Chapter 34 Chapter 31 The Rise and Fall of the Qing Dynasty

The cunning Xia of the Qing Dynasty was far worse than that of the Liao, Jin, and Yuan.This is because the Jurchen nation had been civilized twice during the Bohai and Jin dynasties, so when the Qing Dynasty first flourished, its level was already slightly higher than that of the Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties.When Emperor Taizong was in power, he was able to appoint Han people, and he was able to translate and read "The Benji of Jin Shizong".After entering the customs, enclosing the civilian land and giving it to the bannermen to live in is the same policy as the Jin Dynasty's move of Meng'an Mouke households to the Central Plains.He also ordered the bannermen to garrison the provinces, but most of them lived in separate cities with the Han people, so as to prevent them from bullying and arousing the resentment of the Han people, and also to prevent them from assimilating with the Han people.Especially those who were more vicious than the Jin people wanted to blockade the three Kanto provinces and prohibit the Han people from colonizing.He also married a Mongolian, and on the surface pretended to believe in Lamaism, in order to connect with Mongolia's feelings, and blocked Mongolia to prevent Han people from transplanting. This can be called the policy of "uniting Mongolia and controlling Han".His treatment of the Han people was blatant and blatant, which the previous generation of foreign races dared not do, destroying the national character of the Han people.The monarchs who have always been the founding of the country, for the rebels of the previous generation, who surrendered to themselves, although they knew that they were disloyal and unrighteous, they mostly ignored this level, and even used some good-looking words such as knowing the destiny and aiming to save the people. If you talk about it, cover it up for him, this can be said to save some face for the person who surrendered to him.The Qing Dynasty was not the case. For those who surrendered to it, the name of special ministers was specially set up, stripping off all their masks.During the three dynasties of Kang, Yong, and Qian, the prison of writing was established to destroy morale.During the Qianlong period, the Siku library was opened and the complete books of the Siku were edited, but his books were burned on fire.During the twenty years from 1763 to 1782, books were burned 24 times, with 538 kinds of books and 13,862 books burned.Not only those related to the Qing Dynasty, but also those related to the Liao, Jin, Yuan, etc., were all destroyed.What cannot be destroyed is altered.Doesn't he know that one hand can't cover the eyes of the world?Can't people believe what he made?Such behavior, even less convincing?But it's all about going its own way with a vicious air.He also opened a subject of erudition and great CI, and set up a museum of Ming history, hoping to recruit the survivors of the Ming Dynasty.However, those who are attracted by it are all people below the second class, and those who are truly ambitious have not fallen into his trap!

In the past, the people were too alienated from the political power.Therefore, when foreigners invaded, even though the people were dissatisfied, they had to wait patiently. This was the time again in the early Qing Dynasty.From the demise of the Zheng family in Taiwan in 1683 to the uprising of the White Lotus Cultists and the Qing Dynasty's rebellion in 1793, there has been no major military revolution in China in the past 110 years.The holy ancestor of the Qing Dynasty was quite intelligent and diligent in politics; Sejong was also shrewd.They are a new barbarian nation, and their luxury and lust are naturally better than the royal family that has been around for a long time.All bad governance, taking the late Ming Dynasty as a lesson, naturally has considerable improvement.Therefore, in the reign of Kang and Yong, the politics were still relatively clear, and the finances were quite spare.By the time of Qianlong, although the politics had been corrupted and the vitality of the society had been secretly withered, it still maintained a grand occasion on the surface.

