Chapter 57 Chapter 54 Religion

Religious beliefs are common to all nations.Of course, it is the same at the time of superficial performance, even after the deep development.This is because: What science studies is only a part of the problem, but what religion wants to solve is the whole life problem.Religion does not completely disregard knowledge in solving life problems.In terms of emotion, of course it needs to be satisfied with others.In terms of knowledge, it is also necessary to provide a satisfactory answer to the questions raised by the people at that time.So a religion, when it arises, is always sufficient to solve the whole problem of life.But after the rise, because it is based on belief, its theory is often not easy to change; and its attitude is particularly intolerant; after a certain period of time, it becomes an obstacle to evolution and is denounced as superstition.

What religion gives people is immediate emotional and intellectual satisfaction, so its teachings will naturally vary from time to time and from place to place.A religion whose name remains unchanged, its teachings will also change due to the environment.Primitive man does not know the laws of nature.I think there is a human-like thing in everything, with knowledge, emotion, and will, mobilizing and presiding behind the scenes.Without knowing the laws of nature, all changes in the outside world are possible.Therefore, it looks at the environment very frighteningly.And its ability to see the object of its prayers is especially inconceivable.Although it also worships tangible things, what it fears and prays to is probably not its shape but the spirits living in it.How can something that is invisible and visible be so convincing?It turns out that the ancients did not know the difference between living things and non-living things, let alone the difference between animals and plants, and people and animals. They regarded everything as the same as themselves, and what people most easily experience but are difficult to explain are dreams and death.Obviously sleeping here without moving, but seeing, hearing, and doing something; obviously still this person, but in an instant, knowledge has turned into ignorance, An De doesn't believe that there is something else in the human body. host?If you think that people are like this, then you think everything is like this.This is why we now believe that people have souls; that heaven and earth, the sun, the moon, mountains and rivers, etc. are all governed by gods; that old trees, strange rocks, foxes, snakes, etc., can all become spirits.Although we now know the laws of nature; we know the difference between living things and non-living things, animals and plants, human beings and other animals;

The spiritual world worshiped by human beings is actually illusory, created by human imagination.So the so-called spiritual world is actually a reflection of the human world.The organization of human society has changed, and the organization of the spiritual world will also change accordingly.What we can see now, the first step is the change from the tribal age to the feudal age.The gods of a tribe generally protect one tribe, and are in a hostile position with another tribe.Therefore, "Zuo Zhuan" said in the tenth year of Duke Xi: "Gods do not believe in non-human beings, and people do not worship non-clans." Confucius also said: "Sacrificing to non-ghosts is flattering." ("The Analects of Confucius") to In the feudal era, there must be a connection between the gods.Since they need to be connected with each other, a hierarchy of respect and inferiority must naturally be born.In this era, the work that religious scholars have to do is: (1) Classify the gods. (2) Determine the relationship between each category and between categories.What we can see in the ancient books are the four categories of (1) gods, (2) earth gods, (3) human ghosts, and (4) the monsters in the "Zhou Guan" Da Zongbo.Among the four types, the natural gods are the most respected, the earth is the second, the human and ghosts are the second, and the objects are the lowest.The gods include the sun, moon, stars, wind and rain, etc.Earth only includes mountains, rivers and seas.But there is also a total god and a total earth god.Human ghost: The most important thing is your ancestors.All other meritorious and virtuous people are also included.Wu Kui is too numerous to list.Gods, gods, humans and ghosts, etc., are mostly good natured.Wu Kui is indefinite about good and evil.This is the most common thought of the Chinese, inherited from thousands of years ago.When religion has developed to this stage, it gradually distances itself from ordinary people. "The son of heaven sacrifices to the heaven and the earth, and the princes sacrifice to the famous mountains and rivers within their borders" ("Book of Rites·Royal System"), which has nothing to do with ordinary people.The Ji family traveled on Mount Tai, and Confucius would have ridiculed him for being indecent ("The Analects of Confucius Bayi"), let alone common people?In addition to the God of Haotian, there are also five emperors who are nurtured by the four seasons: