Chapter 18 Chapter 15 Situation in the Early Jin Dynasty

Wu and Shu perished, and the world returned to unity, but the source of chaos was lurking.What is the source of this disorder? Since the later Han Dynasty, the discipline of politics has been dismantled for a long time, as can be seen from the description in Chapter 13.If the political discipline is to be restored, the most important thing is to implement strict laws and regulations.Both Emperor Wu of Wei and Zhuge Liang achieved temporary results in this way.However, one or two strict politicians could not bring back the declining trend in society, and in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Gangji declined again.Just look at the style of Qingtan, which started from Zhengshi (the reign of Wang Fang of Wei Qi, from 240 to 248 AD), went even worse in the early Jin Dynasty, and continued until the end of the Southern Dynasty.The so-called clear talk is about metaphysics.For the content of metaphysics, please see Chapter 53.Talking about metaphysics is not a bad thing. In terms of ideology, metaphysics is much superior to Confucianism in the Han Dynasty.But knowledge is knowledge, and facts are facts.It is impossible for ordinary people to ignore practical problems because of learning, not to mention that many of those who despised reality because of talking about mysteries at that time were state officials, and what they abandoned were political positions?

The Taoists of the Han Dynasty believed in Huang and Lao, and they talked about the magic of quietness and undisturbance, so that the people can live in peace.People after the Wei and Jin Dynasties believed in Lao and Zhuang, and their purpose was to let their hearts and minds do their best.The cunning emphasizes the technique of avoidance, and develops an irresponsible style.The cowardly escape from reality in order to relieve pain.The decadent simply despises the spirit and only seeks material happiness.After all, people are more realistic, and material things are easy to make people addicted, so the trend of luxury prevails.When Cao Shuang was in power, he quoted a group of celebrities.Although they failed to make a difference due to the failure of the political battle, judging from the fragmentary materials, they have a reform plan, and the plan is quite ambitious (for example, Xia Houxuan proposed to abolish the county, he pointed out that the county is already a It is for the purpose of repression, not to govern civil affairs. People who have always talked about the official system have not paid so much attention to the rule of the people).It is difficult for us to know the reason for the failure of Cao Shuang and others, but luxury is undoubtedly one of the reasons.The Sima family rose up in place of Cao Shuang. The Sima family was a warrior. A warrior does not know righteousness and law.He Zeng, Shi Chong and others are representatives of this era.

Employment in the feudal era originally valued rank.After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the world was changing rapidly, and tourists gradually rose up and took the seat of the nobles.Among the Seven Kingdoms, Qin is the most capable of appointing tourists, as can be seen from reading Li Si's "Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests".After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six kingdoms, he still maintained this political habit, so Li Si was able to be a prime minister and won the trust of the first emperor.Henkel started on foot, and for a while there were generals, ministers, officials with many knives and pens, or people from poor families who had no way to go, let alone flow.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty listened to Dong Zhongshu's words and reformed the selection method. Doctors, doctoral disciples, high-ranking officials in the county and the country, and scholars and filial piety inspected by the prefectures and counties all came from a wide range of places and various classes.The promotion of other people who use letters to speak out, as well as the recruitment of the imperial court and various agencies, are also based on talents.Although it is unavoidable to use false reputation and quote people who are good at running sports, it is different from those who occupy high positions in the world.Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the clan system has been gradually formed, and its influence extends to elections. Most of the high positions are occupied by nobles, starting from the more energetic people in the middle and lower classes. There are fewer opportunities to participate in politics, and politics is naturally corrupt.As mentioned in the previous chapter, during the Three Kingdoms period, the ethos of southern scholar-officials was quite aggressive.From the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, dating back to the end of the Later Han Dynasty, in less than a hundred years, Zhou Yu, Lu Su, Lu Meng, Lu Xun and other figures may not have been absent (Zhou Chu at the beginning of the Jin Dynasty was a southerner, and he was very martial).If the Jin Dynasty could use more of this group of people after the Yuan Emperor's eastward journey, then in addition to fighting the country's chaos, it would be effective to show the nation's hatred of enemies.However, the power was always controlled by the nobles who moved from the north to the south, so that people like Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty did not appear on the political stage until the end of the Jin Dynasty, which was also a great loss.

Confucianism prevailed during the Han Dynasty.Confucianism is a product of the feudal era, and it is quite devoted to the righteousness of the monarch and his ministers.During the Han Dynasty, this movement also achieved considerable results.At the end of the Han Dynasty, the politics were corrupt, and the generals with military power never dared to betray the imperial court (Speaking of "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Scholars").Conquering the world with the achievements of Emperor Wu of Wei, he still only dared to be King Wen of Zhou (see the "Notes" of the fifteenth year of Jian'an in "Three Kingdoms · Emperor Wu of Wei" quoted in the Decree of Jihai in December of that year, and these sentences are all true), That's it.The success of the Sima family is due to the cunning and ignorant warlord gaining power ("Book of Jin·Xuan Di Ji" says: "When Emperor Ming was in charge, Wang Dao sat at the table, and the emperor asked about his previous life to win the world. Township official affairs. Emperor Ming put his face on the bed and said: "If it is as the public says, Jin Zuo's restoration will be long-term?"" Sima's words can be seen), and the atmosphere has changed rapidly since then.The same is true of the monarchs of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen.Even if the luck is short, it is not enough to make people loyal.The habit of employing people is established, the children of nobles and wanderers, they are born to be good officials, riches and honors are my own, and dynasties change, but this group of people does not change, so that "the idea of ​​​​loyalty to the emperor is dead, and the idea of ​​​​protecting the family is gone." (Speaking of the "Southern History Chu Yuan Biography").The Chinese regard their country as the world, and the concept of the country is not very developed; although the five chaos and chaos have aroused nationalism a little, they have not yet been able to flourish; , politics has become even more lifeless.

