Chapter 6 Chapter 3 Civilization in Ancient Times

As the Chinese saying goes, the earliest emperor was Pan Gu.Some ancient books say that he was born side by side with heaven and earth, and some say that after his death, his body changed into sun and moon, mountains and rivers, vegetation and so on. (Xu Zheng's "Sanwu Liji" said: "The heaven and earth are chaotic like chickens, and Pangu was born in it. Eight thousand years old, the heaven and the earth opened up, the sun is clear, the sky is cloudy, and the turbidity is the earth, and Pangu is in it... The sky is one foot high, The thickness of the earth is ten feet per day, and the length of Pangu is ten feet per day. So eight thousand years old, the number of days is extremely high, the number of land is extremely deep, and Pangu is extremely long." "Five Fortunes and Calendars" said: "The first Pangu was born, and the dying incarnation: Qi Cheng The wind and cloud, the sound is thunder, the left eye is the sun, the right eye is the moon, the four limbs and the five bodies are the four poles and the five mountains, the blood is the rivers, the tendons are the geography, the muscles are the fields, the mustaches are the stars, the fur is the vegetation, and the teeth are the bones. Gold and stone, the essence is pearls and jade, sweat is rain, and all the insects on the body are touched by the wind and turn into lilies.") This is naturally a connotation, which is not sufficient. "Book of the Later Han·Nanman Biography" said: In the Han Dynasty, the ancestors of Changsha and Wulingman (Changsha and Wuling are both the names of post-Han prefectures. Changsha, which governs Changsha County, Hunan Province today. Wuling, which governs Changde County, Hunan Province today), were called Panhu. It is the livestock dog of Emperor Ku Gaoxin's family.At that time, there was a dog Rong country, which was a disaster for China.Gao Xin ordered that whoever could win the head of General Quan Rong Wu would reward him ten thousand yi in gold and marry his daughter to him.After giving the order, Panhu took General Wu's head.So he carried the princess of the Gaoxin family on his back and walked into Nanshan, where he gave birth to six boys and six girls.Now in Guangxi, there are still people offering sacrifices to Pangu.The She people in Fujian and Zhejiang regard Panhu as their ancestor, and their portraits are still in the shape of dogs.Some people say: Pangu is Panhu, which seems to be true.However, it is recorded in the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" that it is only Changsha and Wuling. According to ancient books, the legend of Pangu is distributed in a very wide area, and there is no such thing as an emperor's beast (according to "Road History": there is Pangu in Huichang. There is Pangu Fortress in Xiangxiang, and there are Pangu Temples in Yu, as well as Pangu Temples in Chengdu, Huai'an, and Jingzhao. Huichang, Jiangxi Huichang County. Xiangxiang, now Xiangxiang County, Hunan. Yudu, now Jiangxi Yudu County. Chengdu, present-day Chengdu County, Sichuan. Huai'an, present-day Huai'an County, Jiangsu. Jingzhao, present-day Xijing), and whether Pangu and Panhu are one or two is still a question.If it is one, then Pangu was not the ancestor of the Chinese nation; if it is two, except for wild legends, there is no deeds to test, so we have to put it aside.