the Eastern Qing Emperor Lingwei Yang, and the Lord Chunsheng.In the south, the Red Emperor was angry and ruled Xia Chang.The Western Baidi refused in vain, and the Lord Qiucheng.The Northern Heidi Zhiguangji, master Dongzang.The central Yellow Emperor contains the hub, and it is also in charge of the four seasons.It is said that the ancestor of the son of heaven in each dynasty was actually the son of God.For example, Houji, the first ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, and his mother, Jiang Yao, were said to be Emperor Ku's concubine, but Houji was not Emperor Ku's son.Once, Jiang Yuan went out and saw a big footprint.Jiang Xun's foot is not as big as his thumb.Jiang Yuan felt strange when he saw it.Step on your own feet in these footprints.As soon as you step on it, your body feels touched.I have been pregnant since then.A son was born, Hou Ji.Another example is the first ancestor of the Shang Dynasty.His mother, Jian Di, was also Di Ku's concubine, but Qi was not Di Jiao's son either.Once, Jian Di went to the river to take a bath, and a black bird dropped an egg.Jian Di took it and swallowed it, so she became pregnant.Later, the deed was born.This is called "induction" (see "Poetry Shengmin" and "Xuanniao". Worship the God of Haotian with 禋. Xiao Zongbo, Zhao Wudi is in the four suburbs. Zheng Xuan said that there are six in the sky, that is, the five emperors and the God of Haotian Yaopobao. You can read "Book of Rites·Sacrificial Law Shu", which is the most simple and clear. The names of the five emperors , although it came out of Weihou, but its theory is from the ancient theory. Therefore, "Book of Rites Li Yun": "Because of the famous mountain, it is promoted to the sky, and because of the auspicious soil, the emperor is in the suburbs" has already divided the sky and the emperor.) .Qi, Ji, etc. are the sons of God, so their descendants are ordered to be the Son of Heaven.According to the meaning of "Gods are not like people, and people don't worship non-clans", there is no need for civilians to sacrifice to those who have nothing to do with common people.The rest, such as "mountains, forests, valleys, and hills, can come out of clouds, be wind and rain, and see monsters", and they are "sourced and used by the people" ("Book of Rites · Ritual Law"), although they are related to the people.However, because the ranks of honor and inferiority cannot be confused, it is not the turn of the people to sacrifice.Religion has developed so far, the more levels of gods, the greater the authority of the superior gods, and the farther away they are from ordinary people. Just as the leader of the tribe developed into princes, from princes standing side by side, he progressed to a monarch who unified the whole country. The more respected its status, the farther it is from the people.

People are always realistic.The only thing I fear is the God who is close and related to me."Ancient Chinese Economic Thoughts and Systems" written by Japan's Tasaki Hitoyoshi said: "In ancient religious thoughts, most of the merits of creatures were attributed to women; and most of them regarded the sun as a goddess.In ancient China, the most solemn thing was the sacrifice of the society ("Book of Rites, Suburb Special Sacrifice" said: "Only for social affairs, go out of the village alone. But for the community's land, the people of the country will complete the work. But for the community, the hills and rides will flourish together." Shan Same).And this so-called society is just a local god of earth (according to the "Book of Rites·Sacrificial Law", kings, princes, officials, etc., all set up their own societies), not the back soil that is opposite to the gods. "Book of Changes · Shuo Gua Zhuan" Li is the sun and a middle-aged woman.And "Huainanzi", take Xihe, who is born and controls the sun, as the goddess ("Shanhaijing Dahuangnanjing": "Beyond the southeast sea, between the Ganshui, there is the country of Xihe. There is a woman named Xihe, Fang Bathing in the sun in Ganyuan. Xihe, the wife of Emperor Jun, was born for ten days." "Huainanzi·Tianwen Xun": "As for the sad spring, it is called the county car.") "Book of Rites: Suburb Special Sacrifice" says that the sacrifice in the suburbs is to welcome the "end of the long day".It can be seen that the use of suburban sacrifices as sacrifices to the heavens is a latecomer. At the beginning, they were only sacrifices to the sun; and the sacrifices to the sun and the shrines are both to repay the merits of their creatures.Later, due to the development of philosophical concepts, there was a so-called sky and earth, but the whole god of heaven and the whole god of earth have nothing to do with the people. Although there is no political ban on "the son of heaven offering sacrifices to heaven and earth", , I am afraid that no one will sacrifice it.The sun, the moon, the stars, the wind, the wind, etc., are too many to worship; I also know that it involves a wide range of people, and there is no need to sacrifice it in one place.There is only one local god, who has always been regarded as the closest to him, and his sacrifices are still carried