi to organize the official Chinese army, which was the origin of the later Beiyang Army. Before the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), the Beiyang Army had established one, two, and three towns, which were controlled by Wang Yingkai, Wu Changchun, and Duan Qirui.In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), Siwuliu Town was established.The sixth town is formed by the expansion of the "North Section of Patrol Battalion".Duan Qirui was transferred from the third township to the fourth township, and Zhang Huaizhi and Feng Guozhang took the fifth and sixth townships respectively.Soon Yuan switched the names of the third town and the sixth town, and Duan Qirui was transferred to the third town with the changed number.This new third town was originally the sixth town, and its predecessor was the "Northern Section of the Patrol Battalion", so the generals in it are the backbone of the Beiyang towns and can be counted as the core troops of the Beiyang armies.When the third town was stationed at Niangziguan, a soldier slapped a foreign instructor, which caused diplomatic troubles. Yuan Nai sent Duan Zhigui to take over as the commander of the town. Duan Qirui was not reinstated until the situation subsided a few months later.

During the continuous expansion of the Beiyang Army, the commanders of the towns were often transferred. For example, Duan Qirui successively served as the commander of the third, fourth, and sixth towns. This shows that Yuan's use of cadres will never let them Form a force and play them only as one card. Although Yuan Shikai used all means to perfunctory and win over the royal relatives, as his power and influence expanded, the suspicion of the royal family and nobles towards Yuan also increased day by day.As early as when the army was training in Xiaozhan, some Manchu ministers said bad things about Yuan and ordered the censor to impeach Yuan.In the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), the trend of the Manchus crowding out the Hans in the Qing court reached its peak, and Yuan's situation also encountered unprecedented difficulties.

In the autumn of this year, the Qing government held a famous Zhangde Grand Exercise, and designated a place between Anyang, Tangyin, and Qi County to hold the North-South New Army exercise.Participating in the parade, the northern army controlled Duan Qirui's department from the third town, and the southern army controlled Zhang Biao's department from the eighth town.The so-called Southern Army and Northern Army are distinguished by their garrison locations.The third town was stationed in Shijiazhuang and Niangziguan, so it was called the Northern Army; the eighth town was stationed in Hubei, so it was called the Southern Army.The parade time is set for one week.The Qing government sent Tie Liang, minister of the Ministry of War, and Yuan Shikai, governor of Zhili, as ministers for the military parade, Wang Shizhen as the general councilor and presiding judge of the Central Committee, Feng Guozhang as the presiding judge of the Southern Army, and Liang Bi as the presiding judge of the Northern Army. Appointed as judge.This arrangement shows that the Qing court had deep intentions. The military parade ministers were Manchu and Han, the presiding judges of the Southern Army were Han Chinese, and the presiding judges of the Northern Army were Manchurians.At this time, among the Manchus, Tie Liang was the most violent against Han.Tie Liang climbed very fast, and within a few years he became a minister of the Ministry of War. His characteristic was to exclude Han, and he was supported by Manchu ministers.One of Tieliang's important cadres is Liangbi.Liang Bi was also an outstanding underachiever among the Manchus. He graduated from the Japanese Military Academy and behaved unusually shortly after returning to China.Yuan was used to using personal favors to buy others to be his tools. Seeing that Liangbi was a manchu talent, he invited him to be the governor of the sixth town.It was very rare for a student who had just graduated to achieve the standard all at once, but Liangbi refused to follow the standard.

Yuan Shikai's most outstanding strength is his vigilance. He saw that the Manchu aristocratic young men were extremely dissatisfied with him, and he had no strength to resist the Qing government at this time. Therefore, he asked the Qing government to adjust military It is suggested that the military power of the first town, the third town, the fifth town, and the sixth town should be transferred to the direct control of the Minister of War, leaving only the second and fourth towns stationed within the territory of Zhili Province. Due to the need for training, please still be under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Zhili.

Yuan's suggestion may be at the right time, because the suggestion was immediately accepted, and the Manchu general Fengshan was immediately sent to replace Yuan's Gyeonggi Supervisor and New Army Office, and at the same time take over the command of the four Beiyang towns handed over by Yuan.There is a legend that: If Yuan does not hand over his military power at this time, he is likely to suffer a serious blow.But at the critical juncture, he voluntarily handed over more than half of his troops, leaving ordinary people who opposed Yuan speechless. At the same time, Cixi still trusted him, and Yikuang also fully supported him.And he also held the military power of two towns.In order to comfort Yuan, the Qing court awarded Yuan's eldest son Keding as a counselor to the Ministry of Agriculture and Industry.