After Pangu, it is customary to think that the earliest emperors were the Three Emperors and the Five Emperors.The names of the Three Sovereigns and Five Sovereigns are found in the "Zhou Guan" Wai Shi's family, but it does not say who he is.Later, there were many different opinions (San Huang Yi said: "Bai Hu Tong" or said that there is no Sui Ren but Zhu Rong. "Book of Rites Qu Li Zhengyi" said: Zheng Xuan's annotation "Zhonghou Chi Provincial Map" quoted "Yun Dou Shu" According to "Huainanzi·Tianwenxun", "Lanmingxun", "Lunheng·Talking the Sky" and "Shungu", it is said that the Gonggong family touches the mountain of Zhou, and the Tianzhu breaks. , Diwei lacks, Nuwa smelts five-color stones to mend the sky, and broken Ao is enough to set up the four poles. Sima Zhen's "Ben Ji of the Three Emperors" says that Gonggong and Zhu Rong are fighting, so Nuwa and Zhu Rong are one person. Zhu Rong is the god of fire , the Suiren invented fire by drilling wood, so it can be seen that they are still a tribe. The Five Emperors said: The ancient scholars of the Han Dynasty added a Shaohao between the Yellow Emperor and Zhuanxu, so the Five Emperors became six. Zheng Xuan Annotation of "Zhonghou Chishengtu" means that the five emperors of Dehe can be called emperors by sitting on the star, so "there are actually six people and five". However, it is always far-fetched. The Preface to the Biography of Anguo removed the Suiren among the Three Emperors, and promoted the Yellow Emperor to be the Three Emperors, so that the six people became five, and he made up for it. Believe it or not, the theory of the ancient scholars of the Eastern Han Dynasty has not yet been overthrown. But the ancient scholars said this, but they wanted to change the five virtues from the beginning to the end. There is no difference in fact, but the means are even clumsier. According to the theory of the end and beginning of the five virtues, it was created by Zou Yan, and it was originally based on the order of the five elements. According to him, it is Yu Tu, Xia Mu, Yin Jin, and Zhou Huo, so Qin Shihuang regarded himself as the virtue of water, and at the beginning of the Han Dynasty, he regarded himself as the virtue of earth. When Liu Xiang and his son came out, they changed the order of the five virtues to the five elements, and Han was the queen of Yao. The title of the Yellow Emperor was Huang, and yellow was the color of earth. Earth virtue cannot be changed. Thus, according to the old order of the five emperors, Zhuanxu Jinde, Emperor Ku water virtue, and Yao are wood virtues, which are different from Han virtues. Adding one Shaohao to Jin virtue, Zhuanxu water virtue, Emperor Ku Mude, Yao is Fire Virtue, the same as Han; after Yao, Yu Tu, Xia Jin, Yin Shui, Zhou Mu, and Han inherited it with Fire Virtue, and Qin people were regarded as intercalary, not included in the Five Virtues The order of succession. This is a new theory of the beginning and end of the five virtues that occurred at the end of the former Han Dynasty and completed in the later Han Dynasty. There is no doubt about it), and the older ones are the "Customs of Customs" citing "Hanwenjia", which regards Suiren, Fuxi, and Shennong as the three emperors, and "Historical Records The Five Emperors" uses Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Diku, Yao, Shun is the theory of the Five Emperors.Suiren, Fuxi, and Shennong are not "connected to each other", while the five emperors have lineages to test.

According to "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors" and "The Book of Rites of the Great Dai: The Lineage of Emperors", the system is as follows: According to the theory of the five emperors, it originated from the beginning and end of the five virtues, and the theory of the end and beginning of the five virtues was created by Zou Yan. Zou Yan was from Qi. study.In ancient times, no emperor was inherited from generation to generation; even if the lineage of a country is relatively continuous, it must be after Xia.The historians of the Xia and Yin dynasties and later generations all believed that they were the co-lords at that time, and they were also caught in anachronisms.According to "Historical Records Xia Benji" and "Historical Records Yin Benji", if Ming and Ming are still prosperous, the princes will come to the court, and if they are declining, the princes will not come, let alone Tang and Yu?Therefore, the Three Emperors and the Five Emperors are just an ancient historical system created by later generations. In fact, I am afraid that this is not the case at all.However, since the Xia Dynasty, the lineage of a country has been slightly testable; and since the Yellow Emperor, there have been some inaccurate lineages among the emperors, which can always be used to infer the general outline of ancient history.