on.Therefore, throughout the ages, the most solemn ceremony among the people has been the Society Sacrifice, and the most lively festival is the Zuoshe.There is also the so-called Eight Wax Sacrifice, after the farming work is completed, all the gods related to farming will sacrifice to it once (see "Jiao Special Sacrifice").In ancient times, all things were regarded as gods, so there were so-called Zhongliu, so-called doors, so-called walking, so-called households, and so-called stoves (see "Sacrifice Law" for all).Another example is the commanding officer in ancient times, which is the life and death of the master. Said: "I made Si Ming regenerate the son's form, to be the son's flesh and skin" (It is known in ancient times that life and death are all governed by Ming).Later generations said that the Southern Dipper is the master of life, and the Big Dipper is the master of death, so although the Southern Dipper is far away from people, some people worship it.And so on, it's all hard to end.In short, those who have a close relationship with people are worshiped by others, and those who do not have a close relationship with others, although their status is high, people regard them as if they are not there.People's discussions nowadays say that monotheism has evolved more than polytheism, and that the objects of Chinese worship are too diverse, so their religion has not yet evolved.actually not.In the era of autocracy in Russia, when the people donated money to the church, it was allowed in name by the order of the Russian emperor.This is the same as Amitabha Buddha in Buddhism, if a person takes refuge in him, when he is about to die, the Buddha himself will come to pick him up and guide him to the pure land.Chinese emperors have always cared about trivial matters, so the spiritual organization that reflects human society, the highest god, does not care about small things.If the spiritual organization in Chinese religion is based on a great god who handles everything, why wouldn't the Chinese only worship this one god?However, what is the fundamental difference between worshiping the Big Dipper and wishing for longevity, and reciting Amitabha Buddha exclusively and wishing to be reborn in the Pure Land?If the so-called monotheism of monotheism is only a symbol of natural force, then the philosophical insight of those who worship monotheism has reached pantheism, which is higher than that of polytheism.So those who worship monotheism, do they all worship it as a symbol of its natural force?To be honest: Pantheism and atheism are one and two, and two are one.Those who really understand pantheism will also understand the meaning of atheism, and they will no longer have the stubborn views of today's religionists.

What goes further than the superstition of gods is art.The two characters of Shushu are called together in ancient times. In fact, the two are different, which has been seen in the previous chapter.The origin of art is due to the misunderstanding of cause and effect.For example, if you make a wooden man or tie a straw man, treat him as a certain person, and shoot him with an arrow, that person will be injured.Another example is that destroying a person's personal belongings can affect that person.In the Zhou Dynasty, Chang Hong used the raccoon head to symbolize the princes who could not come to shoot it, so that it was killed by the Jin people (see "Historical Records Fengchan Book").Yu Rang was captured by Zhao Xiangzi. He asked for Xiangzi's clothes, drew his sword and struck him three times. The clothes were bleeding, and Xiangzi returned to the carriage, and died before the wheels turned.It is such insights.All the techniques of overcoming curses come from here.There is another kind of thinking that a certain phenomenon in this place is related to a certain phenomenon in another place; a certain phenomenon in the present is related to a certain phenomenon in the future.Because the desire to measure the phenomena of that time and that place based on the phenomena of this time and this place is the beginning of the technique of divination.These are all so-called techniques.A step further is the number. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" said the way of learning of Xingfu: "The degree of the method of shaping human beings and six animal bones, and the description of utensils, in order to find out whether their voices are high or low, good or bad, and there are lengths, and each of their voices is marked. There are no ghosts and gods. Naturally.” It is the path of scientists to explain the causes of phenomena based entirely on the visible and tangible substances, and to deny the invisible mysteries.It's a pity that people in this kind of school gradually confuse their beliefs and become one with artists. "Han Zhi Shu Shu Lue" is divided into six schools: Astronomy, Calendar, Five Elements, Achilles, Miscellaneous Zhan, and Xingfa.Yarrow turtles and miscellaneous accounts are purely scholarly words.Astronomy, almanacs, five elements, and forms all have numerous meanings, which are mixed with artificers and are derived from the study of astrology in later generations.

