Chapter 33 Chapter Thirty: The Rise and Fall of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Culture has the nature of transmission, and the route of its transmission is often quite tortuous.Liaodong and West have been counties and counties in China since the 4th century BC. Because they are far away from the Central Plains, the power of long-term control is not as good as that, so China's political power has not been fully expanded to the north. In the Northeast, the past dynasties have only waited for the restraints.Although the geology of the land is extremely fertile, it is slightly bitter and cold; and there are many disturbances in the north, and the road from Hebei to the northeast through Rehe is often blocked by nomadic peoples, so the Chinese nation has not been able to colonize the northeast.In this area, the Songhua River Basin is the most fertile, and its land is very close to Korea. Chinese culture made a circle from Korea to indirectly civilize the Jurchen people in that area.The prosperity of Bohai, Jin, and Qing are all like this.

According to his own account, the ancestors of the Qing Dynasty were born of a celestial girl. This is a deliberately fabricated myth.According to the research of recent people, the land of Jurchen in the Ming Dynasty was divided into three guards: Haixi Wei, which extends from the northwest of Liaoning to the west of Jilin.Ye Renwei is located in the east of Ji and Hei.It is called Jianzhouwei, which is near Changbai Mountain.Haixiwei is the so-called Hulun tribe of the Qing people, the savage Wei Qing people call it the Donghai tribe, and Jianzhouwei includes the western part of Changbai Mountain in Manchuria.The real ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, the so-called Zhaozu Dudu Meng Temu, was the Mengge Timur who was appointed as the commander of Jianzhou Guard in 1412 (the commander was awarded by the Ming people, and the Qing people were called the governor. Meng Temu is Meng Translated by Ge Timur), who was paid tribute and served in the Li Dynasty of North Korea at the beginning.Later, he was killed by savages with seven surnames.At that time, Jianzhouwei was still in the valley of Huining Prefecture in North Korea.Brother Fanchali moved to Tongjiajiang.Dong Shan, the son of Hou Meng's elder brother Timur, came out to fight against Fancha.In the Ming Dynasty, Jianzhou was divided into left and right guards, with Dong Shan as the commander of the left guard and Fancha as the commander of the right guard.Dong Shan became domineering, and the Ming Dynasty ordered Guangning to punish him.His subordinates support his son Tuoluo to disturb the border (Tuoluo is the grandson of Zhaozu in "Qingshilu". His younger brother is called Xibaozhai Piangu. The son of Xibaozhai Piangu is called Xingzu Dudu Fuman, the father of Jingzu) , Claiming revenge, but it didn't take long for him to die.Since then, the left guard has declined and the right guard has flourished.Wang Gao, the chief of the right guard, lives near Kuandian.Destroyed by Li Chengliang, Hada of the Benhulun tribe (Yehe is in the southwest of Jilin, called Beiguan by Ming people. Hada is in the north of Kaiyuan, called Nanguan by Ming people).Hada sent Cheng Liang to him, and Cheng Liang killed him.His son, Atai, helped Yehe attack Hada.Nikan Wailan, minister of Suke Suhu in Manchuria, acted as a guide for Li Chengliang and attacked and killed Atai.The chief of Manchuria called the field, that is, the so-called Jingzu Juechang'an in the Qing Dynasty, and his son Ta Keshi was lost, so the so-called Xianzu Takshi in the Qing Dynasty, and Takshi's son Nuerhachi was the Taizu of the Qing Dynasty.Atai was the grandson-in-law of Jingzu. When Atai was defeated, Qingjing and Xian also died.The Taizu of the Qing Dynasty was still entrusted to the Ming Dynasty, and later raised troops to attack Nikanwailan.Nikan Wailan fled to Mingbian.Instead of protecting him, the Ming Dynasty handed him over to Qing Taizu.And open the four passes of Fushun, Qinghe, Kuandian, and Kuanyang to trade with it.Since then, the Manchurians have been able to bathe in Chinese culture and use the mutual market to nourish their economy, and their momentum is getting stronger.First serve the tribes of Manchuria.The tribes of Hulun and Changbai Mountain united with the Horqin tribe of Mongolia to attack, and the Qing Taizu defeated them, and their prestige reached the eastern part of Mongolia.He also closed Yehe Mie Hada.In 1616, he rebelled against the Ming Dynasty.