The titles of ancient emperors included the so-called virtue name and place name (for Fu Qian’s theory, see "Book of Rites Yueling" and "Shu"). Based on the place of residence.According to the names of ancient countries and places, they were often mixed with the names of tribes, and they could also migrate with the tribes. Therefore, although there were place names, it was still difficult to say where the tribes were.As for the German name, it only represents a certain stage of social civilization; or a certain tribe is good at a certain cause; and its location is unknown, and its truth that can be tested is even less.However, since these legends exist, they can be used as a basis for speculation.Among the legendary emperors, the Youchao clan and the Suiren clan were the earliest ones who showed signs of social evolution.There is a Chao family who teaches people to build wood for nests, and a Suiren family who teaches people to drill wood to make fire, as seen in "Five Beetles" in "Han Feizi".Later, Fuxi and Shennong.Fuxi's family began to draw gossip, made knotted ropes and made them into nets, and used them as tenants for fishing; Shennong's cut wood for plows, kneaded wood for Lei, and Japan and China for the market, which can be found in Xi Ci Zhuan.Youchao, Suiren, and Shennong are all virtues, which is obvious.Fu Xi's family, "Yi Zhuan" as Bao Xi's family, Bao Fu's turn.According to "Customs of Customs", "Han Wen Jia" is quoted as the meaning of "subduing and transforming", and Xi Hua is also a word.He started painting gossip, probably very authoritative in religion, and there is no doubt that he is a name of virtue.These are just a stage of social evolution, whether there are people or not is unknown.However, the evolution of each tribe will not be at the same time. It is possible for a certain tribe to advance particularly early for a certain culture.In this way, although we cannot say that there were indeed emperors who invented nesting, making fire, farming, and farming in ancient times, we cannot deny that there was an advanced tribe for these undertakings.Since there is such a family, it is time and place to try to speculate.Fuxi was known as the Taihao family in ancient times, and the surname was Feng. According to the 21st year of Duke Xi in "Zuo Zhuan", the four kingdoms of Ren, Su, Xuju, and Zhuanyu are his descendants.Ren is in Jining County in today's Shandong Province, Su and Xuju are both in Dongping County, and Zhuanyu is in Fei County.Shennong, "Book of Rites Yueling" and "Shu" quoted "Spring and Autumn Shuo", called Dating's. "Zuo Zhuan" in the eighteenth year of Zhaogong, there was a library of the Dating family in Lu.The capital of the State of Lu, which is now Qufu County, Shandong Province ("Emperor Century" said that Fuxi's capital was Chen, but it was attached because the Zuo family had the words "Chen Taihao's Market", which is not credible, see below. It was attached because it inherited Fuxi).However, Fuxi and Shennong are both located in the southeast of today's Shandong Province, which is quite consistent with the ancient base of the Han nationality inferred in Chapter 1.

Shennong was also known as Emperor Yan, and after Emperor Yan he was called Yellow Emperor. During the period between Yan and Huang, there was a battle that can be seen. The situation in ancient history is more clear. "Historical Records The Book of the Five Emperors" said: Shennong's family declined in the world, princes invaded each other, Fu Neng conquered, and Chiyou's family was the most violent. "The Yellow Emperor conquered the princes, fought with Chi You in the wild of Zhuolu, and captured and killed Chi You." He also said: "Emperor Yan wanted to invade the princes of the mausoleum, and the princes returned to Xuanyuan." In other books, it is also called Xuanyuan's family. According to the so-called name in ancient books, it includes all titles, not limited to the name.) Xuanyuan "fighted with Emperor Yan in the field of Banquan, fought three times, and then won his ambition".It is somewhat contradictory. "The Benji of the Five Emperors" in "Historical Records" and "The Virtue of the Five Emperors" in "The Book of Rites of the Great Dai" are similar, but here in the "Book of Rites of the Great Dai", they only fought against Emperor Yan in Banquan, and did not fight against Chi You About Zhuolu.Shennong and Chiyou both have the surname Jiang. "Book of Zhou·Historical Records" says that "the Banquan family moved to Dulu", and it is also obvious that Dulu is Zhuolu.However, Chiyou and Emperor Yan are one person, and