The objects of worship in ancient China were merged in later generations and accommodated in Taoism.However, the so-called Taoism, in addition to this, has another element, and that is the family of immortals.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were so-called alchemists who deceived people with the theory of immortality. "Zuo Zhuan" in the 20th year of Duke Zhao, Duke Jing of Qi asked Yanzi, saying, "How is the joy in ancient times without death?"In ancient times, no matter philosophy or religion, there was no theory of immortality. It can be seen that Jing Gong's question was deceived by the gods.Since then, King Weixuan of Qi and King Yanzhao also believed in it (see "Historical Records Fengchan Shu"), and Emperor Qin Shihuang and Emperor Wudi of Han believed in it, and everyone knows about it, so I don't bother to repeat it.Things must be verified a little, and then people can believe it.It is the most untrue to say that people are not dead.Qi Jinggong and others are all masters of action, so why are they all bewitched?According to my guess, there are many sea markets in Yanqi area.The ancients clearly saw that there were figures in the sky, city walls and palaces, but they did not know the reason, so they naturally believed in the fairy tales.For the Immortals, "Han Zhi" is listed in Fang Ji, which is juxtaposed with Medical Classics, Classical Prescriptions, and Fang Zhong.The oldest medical book "Su Wen" handed down today also contains many words of alchemists.It can be seen that alchemists and medicine are closely related.Trying to seek longevity by means of self-cultivation, food intake, intercourse, etc., although it is misleading, should not be regarded as superstition.However, when this school was in Hanwu, it gradually mixed with ancient religions.In the time of Han Wu, the so-called alchemists were actually divided into two factions: one group talked about refining elixirs, seeking immortality, and longevity.One faction is engaged in temple sacrifices for blessing.Its facts can be seen in "Historical Records Fengchan Shu" and "Hanshu Suburban Records". The mountains and rivers in each place recorded in "Jiao Si Zhi" have their own gods to be sacrificed, that is, the alchemists who offer their stories preside over them.This is the religion of various tribes in ancient times, which has been left over to later generations.It is recorded that there is a certain god in a certain water and a certain mountain, and what should be sacrificed in the shrine, which is suspected to be recorded by these alchemists.After the Yuan Emperor, this school was mostly abolished; the school of seeking immortals was no longer believed by the master of the time because it was too ineffective, and instead turned to deceive the people.The largest among them is naturally Zhang Jiao.Next is Zhang Lu.They also talk about temple sacrifices.But because the people have no extravagant hope of longevity, nor do they have the financial resources to make alchemy (according to "Baopuzi", alchemists at that time spent a lot of money to make alchemy. Ge Hong regretted that he did not have the money to do it), so he didn't pay attention to it. Immortals, and turned into a spell to cure the disease.Healing diseases with spells is the technique of Zhu You, and it is also a branch of ancient medicine.Its involvement with Taoism began when Zhang Lu asked his subordinates to recite five thousand words of "Laozi".Zhang Lu's Tao does not interfere with Lao Tzu, so why do people recite "Lao Tzu"?According to my guess, probably because Huang and Lao were called together in the Han Dynasty, the family of immortals entrusted themselves to the Yellow Emperor, and the Yellow Emperor had no books, so the rate was related to Laozi.What theories can be said about Zhang Lu's religion?However, if there is a book, it is enough to draw and attach it as a book, so what does it matter whether it is actually suitable or not?However, not long after, metaphysics flourished, and "Laozi" became a fashionable study, and the gods who deceived the upper class gradually borrowed its philosophy to write their own texts.Laozi and the so-called alchemists and the so-called immortals all have an inseparable relationship.Such miscellaneous superstitions, smoldering and smoldering, will eventually converge into one.The one who enjoyed his success was Kou Qianzhi in the Northern Wei Dynasty.Qianzhi studied Zhang Lu's art, and because of Cui Hao's respect and trust, he was welcomed by Emperor Wei, Ming and Yuan, and he was respected as a heavenly master. Taoism has become a religion recognized by the country, as if it is juxtaposed with Confucianism and Buddhism.This happened in 1489 B.C. and 423 A.D. (the first year of Liu Song Shaodi Jingping, the eighth year of Wei Mingyuan Emperor Taichang).When later generations talked about Taoism, they all regarded Zhang Ling as the ancestor.Ling is Lu's grandfather.According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty": Mausoleum guest Shu, learned Taoism in Huming Mountain.Those who follow his way often produce five buckets of rice, so they are called rice thieves, passed on from Ling to Ziheng, and Heng passed on to Lu.However, there is no evidence for this.According to "Annals of the Three Kingdoms" and "Notes" quoted in "Dianlue", it is said that the five buckets of rice road is actually Zhang Xiu.Xiu Nai and Lu were ordered by Liu Yan to invade Hanzhong, and later Lu attacked and killed Xiu and merged them.Lu Xing's five buckets of rice road in Hanzhong had little effect for a while.It is suspected that its origin came from Xiu, and Lu followed it because of its curative effect, but he also concealed its origin, and entrusted it to his father and ancestors.History, as usual, is based on the words of those who are successful, and Zhang Ling has thus become the ancestor of Taoism.