Although there were so-called captains in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the power to dispatch troops and command belonged to the prefect.What was in place at that time was a militia system, and there were no troops gathered at ordinary times; the size of a county was not enough to betray the central government, so Liu Zongyuan said, "There is treason to the country, but not to the county" (see his book "On Feudalism").Since the governor of the state became the governor of the state, the territory began to grow; that is, those who are still called the governor of the governor have the same power as the governor of the state;Emperor Wu of Jin was well aware of its disadvantages. After he defeated Wu, he ordered the military power of the governor to be restored to his supervisory position.However, it has been inherited for a long time, and it is difficult for people's hearts to change suddenly.After the peace of Wu, civil strife broke out soon, and the central government, regardless of the localities, still relied on the states and counties to suppress it on their own.

Since the unification of the Qin and Han Dynasties, domestic military struggles have ceased, and it is not necessary for everyone to be a soldier.If we talk about foreign expeditions, because the journey is long, time-consuming and unemployed, the economic loss of the people is too great, so relegation and relegation are often used.By the time of Guangwu in the later Han Dynasty, the provinces, prefectures, and countries were all captains, and the militia system was abolished.In the forty-fifth chapter, the industry has said it.The strength of a country does not depend solely on its soldiers. However, if most of the people have received considerable military training, when it comes to emergencies, the resistance they display cannot be underestimated.Since the later Han Dynasty, this condition has been lost. Instead, because of the convenience of the moment, the subdued aliens were used as soldiers, and the military power was held in the hands of the aliens, which became the direct cause of the chaos of the Five Hus.

The situation of the Five Hu in the early Jin Dynasty was as follows: 1. The Huns.Distributed in Bingzhou, which is now Shanxi Province.2. Capricornus.According to historical records, it is another species of Xiongnu, named after the Jieshi who lived in Shangdangwu Township (in today's Liao County, Shanxi).According to the word species in ancient books, it is not the meaning of race as it is now called.The meaning of the so-called species or caste in ancient books is equivalent to that of surname or clan.The Jie people have the custom of cremation, which is the same as Di and Qiang. It is suspected that they are a mixed race of Di, Qiang and Xiongnu, and most of them are Di and Qiang.The Jieshi is named after the Jie people who live here, not a branch of the Huns, and it is called Jie because of the place where the Jieshi lives.Three, Xianbei. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" said that Donghu was destroyed by the Xiongnu, and the rest of the people were divided into two mountains, Baowuwan and Xianbei, because of their names.In fact, I am afraid that the mountain is also named after the tribe.These two mountains should be in the area of ​​Sukesulu and Suoyueerji in eastern Mongolia today.Wuhuan is in the south and Xianbei is in the north.The Han Dynasty recruited Wuhuan to live in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong to defend the Xiongnu.In the Later Han Dynasty, the Northern Huns were defeated, and the Xianbei moved to their land.Its chief, Tan Shihuai, once controlled the land of present-day Mongolia for a while, connecting Puyu (who belonged to the raccoon family with Goguryeo in the east. Its capital is now Changchun County in Jilin Province) in the east and the Western Regions in the west.Therefore, Karasuma is closer to China, while Xianbei has a wider base.When Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fought, Karasuma attached Yuan Shao more.After the Yuan family was destroyed, Cao Cao attacked Liucheng (Han County, now Lingyuan County, Rehe).Since then, Wuhuan has declined, while Xianbei has spread from Liaodong in the east to Gansu in the west, and has become the largest and most widely distributed clan among the Five Hu.Four, low.The Di people originally lived in Wudu (that is, the land of Baima Di, now Chengxian County, Gansu). Emperor Wu of Wei was afraid that he would be used by the Shu people, so he moved him to Guanzhong.Five, Qiang.That is, after the rebellion in the later Han Dynasty.Both Di and Qiang were located in the Jing and Wei river basins.At that time, most of the Wuhu lived inside the Fortress, and some lived outside the Fortress, which was also very close to the Frontier Fortress.Most of them are scattered among the people, engaged in farming and weaving, but their arrogance has not disappeared, and the leaders of their tribes are ambitious and want to take the time to restore their old careers.Once the whistle gathers, "cover up the unsuspecting people and collect the wild accumulation" (Jiang Tong's "Yi Rong Lun"), the situation is not comparable to invading from outside the Great Wall.Therefore, Guo Qin, Jiang Tong and others wanted to take advantage of the initial determination of the world and use their troops to move them back to their hometowns.Although this is not a fundamental solution to the ethnic problem, it is also a temporary political solution, and Emperor Wu of Jin could not use it because of his follow-through.