Zhuolu and Banquan are also one place. "Taiping Yulan Zhoujunbu" quoted "Emperor Century" and quoted "Shiben", saying that Zhuolu is in the south of Pengcheng, and Pengcheng is Tongshan County in present-day Jiangsu (Fuqian calls Zhuolu the Zhuojun of Han Dynasty, which is now Zhuolu in Hebei) County. Huangfu Mi and Zhang Yan said that they were in Shanggu, because there was Zhuolu County in Shanggu County in the Han Dynasty. They are all based on the place names of later generations, which is not credible. Zhuolu County in Han Dynasty is now Zhuolu County in Chahar). "Shiben" is an ancient book, and it is more credible, but the Han nationality is developing at the time, and it is still not far from the southeast of Shandong.After the Yellow Emperor came Zhuanxu, and after Zhuanxu came Diku. This is the old order of the Five Emperors.Later generations added a Shaohao during this period, which is to change the order of the five virtues from the beginning to the end to the mutual generation, and also to take into account that the Han Dynasty was full of fire and virtue, so there is no further discussion.However, there is no doubt that the tribes that have been passed down and considered to be co-lords by later generations were always stronger in ancient times, and their deeds are still worthy of research. "Historical Records·Zhou Benji Zhengyi" quotes "Emperor Century" and says: Emperor Yan, Huangdi, and Shaohao all lived in Qufu, while the Yellow Emperor ascended the throne from Qiongsang, the Shaohao clan lived in Qiongsang, and Zhuanxu began to capitalize in Qiongsang , Relocated to Diqiu.It says "Qiangsang is in the north of Lu, or Yunqiongsang is Qufu". "Emperor's Century" has always been regarded as an unreliable book, but it is only because of its influence. The materials in it are still from ancient books. As long as the conclusions are not credulous, the materials can still be used. "Zuo Zhuan" said that in the fourth year of Dinggong, Boqin was sealed at the ruins of Shaohao, and in the 20th year of Zhaogong, it was said: "The Shaohao family has four uncles, who will not neglect their duties in the world, so they help the poor." It is not without evidence that the family is all Yu Lu.Diqiudi is located in today's Puyang County, Hebei Province, and was later the capital of the Wei State.The theory of Zhuanxu's migration to Emperor Qiu was attached to the "Zuo Zhuan" in the seventeenth year of Emperor Zhaogong's "Wei Zhuanxu's emptiness". "Zhu Rong's emptiness" is combined, and Dachen, in any case, cannot be said to be the name of a person or a country (nearly known as the Chen Kingdom on the Korean Peninsula in the "Hou Han Shu", the evidence is too scarce), so Taihao, Zhurong, and Zhuanxu are also related. It is not credible at all to say that Zhuanxu moved his capital to Emperor Qiu as a god of heaven. "Historical Records: The Benji of the Five Emperors" said: "Leizu gave birth to two sons, the concubine of the Yellow Emperor, and they all had the world. The first one is Xuanxiao, which is Qingyang, and Qingyang descended to the river." This is what later generations refer to as Shaohao . "The second is Changyi, which descends to Ruoshui and gives birth to Gaoyang." Gaoyang is the emperor Zhuanxu.Later generations used today's Jinsha River to interpret the river water in this article, and the Yalong River interpreted this article as water. This is a big mistake.In ancient times, the water in the south was called Jiang. "Historical Records·Yin Benji" quoted "Tang Gao" and said that "the east is the river, the north is the economy, the west is the river, and the south is the Huai River. The Yangtze River (Huai, Si, and Ru do not enter the river, and "Mencius Teng Wengong Part 1" said that Yu "decided against Ru and Han, excluded Huai, Si, and poured into the river", which is also because of this). "Lu Lan Ancient Music Pian" said: "Emperor Zhuanxu was born like water, and he lived in Kongsang, so he became emperor." It can be seen that Ruoshui is actually similar to Kongsang. "Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Jing" said: "In the South China Sea, between the black water and the green water, there is a tree, the name is like a tree, if the water comes out." It is still a mulberry character, and it is specially shaped like a root. Later generations think that if the character is actually wrong. Ruomu in "Chu Songs" is also regarded as mulberry, that is, Fusang in mythology, in the place where the sun rises (according to Wang Yun, see "Shuowen Shili").However, Zhuanxu and Diku are still in the east.