Among the religions imported from abroad, the most authoritative one is naturally Buddhism.According to the old theory, the import of Buddhism occurred during the reign of Emperor Ming of the Later Han Dynasty.Explain that the emperor dreamed of a golden man and asked his officials. Fu Yi knew that there were saints in the west, so he sent his doctor Cai Yin and his doctor's student Qin Jing to Tianzhu.After obtaining the forty-two chapters of the Buddhist scriptures and the standing statue of Sakyamuni, together with the recluse Shemo Teng and Zhu Falan, they arrived with a white horse carrying the scriptures.Because of the establishment of the White Horse Temple in the west of Luocheng.This is because it is said to be found in "Wei Shu · Shi Laozhi", and it is considered to be from the official history.Liang Qichao's "The Beginning of Buddhism" is based on the "Lao Zi Hua Hu Jing" written by Wang Fu, a Taoist priest in the Western Jin Dynasty.However, the "Book of Wei" does not say that the golden man entered the dream, which was the beginning of Buddhism's entry into China.According to the "Book of Wei", the importation of Buddhism should be divided into three periods: (1) King Hunxie of the Huns descended, and China got his golden man, which was the gradual circulation of Buddhism. (2) When Zhang Qian came to Daxia, he knew that he was poisoned, and practiced the teachings of the Buddha.In the first year of Emperor Ai's Yuanshou, Qin Jingxian, a student of the Ph.D., was orally taught the Buddha Sutra by Yi Cun, an envoy of the Dayue Clan. (3) It is the dream of the Ming Emperor Jinren.Jin Ren has nothing to do with Buddhism.The envoy of Da Yueshi dictated the Buddha Sutra. If it is true, it can be called the beginning of the importation of Buddhism.The first year of Yuanshou was 1913 BC in the Republic of China, that is, 2 BC in the Western calendar.However, Buddhism was imported into China two years after the birth of Christ (Christ was born in 4 BC. The Westerners have used it for a long time, so they have not corrected it).According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", Chu Wangying, the son of Emperor Guangwu, already believed in Buddhism, so it can be seen that his importation must not have occurred during the Ming Dynasty.Qin Jingxian and Qin Jing were immediately alone.Whether there are such legendary characters is still unknown, let alone determine the age of their names and surnames?However, Da Yuezhi was a place where Buddhism prevailed, and the communication between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions was also very frequent, so it was possible for Buddhism to be imported from then on.Liang Qichao painted gold with Buddha statues in the south; "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Tao Qian Biography" said that Qian's envoy Ruo Rong supervised the transportation of grain in Guangling, Xiapi, and Pengcheng. Originally imported from the south.However, this is too close to conjecture.That is to say, it is a fact, and it cannot be concluded that its import came first in the north.Liang's article has done a great job in destroying the old theory, but the theory he established has yet to be studied.You can refer to Liu Yizheng's Commentary on the History of Liang's Buddhism.The characteristics of Buddhism: (1) Its theory of reincarnation, which prolongs human life, is enough to save the old Chinese theory; (A) It is limited to the present and its descendants; There is no need to test, but to satisfy people's desires. (2) Its purpose is to be born out of the world, and it only wants to use personal cultivation to relieve suffering, and does not participate in political struggles at all.In this regard, Buddhism is quite different from Zhang Jiao, Zhang Lu, etc.Therefore, instead of being destroyed by political forces, it is supported by them. (3) At this time in China, there is still no great religion that can unify the whole country.The gods of a local tribe are not suitable for use because of their narrow nature, and the heaven and earth, etc. that the emperor worships are also indistinguishable because they are far away from the people.The religious movements of Zhang Jiao, Zhang Lu, etc. are also because of their nature of political struggle; and their teachings may be too shallow to satisfy the expectations of the upper class; and they are only suitable for secret unions, not for peaceful dissemination. , cannot pass.Only Buddhism, which not only has philosophy, but also talks about blessings, is suitable for both upper, middle and lower society.Things are inseparable, relatives are equal, national boundaries are not distinguished, let alone small boundaries such as various places and ethnic groups within a country?It can be popular all over the country, of course, needless to say.As for the philosophical aspects of Buddhism and its important sects, I have briefly discussed them in the previous chapter, so I won’t repeat them here.