Martial arts is the right time to meet.China's national conditions are not suitable for foreign aggression.Therefore, since the unification, except for the Qin and Han dynasties and the Warring States period, the monarchs had the nature of great achievements, and there were also some people in the society who liked to make great achievements, and the rest were all masters of defense.However, due to the abundance of national power, as long as (1) my politics is quite clear, and (2) a powerful enemy outside the country, I can take advantage of the advantage and be powerful enough to travel thousands of miles.Most of the martial arts in the past dynasties were of this nature, and the Qing Dynasty also had this kind of luck.The ethnic groups of Mongolia and Tibet both liked aggression at first.After the middle of Tang Dynasty, Lamaism was introduced into Tubo, and the nature of Tibetans gradually changed.At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the two sons of Myo invaded Qinghai. As a result, they were influenced by the Lamaism in Qinghai, and the Lamaism was promoted in Mongolia. Even the nature of the Mongolians gradually became peaceful. A big change in the situation beyond the Great Wall.In the Qing Dynasty, there was only one Oirat left among the invading nations outside the Great Wall.However, its tribe was small, and its aggression force was insufficient, so it was destroyed by the Qing people.This is the main reason why the martial arts of the Qing Dynasty people can be so famous for a while.Oirat is the Wala of the Ming Dynasty.When civil engineering changed, its base was originally in the east.Since Mongolia regained strength, it gradually migrated to the northwest.In the Qing Dynasty, it was divided into four parts: Heshuote, which lived in Urumqi.It is called Junggar and lives in Ili.Said Durbert, living in the Irtysh River.It is called Turhut and lives in Talbahatai.Monks of the Yellow Sect in Tibet are not allowed to marry wives.Therefore, its eminent monks have presided over educational affairs with "Hubilhan" from generation to generation.Because the Tibetans believe so deeply, the right to teach is in name but above the political power.However, the so-called superstition is actually just such a sentence.Since ancient times, the so-called theocratic government has been based on the beliefs of the majority of drugged people. However, the leaders in the religion are not superstitious. If you look at their struggle for power and profit, everything is no different from a non-theocratic government.The Dalai Lama is the first disciple of Tsongkhapa, the leader of the Yellow Sect. He is considered the highest position in the Lamaism, but he cannot manage government affairs personally. Government affairs are all in the hands of an official called "Diba".During the reign of the Holy Patriarch of the Qing Dynasty, Diba Sangjie recruited Heshuote Gushi Khan into Tibet, and killed the protector of the Red Sect, Zangba Khan, and the Panchen Lama, the second largest disciple of Tsongkhapa, entered Tashilhunpo. It is the beginning of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's division of the front and back Tibet.Since then, He Shuote moved to Qinghai and interfered in the Tibetan regime. Sangjie was evil, which led to the entry of Junggar Galdan into Tibet and killed Dayan Khan, the son of Gush Khan.Junggar had already overwhelmed Durbert and expelled Turhut. In 1688, when the Altai Mountains attacked Khalkha, hundreds of thousands of the Three Khans fled to Monan at the same time.The Holy Patriarch of the Qing Dynasty sent troops to defeat Galdan for it.Galdan committed suicide because of the old land of Ili and his brother Cewang Abutan's occupation.East of the Altai Mountains.Lazang Khan, the great-grandson of Gushi Khan, killed Sangjie.Cewang Abutan sent troops into Tibet to attack and kill Lhazang Khan.The Holy Patriarch sent troops to break it down. In 1722, Seongjo died and Sejong was established.The grandson of Gushi Khan, Luo Bu Zang Danjin, instigated the rebellion of the lamas in Qinghai, which was also broken by the Qing soldiers.At this time, the chaos in Oirat can be said to have spread widely, but fortunately none of them succeeded, and the Qing Dynasty also failed to sweep the ground.It wasn't until 1754 that Galdan Tsering, the son of Tsewang Abtan, died, and his tribe was in civil strife, that Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty pacified it in 1757.As for Tianshan South Road, it was originally the land of Queen Chahar in the Yuan Dynasty, and it was a Muslim area.After the decline of the Yuan Dynasty, some descendants of the Islamic leader settled in Kashgar, and later held the power of politics and religion in the South Road.The Zhunbu was