In modern Chinese military history, the Japanese non-commissioned officer department occupies a very important position. The Japanese non-commissioned officer department does not belong to the Beiyang school, but the students of the Japanese non-commissioned officer department also played an important role in the Beiyang era, so an explanation must be made here. It turns out that the army building work of the Qing government started with the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War.In order to meet the trend of China's army building, the Japanese government specially set up "Zhenwu School" in addition to "Chengwu School", both of which are junior military schools.The main students of Zhenwu School are young people from China who went to Japan to apply for military schools.According to Japan's military education rules, graduates of junior military schools must first be sent to the regiment (equivalent to the regiment of the modern army) for internships from junior soldiers to corporals. The enlistment period ranges from six months to one year.This kind of internship is called "non-commissioned officer candidate" in Japanese.After the internship period is over, they will be sent to the Non-commissioned Officer Academy with the qualification of a corporal to study, and the study period will be one to one and a half years.The Non-commissioned Officer School is an intermediate military school in Japan.After graduation, non-commissioned officers still have to be sent back to the regiment for an internship at a level above a sergeant. The internship period ranges from four to six months. After the period expires, they are hired as second lieutenants.

In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), the Russo-Japanese War broke out, and all Japanese students joined the army ahead of schedule, so the non-commissioned officer class was suspended for one year.At this time, Chinese students once recommended Tang Erhe and Niu Yongjian as representatives, returned from Japan, and petitioned Beiyang Minister Yuan Shikai, demanding that the Qing government not allow foreign troops to fight on Chinese territory.In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), Jiang Fangzhen, a Chinese student of the third graduating class of the Japanese Non-commissioned Officer Academy's Walking Department, graduated first.According to Japanese regulations, the first graduate of a non-commissioned officer school is equivalent to a military champion, and should be received by the Japanese emperor and bestowed with a sword. This is a great honor.But the glory of this year fell on the Chinese students. Therefore, the Japanese later stipulated that some courses were not allowed for Chinese students to attend classes.

In the first and second periods of Japanese non-commissioned officers, there were very few Chinese students. From the third period, the number of Chinese students increased greatly. Later, the well-known ones are: Jiang Fangzhen, Jiang Zungui, Li Liejun, Cai E, Zhang Xiaozhun, Xu Chongzhi, Liangbi and others.Jiang Fangzhen, whose name is Baili, was born in Haining, Zhejiang. After returning to China, he was recruited by Zhao Erxun, the governor of the three eastern provinces, together with his classmates Zhang Xiaozhun and Chen Tiaoyuan. Later, he served as the principal of Baoding Military Academy.Cai E, whose name is Songpo, was born in Baoqing, Hunan. After returning to China, he was recruited by Li Jingxi, governor of Yunnan, and later led the national defense army to discuss Yuan.After Liang Bi returned to China, he became a senior officer of the imperial army of the Qing court, the Imperial Guard.The way out for non-commissioned officer students studying in Japan is very special. Not only do they get high positions, but they also get promoted quickly. ), this was due to the lack of middle and upper-level military cadres in the Qing court at that time, so the non-commissioned officer students studying in Japan were valued.However, the Chinese students in the Japanese non-commissioned officer department all had anti-Manchu revolutionary ideas, and most of them later participated in the Revolution of 1911. There is a strange phenomenon. In Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army, few non-commissioned officers studying in Japan were selected, so most of the non-commissioned officers were active in southern China.Later, Yuan became Emperor Hongxian in the Republic of China, and most of the people who led and organized anti-Yuan were these non-commissioned officers who stayed in Japan. After the Gengzi Change, the army building work of the Qing government was national. Yuan Shikai’s Beiyang army training was only the main part of the army building work.Among the military training in all provinces across the country at that time, the three eastern provinces were quite special. The soldiers from the Northeast Faction later joined the Beiyang Faction and played an extremely important role in the warlord disputes in the early years of the Republic of China. The Northeast was the birthplace of the Qing Dynasty, and at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Northeast was the front line of defense against Japan and Russia, so the Qing court attached great importance to the Northeast.In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), General Shengjing Zhao Erxun (who was stationed in Fengtian and was the highest military and political officer in the Northeast of the Qing Dynasty) established two military leadership organizations: one is the Supervisory