Throw a hollow bottle into the water, and the water will pour into it in a torrent, so that there is already water in it, and the outside water will not easily get in.This is a preconceived principle, and what is true for one person is also true for a country.When Buddhism was imported, China's religious circles were still poor, so Buddhism was able to flourish.After Buddhism was imported, it was no longer the case.Therefore, although many other foreign teachers have been imported into China, none of them can be as popular as Buddhism.Its relationship with Chinese culture is relatively shallow.

Apart from Buddhism, among the religions imported from abroad, Islam is the largest.The origin of this teaching is known to everyone, so there is no need to repeat it.Its real name is Islam, but in China it is called Mosque, and its temple is called Mosque.Its classic name is "Koran".It was originally written in Arabic, and those who were not educated in the teaching could not read it; and its translations and writings in the teaching were rarely circulated in the society; therefore, in China, except for believers, few people understand the teachings of Islam.It also follows Islamic rules, which are extremely serious.The lives of believers are not very consistent with ordinary people.Therefore, it has been seven hundred years since the importation prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty, and it still cannot be integrated with Chinese society.Now there are about 50 million Muslims in China.There are actually many ethnic groups included in it, but everyone is called the Hui nationality, as if they have been combined into one ethnic group because of religion.In China, apart from Islam, there is no such thing as a nation united by religion.

The Chinese call Islam Islam because it is believed by the Huihe people.However, Huihe was in Mobei, and Shiben believed in Manichaeism.He believed in Islam, so he entered Tianshan South Road for his funeral.Manichaeism originated from Zoroastrianism.Zoroastrianism is the state religion of Persia, and it is called Hutian in China.The Zoroastrian character was also created, which is called Zoroastrianism (the character is from Shi Congtian, and it is read as Ta Yanqie. Or it is mistaken for Congyao, and it is read as Yu Zhaoqie, which is wrong).During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Huojiao spread to the east of Congling, and thus flowed into China.However, only the monarchs of the Northern Dynasties believed in it.During the Tang Dynasty, Persia was destroyed by the Great Food, and Central Asia was also occupied. The fire cultists traveled eastward to China, and they did not have any influence on Chinese society.Not so with Manichaeism.After the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, more Huihe people entered China, and their religion also entered China.Popular since Chang'an and in Jianghuai.During the reign of Emperor Wuzong, Huihe was defeated, and in the fifth year of Huichang (845 in the Western calendar, 1067 BC in the Republic of China), China banned it.However, its teaching was still popular until the Southern Song Dynasty.He called himself Mingjiao.Outsiders say that eating vegetables is a devil, because none of their followers eat meat.According to religion, although it seems to provide spiritual comfort to people, it still has something to do with real life.In real life, economic problems are big.Among the religions that are popular in poor societies, some teach people to unite to fight against the current society, such as the Catholicism created by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which implements the law of equalizing land and living together.Some believers help each other and sympathize with each other, but they take a laissez-faire attitude towards the organization of the current society. For example, Zhang Lu in Hanzhong taught people to make righteous unions, put rice and meat in them for the convenience of pedestrians; ordered those with minor faults to build roads; Killing is forbidden in summer; Ming Christians abstain from meat, respect thrift, and save each other.Those who join its teaching will benefit in life, so the Song Dynasty repeatedly prohibited it, and it could not be completely eliminated.However, when the social order fails to change, those who struggle with it will inevitably perish; even if they want to form a group of their own and be independent from the existing social organization, they will eventually be destroyed because they are incompatible with the broader social order .So after the Yuan Dynasty, Mingjiao became unknown.Zhang Lu's rule of Hanzhong lasted for decades because of its political scale and the people's peace with it, not because of its teachings. Mingjiao has been popular for a long time, and it may not have anything to do with its teachings.For the history of the popularity of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism in China, please refer to "Research on the Entry of Zoroastrianism into China" by Chen Yuan, a close friend.