It was the age of Ming Shenzong.Using Yang Gao as the strategy, dispatched 200,000 troops to march eastward in four routes, and all three routes were defeated.Manchuria then fell into Tieling and destroyed Yehe.Ming took Xiong Tingbi as the strategy.Yanbi was quite talented, so Ming Gu Xuan dismissed him and replaced him with Yuan Yingtai.Yingtai had talented officials but no generals, so Liao and Shen fell.At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Taizu moved to Liaoyang from today's Changbai County (Xingjing in the Qing Dynasty, whose original name was Hetuala), and then moved to Shenyang.The resurgence of Xiong Tingbi in the Ming Dynasty was hindered by Wang Huazhen, governor of Guangning.The Huazhen army was defeated, and many lands in western Liaoning fell.The Ming Dynasty arrested both of them to die.Turned Yuan Chonghuan to defend Ningyuan. In 1626, Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty attacked and died of injuries.Son Taizong Li, because North Korea returned to the Ming Dynasty, after many times in Manchuria, Taizong first conquered North Korea, then returned troops to attack Ningyuan and Jinzhou, and was defeated again.The Qing Dynasty was at the time when Fangxing was on the rise, and it could not be flattened in a day, but its strength could not enter the west of Liaoning.If the Ming Dynasty could appoint people like Yuan Chonghuan for a long time, Liaodong would surely be able to recover from Xu Tu, not to mention Liaoxi. It would be a dream to break into Shanhaiguan.

The so-called rogues have no definite base, wherever they go, where they are threatened.China has a vast territory, and some natural disasters and man-made disasters cannot affect the whole country, and local turmoil cannot affect the whole country. Only when the society is extremely uneasy will it lead to a situation like fire, and the next season is the right time.The bandits in the late Ming Dynasty started in Shaanxi in 1628, which coincided with the first year of Sizong.It flows into Shanyou, then into Hebei, and spreads in Sichuan and Huguang.Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong are the two biggest leaders.Xianzhong is a rough talent, blindly likes to kill, but self-cultivation is quite careless.Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty had no ambition in the west of Liaoning, but entered the Great Wall from the mouth of Xifeng and violated Jidian.When Yuan Chonghuan heard about it, he also joined the aid at the same time.The two armies were in a stalemate, and there was no victory or defeat.Sizong of the Ming Dynasty was a man who was strict but not clear, and he was punished and killed.First, Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong, the guard of Pidao (Phidao, now pictured as Haiyang Island), because he was domineering.And then, believing in the Qing people's countermeasures, Chong Huan was imprisoned and killed, so the Great Wall broke down.The matter was in 1629.By 1640, the Qing people aggressively attacked Jinzhou.Hong Chengchou, governor of Jiliao, went to aid, was defeated, and entered Songshan to defend.Next year, Songshan will sink, and Chengchou will descend to the Qing Dynasty.First, after Mao Wenlong's death, he sent Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming to the Qing Dynasty, and led the Qing soldiers to capture Guanglu Island (or Guanglu Island in the current picture).When the Taizu of the Qing Dynasty was still in power, he had no intention of occupying the Central Plains. He only played on his hatred of the Han people, killed the Confucian scholars, and enslaved the Manchus if he won the common people.Taizong began to change his plan to favor and employ Han people, especially giving preferential treatment to a group of demoted generals.Hong Chengchou and others did not hesitate to abandon the motherland and worked for it.As a result, the political and military situation has gradually changed again.However, the Ming soldiers held on to Shanhaiguan, and the Qing soldiers were still unable to capture it.Although I have repeatedly detoured the Great Wall and ravaged Jidian, south and Shandong, I dare not stay for a long time, but the soldiers of the Ming Dynasty who suppressed the bandits were sometimes restrained by them. In 1643, Li Zicheng fell into Xi'an.Next year, he will proclaim himself emperor in his land.It fell into Taiyuan in the east, divided its troops out of Zhending (now Zhengding County, Hebei), fell into Datong, Xuanfu, and entered Juyongguan.Beijing did not defend, and Sizong died in Meishan.Wu Sangui, the guard of Shanhaiguan, came to help, and when Fengrun arrived, the capital had fallen.Self-made recruits Sangui to descend, and Sangui has been allowed.Hearing that his concubine Chen Yuan had been plundered, he was furious, so he left the pass and surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. "Crying that the six armies are all plain, and they are angry when they are angry." The only important stronghold in the national war was lost because of the lack of blood.