Office, which presides over the training of the new army, Zhao Erxun also served as the general office, and the actual person in charge was Jiang Fangzhen, a non-commissioned officer and military champion, who presided over the military training work in the name of the general counselor; the other was the military affairs office that presided over the rectification of the old army, with Zhang Xiluan, a veteran who was born in the army, as the general office.Zhang Xiluan, named Jinpo, was born in Hangzhou County, Zhejiang Province. His father was an old military officer stationed in Sichuan.He practiced martial arts with the army in his early years. He was excellent in riding and marksmanship. He joined the army in Wuchang at the age of 20 and climbed up step by step.He has a close personal relationship with Yuan Shikai and is Yuan's old brother.He was nicknamed "Kuai Ma Zhang". At that time, the green forest horse thief who was rampant outside the pass was the famous red beard. Kuai Ma Zhang once recruited two famous red beard leaders. One was Zhang Zuolin, who later became famous all over the country, and the other was Feng Delin.At that time, it was stipulated that all those who were caressed must find a wealthy guarantor to ensure that they would not rebel in the future. Zhang Zuolin's guarantor was Duan Youheng, the commander-in-chief of Nan'ao Town, who was Duan Zhigui's father. At this time, there was another old army outside the pass, that is, Zhang Xun, who had made great achievements in "Gubeikou" and was promoted to the wing commander of the Huai Army under the command of the Beiyang Patrol Army. When the old army looked at the new army, everything was not pleasing to the eye, especially for the fledgling Jiang Fangzhen, who was only 26 years old at the time, and openly presided over all training matters for the new army.Of course, the old army knew that if the new army was trained well, it would be the old army that would suffer the fate of being eliminated first. Therefore, Jiang Fangzhen's army training had only started for three months, and the generals of the old army recommended Zhang Zuolin to lead the attack on Jiang.Zhang Zuolin was a chivalrous man, daring to act, and he was able to rise in the Northeast because of his courage. At this time, he took the lead in opposing the new army, and openly declared that he would fight for Jiang Fangzhen.Zhao Erxun was in a dilemma. On the one hand, he wanted to protect the cadres of the new army, but on the other hand, he did not want to suppress the old army too much, so he came up with a compromise solution, which was to send Jiang Fangzhen to Germany for further studies, specializing in the army, so as to ease the dissatisfaction of the old army. Both Zhang Xun and Zhang Zuolin were later assigned to the Beiyang faction. This is a broad definition. In a narrower sense, the Beiyang faction should refer to the new army that Yuan Shikai organized and trained during his tenure as Beiyang minister, not including those organized by other provinces. The new army or the old army included. Guangdong and Guangxi are also relatively special areas, where the old soldiers are very dominant.In Guangxi Province is Lu Rongting.Lu Ziqianqing, a native of Wuming County, Guangxi, was also born as a green forest hero. He was recruited by Su Yuanchun, the admiral of Guangxi, and later he himself became the admiral of Guangxi. Knot Jinlan.The two brothers then parted ways, Zhang Xun developed to the north, while Lu Rongting remained in Guangxi and became a local power. There is also Long Jiguang who is as famous as Lu Rongting.Long Jiguang was from Mengzi, Yunnan. His elder brother Long Jinguang was a hereditary chieftain of Mengzi, Yunnan. He was promoted by Cen Yuying, governor of Yunnan, to leave Mengzi to be the magistrate of another county, and Long Jiguang took over the post of chieftain.A few years later, Long Jiguang also left Mengzi, went out to be an official, and slowly climbed to Youjiang Road in Guangxi.During this period, Long and Lu Rongting not only became friends, but also became relatives.At that time, the Guangxi vassal was Zhang Mingqi, and he also had a good friendship with Long Jiguang. When Zhang Mingqi was promoted to the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Long Jiguang would also be quoted by Zhang as the governor of Guangdong.The reason why Zhang Mingqi used Long Jiguang was to let Long come to resist the domineering Guangdong navy admiral Li Huai. Because of this transfer, Long Jiguang had the opportunity to expand his power in Guangdong. After Lu Rongting and Long Jiguang established their influence and military strength in Guangxi and Guangdong respectively, they both had relations with Yuan Shikai. The same goes for the northern athletes. In the narrow sense of the Beiyang School, in addition to the three masters of Beiyang, there were also emerging figures at that time: Wang Huaiqing, courtesy name Maoyi, was born in Ningjin County, Zhili Province. He graduated from the Wubei Academy. He is an old man from Xiaozhan.Lu Yongxiang, styled Zijia, was born in Jiyang County, Shandong Province. He was the fifth association commander of the third town of the early Beiyang Army.Lu Jianzhang, courtesy name Langzhai, was born in Mengcheng County, Anhui Province, and was also a graduate of the Armed Forces Academy.This person is Uncle Feng Yuxiang.Jiang Gui inscribed Hanqing, a native of Bo County, Anhui Province, who was born in the army. He once served as an officer of Seng Gelinqin's guard, and later led the Huai army to