Christianity entered China in 1274 B.C. (638 A.D., the twelfth year of Emperor Taizong Zhenguan).Olopen, a Persian, began to bring his classics to Chang'an.Emperor Taizong Xu Qi built the temple, which was called Persia, and Xuanzong changed the name of the temple to Daqin Temple because the teaching was originally from Daqin.Its teaching was called Nestorianism at that time.During the reign of Emperor Dezong, Jing Jing, a monk in the temple, erected the "Stele of Nestorianism in China", which was unearthed in the late Ming Dynasty, and the whole story can be examined.In Mongolia, Christianity was imported again.Others call it Li Kewen.Chen Yuan also had a test.In the Yuan Dynasty, most of the people who believed in Christianity were Mongolians.So the Yuan died and died again.It was not until the middle of Ming Dynasty that it was imported again by sea.The importation of modern Christianity had many conflicts with China.Pushing its source is actually a political misunderstanding.The teachings of Christianity, such as the prohibition of worshiping the sky, ancestors, and Confucius, are of course in conflict with Chinese customs.However, the foreign teachers of the previous generation did not have similarities and differences with Chinese customs?Moreover, when modern Christianity was first imported, it was not forbidden to worship the sky, ancestors, and Confucius.Those who believed in Christianity in the late Ming Dynasty, such as Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao, were not people who did not understand Chinese culture.If Christianity and traditional Chinese customs are incompatible, how could they sacrifice the nation and the country together for the sake of believing in science?At that time, there was no one who opposed Western religion like Yang Guangxian.Check out his "Book of Last resort".He said: "If they don't marry or become officials, their aspirations are not small."He also said: "Those who are good at making utensils are also good at their weapons." He also said: They wrote books and said that the Chinese are all descendants of paganism.In case they start to act stupidly, and the Chinese fight against him, isn't it the same as the son against the father and brother?He also said: "For tens of thousands of miles, people who do not pay tribute to the court do not check where they come from, and do not investigate where they go when they go; Take it back to the books. After more than a hundred years, there will be people who know more than words and have no choice." Therefore, he asserted: "It is better to let China have no good calendar than to let China have Westerners." It turns out that in the past dynasties of China, the military administration may have been abolished. Always above foreign.In modern times, the Westerners had strong ships and guns, and China was ashamed of itself.But the Chinese are superstitious about religion, which is not very deep.The hard-working spirit of Western priests is beyond their comprehension.Naturally, doubts will arise.This was also unavoidable under the circumstances of the day, and it is not surprising. However, although there are some who attack the Western missionaries, there are not a few who advocate You Rong.Therefore, in the early years of the Holy Patriarch of the Qing Dynasty, although Tang Ruowang and others were once convicted because of Guangxian's attack, the teaching ban was lifted again.During the Kangxi Dynasty, many priests were appointed.In Chinese culture, the benefits are not trivial.This also shows that there is no conflict between Christianity and Chinese culture.The ban on Christianity actually started in 1704 (the 43rd year of Kangxi). The Pope listened to the words of other priests and sent Tourmon to China to ban it because he could not help Chinese Christians to worship the sky, their ancestors, and Confucius.Not only was the doctrine alienated from China, but also the priests who were preaching in China were ordered by foreign popes, which was not acceptable in China at that time.So Kangxi reaffirmed the ban on religion in the fifty-sixth year.After Sejong ascended the throne, all believers were resettled in Macao; Catholic churches in all provinces were converted into public houses.Since then, Christianity has become a secret religion in China until the ban on religion was lifted after the five-port trade agreement.Since the Chinese don't know the truth about it, they attach to Christianity the things that have always been secret religions: what goes out the eyes of the dead; the women in the church are gathered, and the teacher throws bait to make them pheasant. Lie.All kinds of bizarre theories, one after