At that time, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty was dead, and his sons and ancestors succeeded him. When he was young, his uncle, Prince Rui Dorgon, was regent.Li Zicheng was defeated and rushed back to Shaanxi, and the Qing people moved their capital to Beijing.Ming people established Shenzong's Sun Fu Wang Yusong in Nanjing, and he was Hongguang Emperor.At this time, the Qing people only hoped to occupy Beijing, and did not dare to engulf China. Therefore, they entered Beijing on May 3, ordered the people to shave their hair on the 4th, and canceled this order on the 24th.And when it was passed on to the south, it also said that "the Ming Dynasty has no legacy, and it is used to move to the Qing Dynasty, and the house is in the north. ".However, the establishment of Emperor Hongguang was based on the military strength of Fengyang Governor Ma Shiying.Shiying then introduced the eunuch Ruan Dacheng into the cabinet and excluded Shi Kefa.Emperor Hongguang was also licentious.The Qing Dynasty first established Henan and Shandong.Then the troops entered the customs in two ways, and Li Zicheng died in Hubei.The Qing people immediately moved their troops to attack Jiangnan.The generals of the Ming Dynasty were not in the same mind. Shi Kefa died in Yangzhou, but Nanjing did not defend, so Emperor Hongguang went north to hunt. It was in 1645.The Qing Dynasty established Jiangnan and ordered the people to shave their hair.At that time, there was a proverb that "keep the head but not the hair, and keep the hair but not the head", and its implementation can be imagined to be strict.The purpose of this move is to destroy the hearts of the people in China, and its intention is extremely profound and cruel.Due to China's large land and large population, politics is left to the Lord, and the relationship between the people and the local government is shallow, and there is almost no direct relationship with the central government. Therefore, the change of dynasty often stimulates the feelings of the people.As for the decoration of clothes, although it seems insignificant, the continuation of customs is a sign of culture. A foreign race that invades with military force forces the old race to abandon its old costumes and imitate itself, which is tantamount to destroying its culture. And force it to add a sign of submission.It is no wonder that the people of that day wanted to rise up and resist.But the people have been disorganized for a long time, how can a temporary assembly be able to defeat an army that has been fighting for a long time?Therefore, most of the Jiangnan militiamen of that day were defeated soon.After the death of the Southern Capital, the survivors of the Ming Dynasty, either entrusted the King of Lu to monitor Shaoxing from the sea, or entrusted the King Yujian of the Tang Dynasty to take the throne in Fuzhou, and he was Emperor Longwu.The Qing sent Wu Sangui to fall into Sichuan, and Zhang Xianzhong was defeated and killed.Don't go to the south of the Yangtze River with an army, the king of Lu is defeated and flees to Zhoushan.Qing soldiers then entered Fujian, and Emperor Longwu also died in 1647.

The land in the Southwest has always had little to do with the overall situation. It is always in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins.In the Ming season, the situation is different again.In the south of the Yangtze River, the opening of the Xiangjiang River Basin was the earliest.In the Han Dynasty, various ethnic groups lived together, that is to say, they have been roughly assimilated.The Zi, Yuan, and Li river basins were gradually opened up in the Sui, Tang, and Northern Song Dynasties. In 1413, when Ming Chengzu died, the land of Guizhou was listed as Chief Secretary.Afterwards, the An family in Shuixi, the Song family in Shuidong, and the Yang family in Bozhou (Shuixi and Shuidong are in charge of the new chieftains near Guiyang. Bozhou, today's Zunyi County), also repeatedly raised troops, and then settled down.As for Gutian in Guilin, Guangxi, Fujiang in Pingle, Dateng Gorge in Xunzhou, and Cenxi in Wuzhou, the Ming Dynasty also spent a lot of troops.In Yunnan, Dali has been an independent country since the Tang Dynasty, and it was not destroyed until the Yuan Dynasty.At that time, the schools in Yunnan did not know how to worship Confucius, but they worshiped Wang Xizhi of the Jin Dynasty, and the currency used was sea mussels.Most of the provinces use native officials, and even if Zhengyin is a floating official, they must also use native officials as their deputy.However, since the establishment of the chieftain system in the Yuan Dynasty, the management of the various ethnic groups in the southwest by our family has gone further.Its system: I will give the name of a certain division to the chiefs of foreign races who surrender, such as Xuanwei Division, Recruiting Division, etc., which are called Chieftains.Those who rebel, abuse the people, or attack each other will use political means or military force to control them, and reassign Chinese people to govern their lands.During the Ming Dynasty, many of the southwestern provinces were gradually changed, and the political power and the colonization of the people made great progress.So by the end of Ming Dynasty, it could be used as a base for resisting the enemy.After the death of Emperor Longwu, the Ming people established his younger brother Yu in Guangzhou, who was destroyed by the rebel general Li Chengdong.Shenzong's grandson Guiwang Youlang ascended the throne