Xinjiang with Zuo Zongtang. Xiang Xiaozhan commanded the left wing of the newly built army. He was the oldest veteran general in the Beiyang Army.Like Jiang Guiti, Zhang Xun, who was born in the army, also came from the army.Ni Sichong, whose name is Danchen, was born in Fuyang, Anhui, and was born as a scholar. He was also one of the miscellaneous generals in Xiaozhan training.Duan Zhigui, courtesy name Xiangyan, was born in Hefei, Anhui, and was born in the Beiyang Armed Forces Academy. He once worshiped Yuan as his foster father, and was known as His Highness Qian.Wang Zhanyuan, styled Zichun, was born in Guan County, Shandong Province, and was born in Ma Bian. He was selected into the Military Academy.Cao Kun was a cloth dealer.Although the above-mentioned people came from different backgrounds, most of them received military education in the Military Academy. Only Zhang Xun, Jiang Guiti, and Ni Sichong, who were born in the army, never attended a military school.Zhang Xun, courtesy name Shaoxuan, was born in Fengxin, Jiangxi. He worked as a school boy in Xu Xianping's home when he was young.During the Eight-Nation Allied Forces, he made great achievements in domineering, and was promoted to the wing commander of the Huai Army, and the admiral of Yunnan and Gansu. When the new army was organized and trained in the late Qing Dynasty, the procedure was to train the new army while weeding out the old army, and gradually replaced the old army with the new army.Because of this decision, the old army is very dissatisfied. No matter how stupid they are, no one is willing to be eliminated. Therefore, facing this fate, their inner anger can be imagined. Before the old army was completely eliminated, the Qing government organized the new and old armies into the central army and the local army according to the different nature and tasks of the old army.The central army has a certain designation, but no definite line of defense. The organization is relatively regular, the weapons are relatively sophisticated, and the military pay is relatively generous; the local army still follows the names of the Green Camp, Patrol Camp, Yi Army, and Palace Army. Fixed, but regardless of military pay, ordnance, and establishment, it is far inferior to the Central Army.Because of this difference in treatment, it caused great contradictions between the old and the new army, and from the expansion of the contradictions, they became hostile to each other.The mutual hostility between the old and new armies of Fengtian in Northeast China is a clear proof.Later, the Qing Dynasty was shaken, and the new army, except the Beiyang Army, was inclined to revolution, while the generals of the old army still supported the Qing Dynasty.Therefore, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the old army was not eliminated because the old army was loyal to the Qing Dynasty. According to the regulations of the Qing government, those who have trained into the association (later the brigade) or above can set up a supervisory training office in the provincial capital, which is divided into three divisions: military preparation, staff, and coaching, with the governor as the general office. Thirty-six towns were established in the national army, distributed according to provinces, and trained within a limited period.The distribution and order are: four towns in Kinki, two towns in Zhili, one town in Shandong, two towns in Jiangsu, one town in Jiangbei, one town in Anhui, one town in Jiangxi, one town in Henan, one town in Hunan, two towns in Hubei, and one town in Zhejiang , one town in Fujian, two towns in Guangdong, one town in Guangxi, two towns in Yunnan, one town in Guizhou, three towns in Sichuan, one town in Shanxi, one town in Shaanxi, two towns in Gansu, one town in Xinjiang, one town in Rehe, one town in Fengtian, One town in Jilin, one town in Heilongjiang, a total of thirty-six towns.This is the whole picture of the Qing court's preparation and training of the new army to become the official national defense force.The designation of Thirty-six towns was originally scheduled to start from the first town in Kinki, and it was completely organized according to the size of the provinces and the distance of the provinces. Later, because the formation of the new army in each province was different sooner or later, it was changed to the order of each town. order.Each town has two jurisdictions, so the thirty-sixth town becomes the seventy-two associations, and their numbers are also in order. For example, the first town is the first and second associations, and the tenth town is the nineteenth and twentieth associations. The thirty-sixth town is the seventy-first association, the seventy-second association, and so on. The uniform system of the new army is different from that of the old army. The regular uniform of the army is divided into three grades and nine grades by the military cap and epaulets. Gold braids are classified according to the number of wide and narrow gold braids, and the epaulets are one, two, and three gold braids. There are three gold stars, the middle and third grades have two gold braids, and one gold star. It can be deduced from this, and the collar badges are divided into arms by color. In the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), the six towns of Beiyang were complete, and the other thirty towns were still being organized.The situation of the six Beiyang towns is as follows: The first town is the original Gyeonggi first town, that is, the Gyeonggi standing army, stationed in Beijing, and