another, were formed at this time.After the five-port trade agreement, (1) the Chinese were resentful of defeat in the war, and regarded foreign missionaries as coercion through military force. (2) The parishioners rely on the intervention of the priests as a talisman, and they are in the fish and meat village. (3) Even foreign clerics have acted recklessly and carried out blackmail in China.As a result, the teaching plans were repeated one after another, which became a big problem in negotiation.However, since the Gengzi Incident, the Chinese have realized the futility of blind xenophobia, and the atmosphere has changed drastically, and the provinces have no teaching plans.This also shows the Chinese people's tolerance for paganism. Christianity originated from Judaism.Judaism was also imported into China.It is called a gift of music karma education.It is actually a different translation of Israel.In China, it is called "twist-twitching education".It is now in Kaifeng, Henan.According to the records in the classics of his teaching, his teaching began to leave the mainland during the Five Dynasties Han Dynasty (965-962 BC, 947-950 AD), and it was not until the first year of Song Xiaozong Longxing (749 BC, 1163 AD) , began to build temples in China.In the 41st year of Kangxi, the holy ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, there were two to three thousand believers.At the end of Emperor Xuanzong's Daoguang period, there were only more than three hundred survivors.There were more than two hundred in the first year of Xuantong.In the eighth year of the Republic of China, there were only more than 120 people.When they first came, there were seventeen surnames. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were only seven surnames left.See Chen Yuan's "Yici Leye Teaching and Research" for details. When society is in turmoil, heroes who want to unite followers and make a difference often use religion as a tool.Such as Zhang Jiao and Sun En in the previous generation, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in modern times.This is especially the big ones, and the smaller ones are too numerous to enumerate.Most of these religions were created by their own people, and most of them used the popular theories at that time as their materials.For example, Zhang Jiao falsely stated that "the blue sky is dead, and the yellow sky should be established" (the blue sky is suspected to be red, which was taboo and changed by the Han people), which is based on the theory of the five elements at that time; the White Lotus religion relies on Buddhism; the Catholic religion relies on Christianity.However, this is only borrowed as information (it is already popular in society), and its teachings are actually quite different from the theory it is attached to.Its fragmentation often makes people with a little knowledge laugh when they hear it.The theory of Catholicism and the Boxer Rebellion, because of the recent age, has been passed on by many people, and it can be seen after a little overview.However, this is not enough to incite people in lower society.Our current society is actually divided into two prongs.One is the upper and middle intellectual class, and the other is the lower non-educated class.What we see, hear, and think are all cut off from the vast underclass that is the foundation of society.Our work is all superficial, has no real effect, and cannot improve society, and that is because of this.You have to save yourself. Superstitious religion is not very deep in Chinese society.Because of the prevalence of Confucianism, all our prayers are in the human world and not in another world.Therefore, the church cannot have great authority in China.Therefore, we do not start unnecessary disputes over religious issues and foreign races.This is an advantage of Chinese culture.Today's world culture is progressing at a rapid pace.Religion, because of its fixed nature, is often an obstacle to evolution.If you fight against it, you will incur unnecessary sacrifices. What happened in Europe is a good example.This seems to be a big problem for the future of culture.However, practical life is always a strong enemy of tenacious idealism.In any religion in the world, its teachings are always somewhat ascetic, but in fact, most believers have never seen that they can really break away from secular life.The more advanced culture is, the faster people's living conditions will change.Where religion stands in the way of progress, let alone war and verbal disputes.This is also an end where historical events never repeat themselves, and new changes cannot be speculated from old perspectives. (End of the book)