of Zhaoqing as Emperor Yongli, and was also forced by Chengdong to retreat to Guilin.The Qing Dynasty sent generals Kong Youde, Shang Kexi and Geng Zhongming to Hunan, and Jin Shenghuan to Jiangxi.Shenghuan and Chengdong turned around.Ming soldiers took the opportunity to return to Hunan, and southern and eastern Sichuan also came to join.King Gui once owned the seven provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Sichuan. However, Shenghuan and Chengdong were repeaters and incompetent. They were defeated soon, and Hunan was also lost.Qing soldiers invaded Guilin, Emperor Yongli fled to Nanning, and sent envoys to make Zhang Xianzhong's remaining party Sun Kewang the king of Qin.Although Kewang is no more than a bandit, his army has been battled for a long time, and its combat effectiveness is stronger after all.It is expected that Liu Wenxiu, his party, will attack Sichuan, and Wu Sangui will be defeated and flee to Hanzhong.Li Dingguo attacked Guilin, and Kong Youde executed him.The Qing Dynasty sent Hong Chengchou to guard Changsha, Shang Kexi to guard Guangdong, and sent troops to Baoning to guard northern Sichuan, but had no intention of advancing.However, because Emperor Yongli was expected to be domineering, he secretly summoned Li Dingguo, who was expected to attack Dingguo, be defeated, and return to the Qing Dynasty.Because of this, Hong Chengchou asked for a big deal. In 1658, Qing soldiers entered Yunnan in three ways.Dingguo fought hard at Beipanjiang, and was invincible, so Emperor Yongli marched across the river, subdued the elite soldiers, and defeated the Qing pursuers at Gaoligong Mountain.The Qing soldiers returned.Ding Guoxuan enshrined Emperor Yongli into Burma. In 1661, Wu Sangui sent 100,000 troops out of the border, and the Burmese joined the Sangui army under the honor of Emperor Yongli.Next year, he will be killed and Ming will perish.When Emperor Yongli entered Burma, Liu Wenxiu had already died.Dingguo and his party, Bai Wenxuan, went to Myanmar in order to recover, but they all died.Although Dingguo and others were robbers at the beginning, they were so loyal to the country and the nation in the evening, which really made Hong Chengchou, Wu Sangui and others ashamed to death.

Although the Han nationality has no base on the mainland, there are still people in the southern part of the sky who still keep the clothes of the previous country, and it is Zheng Chenggong.Zheng Chenggong is the son of Zheng Zhilong.Zhilong was originally a pirate and was recruited by the Ming Dynasty.When the Qing soldiers entered Fujian, Zhilong Yinxing passed the money, resulting in the defeat of Emperor Longwu.Successful but unwilling to treason, retreated to Xiamen, trained troops and built ships as a plan for recovery.King Lu was attacked by Qing soldiers and lost Zhoushan, so he also went to Xiamen to rely on him.When the Qing soldiers entered Yunnan, they successfully entered the river in a large scale and forced Jiangning directly.Later, Taiwan was seized from the Dutch, and it was farming, training soldiers, enacting laws, and setting up schools, making it the size of an independent country.The Qing Dynasty's pacification of the Southwest originally depended entirely on the power of surrendered generals, so after the event was settled, the Qing Dynasty could not rule directly. It was named Shang Kexi in Guangdong, Geng Zhongming's son Jimao in Fujian, and Wu Sangui in Yunnan, which became the San Francisco.Among the San Francisco, Wu Sangui has the highest merit and the strongest soldiers. In 1673, due to his old age, Shang Kexi handed over the military affairs to his son's letter, but was controlled by him. He asked to withdraw the domain, and the Qing people agreed.Geng Jingzhong, the son of Sangui and Geng Jimao, is not at ease, so he also asks to withdraw the feudal clan to see the court's will.At that time, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty was dead, and Zishengzu was on the throne. He was young and vigorous, and he arbitrarily promised him, so Sangui rebelled against the Qing Dynasty.Geng and Shang also raised their troops one after another.The Qing Dynasty was in the southwest, and had no strength at all. Three Guizhou raised troops, while Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, and Guangxi all fell.But Sangui was in a slump, and he could not abandon Yunnan to the north. He wanted to send troops to help Shaanxi, but he was too late. He only occupied Hunan and confronted the Qing soldiers; Levying wages and rebelling against the Qing Dynasty, the soldiers of Sangui were frowning day by day. In 1678, Sangui proclaimed himself emperor in Hengzhou.After Xuan died, all the generals departed, and his grandson Shifan was destroyed by the Qing people in 1681.The Qing pacification of the Southwest was already an accident, so how can we spare any more energy to covet the southeast and overseas lands?So in the Qing Dynasty, it was time to make peace with the Zheng family, and let him not shave his hair, so that he would not be easy to dress.But another surrender will cause trouble.First, Zheng Chenggong died in 1662, and Zi Jing attacked. At the beginning, he fought against Geng's family, and once slightly won the land of Zhang and Quan.Later, it lost Xiamen and returned to Taiwan.It sent Shi Lang to the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing people were used as admirals. In 1681, Zheng Jing died, internal deviation. In 1683, Shi Lang crossed the sea and entered Taiwan, and the Zheng family died.