controlled by Tieliang. The second town is the first town of the former Beiyang Standing Army, stationed in Qian'an and Yong'an, under the command of Wang Yingkai. The third town is the third town of the former Beiyang Standing Army, stationed in Baoding, under the command of Duan Qirui, and later Yi Cao Kun. The fourth town is the second town of the former Beiyang Standing Army. It is stationed in Xiaozhan Machang and is under the control of Wu Fengling. The fifth town is the fifth town of the Beiyang Standing Army originally stationed in Shandong. It is stationed in the Weixian area of ​​Shandong and is under the control of Wu Changchun. The sixth town is the fourth town of the former Beiyang Standing Army. It is stationed in Nanyuan and controlled by Duan Qirui. As mentioned earlier, Yuan saw that the Manchu relatives of the Qing court were jealous of the new army, so he handed over the military power of the first, third, fifth, and sixth towns.But soon he came up with a new trick. He proposed to change the official system of the three eastern provinces to be the same as that of other provinces, cancel the name of Shengjing's military affairs, and change it to the governor of the three eastern provinces. Governor.Tang Shaoyi, another old friend of Yuan's, served as governor of Fengtian, Zhu Jiabao of Yuan's family served as governor of Jilin, and Duan Zhigui, known as Yuan Gan's son, served as governor of Heilongjiang.As a result, the generals of the Yuan family completely controlled the Northeast, while Xu Shichang asked to transfer the third town out of the customs on the pretext of national defense, and stationed in the Nanling and Heizuizi areas of Changchun.The third town was the most elite town in the Beiyang Army at that time. At that time, Duan Qirui, the commander of the third town, had been transferred to the commander of the sixth town, and Cao Kun, who had been a cloth dealer, was promoted to the commander of the third town. At this time, Zhang Zuolin and Feng Delin, the former Northeast Army, had also been promoted from Guandai to the commanders of the front and rear of the patrol battalion, stationed in the Xinmintun area. In the third year of Xuantong's reign (1911), Xu Shichang was appointed Minister of the Ministry of Postal Communications, and was succeeded by Xiliang (Mongolian), governor of Yunnan and Guizhou.He brought Chen Huan, a military staff member, to the post, and at the same time transferred one from each of the Beiyang towns to form the twentieth town, under the control of Chen Huan.Chen Huan is a native of Hubei. He came from a hard-educated background. He and Wu Luzhen, the governor of the sixth town, and Lan Tianwei, the commander of the second mixed association, are known as the three heroes of Hubei outside the customs. Xiliang served as governor of the three northeastern provinces for only a few months, but resigned due to illness, leaving Zhao Erxun, governor of Sichuan, to return to his post.At this time, Chen Huan was sent to Germany to inspect the military, and Zhang Shaozeng, a non-commissioned officer, took over the control of the 20th town.Zhao Erxun brought back Jiang Fangzhen, who had returned from military studies in Germany, to serve as the General Counselor.At this time, the non-commissioned officers and students in the Northeast were very proud, including Jiang Fangzhen, Zhang Shaozeng, Wu Luzhen, Lan Tianwei and so on.The new army has a lot of wings, and Jiang Fangzhen is not afraid that Zhang Zuolin will come to settle accounts with him. In July of the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), Yuan Shikai had been the Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang for five years and nine months. He was still worried, especially about his position of holding military power, so he was dismissed from the post of governor of Zhili, and he was ordered to be appointed Minister of Military Aircraft and Minister of Foreign Affairs.At the same time that this order was issued, Zhang Zhidong, governor of Hunan, was also appointed Minister of Military Aircraft.At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Minister of Military Affairs was a pivotal minister. Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai were the two famous ministers of the Han Brigade at that time.But for Yuan Shikai, this kind of promotion is really a removal of his military power, a measure of power reduction. Yuan's military power began with military training at Xiaozhan, gained trust in the Reform Movement of 1898, grew stronger than the Boxer Rebellion, and was completed during his tenure as Governor of Zhili.Now that his wings have grown, and Yuan Dang has seized the elite troops, it is very difficult to weaken his strength at this time. When Yuan was ordered to join the cabinet, he insisted on resigning. Of course, the Qing court refused, so he had to go to Beijing to take up his post.At that time, the chief minister of military affairs was Yikuang, Prince Qing. Yikuang treated Yuan well, and Cixi's trust in Yuan was unabated, so Yuan could still stand, but he and Zhang Zhidong didn't get along very well, and the two had different personalities. There is a huge distance between him and his political views, and he often gets into trouble in the office. Yuan has only been serving as Minister of Military Aircraft and Minister of Foreign Affairs for one and a half years.During the past year and a half, Yuan Yiwei had nothing to say, and most of the negotiations he did involved those who lost their rights.This period of his life was the most unfulfilling.