flattened, and the descendants of the leader, Dahe Zhuomu (Dahe Zhuomu's name is Bronite, and Xiaohe Zhuomu's name is Huo Jizhan) rebelled against the Qing Dynasty, and was also destroyed by the Qing Dynasty in 1759.The martial arts of the Qing Dynasty were at their peak at this time.The north and south roads of Tianshan Mountains are established, and the countries west of Congling, Aohan, Kazakhs, Brut, Ganzhut, Boror, Badakshan, Buhar, Afghanistan, etc., all paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty, just like the scale of the Tang Dynasty . In 1792, the Qing Dynasty sent troops to Gurkha and conquered it, but its military strength was unmatched in the Tang Dynasty.For the southwestern corner, the martial arts of the Qing Dynasty are deceptive.At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the territory of Southwest China actually included the present-day Ayeyarwady River Basin and the upper reaches of the Salween and Meigong Rivers (see "History of the Ming Dynasty Southwest Tusi Biography").However, China's strength in the southwest is not sufficient, so Annan temporarily merged and left, and Myanmar became an independent country.As far as China's strength is concerned, Tengchong in the west and Pu'er in the south are nowhere near what it is today. In 1767, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty was defeated because of Burma's violation of the border. In 1769, soldiers were sent again, but only because they asked for peace, they promised to return them.At this time, Siam was destroyed by Burma.Later, his survivor Zheng Zhao, a Chinese, raised troops to restore the country, and passed on his adopted son Zheng Hua, who was entrusted to China in 1786. Myanmar was afraid that China and Siam would attack it, so it gradually became obedient to China.The Li family, the king of Annan, was usurped by his minister Mo's family after the middle of Ming Dynasty.The restoration of the country in the early Qing Dynasty.He got the power of his minister Ruan, and his minister Zheng was in power as a relative of the country. The Ruan did not agree with him, and he occupied Hue in the south, which was almost independent.Later, it was destroyed by the Ruan family of Saigon, and it was called Xin Ruan, while the Ruan family in Hue was called Old Ruan.Xinruan not only destroyed the old Ruan, but also entered Tokyo to destroy the Zheng family and abolish the Li family.In 1788, Emperor Gaozong sent troops to defeat Xinruan and restore the Li clan.However, he was attacked and defeated by Xinruan, because of Xinruan's request to surrender, he was named king.All in all, it was inappropriate for China to use troops in post-India because of the right time and place, so the past dynasties did not make great achievements, and it was still the case in the Qing Dynasty.Although it was not beneficial for the Qing Dynasty to use troops outside the territory, it was quite able to accomplish the unachieved achievements of the previous dynasties in the provinces of Xiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan.Between today's Hunan and Guizhou, the prefectures and offices of Yongshun, Ganzhou, Fenghuang, Yongsui, and Songtao were opened up, and in Yunnan, the native officials of Wumeng, Wusa, Dongchuan, and Zhenxiong were changed Wumeng, present-day Zhaotong County, Yunnan. Wusa, present-day Weining County, Guizhou), and in Guizhou, the Great Miaojiang (Guzhou, present-day Rongjiang County) centered on Guzhou was pacified.The big and small Jinchuan (Dajinchuan, now Suijingtun in Lifan County; Xiaojinchuan, now Maogong County) in Northwest Sichuan, used soldiers for five years, and paid 70 million yuan. It is still beneficial to the development of the southwest.

The decline of the Qing Dynasty can be said to have started in the Qianlong era.Gao Zong's nature was extravagant, and he made six southern tours during his reign, which was wasteful and useless.After the middle age, Heshen was appointed again, and corruption is unprecedented in ancient and modern times.Officials have no choice but to deprive the people in order to serve them. The superiors punish their subordinates, and the subordinates abuse the people. As a result, the administration of officials is very bad.The emperors of all dynasties in the Qing Dynasty were quite capable of holding the top spot for themselves and refused to authorize their subordinates.It entered the Central Plains with a foreign race, and those with great ambitions from the Han nationality might not have helped it in the first place.In addition to giving wisdom and self-improvement, humiliating the ministers, destroying the way of speaking, and suppressing morale, it will naturally become more and more isolated.So between Qian and Jia, the situation changed.