After Zhuanxu came Yao, after Yao came Shun, and after Shun Yu.The succession of Yao, Shun, and Yu, according to Confucian legends, was purely out of public interest, which is the so-called "abdication", also known as "official world".However, "Zhuangzi Robber Zhipian" has the saying that Yao killed the eldest son, "Lu Lan Qusish" and "Seeking for Help" both say that Yao had ten sons, while "Mencius Wanzhang Part 1" and "Huainanzi "Thai Clan Training", it is said that Yao had only nine sons, much like Yao's eldest son was killed (Yu Zhengxie was suspicious of this, see the book "Guisi Lei Manu·祡证").Later, "Bamboo Book Chronicles" also said that Shun imprisoned Yao and blocked Danzhu so that he would not meet Yao.Because of Liu Zhiji's "Suspecting the Ancients", he regarded the succession of Yao, Shun, and Yu as the same as the usurpation of later generations.In fact, it is not the truth.The ancient monarchy is different from the throne, as it has been said in the thirty-ninth chapter.The succession of Yao, Shun, and Yu is the throne, not the throne, just like the Khan throne in Mongolia since Genghis Khan.The Khans after Genghis Khan were also selected by the public (see Chapter 27 for details).The previous king was old and had to appoint someone to replace him. It can be seen that at this time the various tribes have a relatively close relationship, so the position of co-lord cannot be vacant.Since the Xia Dynasty, it has been passed down from father to son, and the ancients called it "family world". It can be seen that a tribe that was promoted as king has gradually become stronger and can occupy the throne for a long time.

There seems to be another major event among Yao, Shun, and Yu, and that is the beginning of the Han nationality's westward migration.Ancient books have repeatedly mentioned the struggle between Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Yao, Shun, Yu, Gonggong, and Sanmiao ("Huainanzi·Tianwen Xun" and "Binglue Xun" all say that Gonggong and Zhuanxu are fighting, "Yuan Daoxun" It is said that Gonggong was fighting with Emperor Ku. "Book of Zhou·Historical Records" said: Gonggong died in the Tang family. "Book of Songs Yao Dian" said: Shun Liu Gonggong was in Youzhou. "Xunzi·Yibing Pian" said: Yu conquered Gonggong. "Shu Jing·Yao Dian" also said: Shun moved the three Miao people to Sanwei. "Fu Xing" said: "The emperor suppressed the Miao people, and there is no world left." The emperor, "Shu" quoted Zheng's annotation as Zhuanxu is consistent with "Guoyu" and "Chuyu". "Warring States · Wei Ce", "Mozi" "Jian Ai", "Fei Gong", "Han Feizi" "Five Beetles" also contain Yu Zheng The matter of the three seedlings).Gonggong and Sanmiao are both countries with the surname Jiang. It seems that the dispute between Ji and Jiang has been going on for generations, and the result is that the surname Ji wins.In my opinion, not so. "Guoyu·Zhouyu" said: "Gonggong wanted to block up and prevent hundreds of rivers, and fell to the high and humble. Gun claimed that it was Gonggong's fault, and Yu was high and low, dredging the river and leading the stagnation." It seems that Gonggong and Gun are the capital of water control. It was a failure, and Zhiyu changed his method.However, "Book of Rites · Sacrificial Law and Virtue" says that "the Gonggong clan dominated Kyushu, and its son, Houtu, was able to level Kyushu." Therefore, the Gonggong clan's achievements in water control are actually comparable to those of Yu.Later generations said that Yu's achievements in water control and the territory of Tang, Yu, and Xia were mostly based on the "Yu Gong" in "Book of Books". "Gao Taomo" in "Book of Books" contains Yu's self-reported achievements in water control: "I will decide the Jiuchuan, away from the four seas, and dredge the rivers and rivers." Jiuchuan has a lot of words.The word 海 in the four seas means darkness.In ancient times, transportation was inconvenient, and the tribes were often hostile to each other. The situation outside the tribe was ambiguous, so Yi, Man, Rong, and Di were called the four seas (see "Erya · Shidi", two sides of Northwest China There is no sea, but the ancient name of the four seas is based on this).Zhouzhou is originally a character, which is the current island character, see Chapter 50 for details. "Shuowen" Chuanbu: "States, people who can live in the water. In the past, Yao was flooded, and the dwellings were high in the water, so it was called Kyushu." As mentioned above, it spans the two basins of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.People of the same age had roughly the same knowledge. Whether Yu's water control can change Gonggong's and Gun's methods is really a question.The methods of fortification and diversion, within a small area, probably Gong Gong, Gun, and Yu, all of them must be used together.However, since the area is small, no matter whether it is fortified or dredged, it will never restore the general trend of the flood. Therefore, I suspect that Gong Gong, Gun, and Yu, although they worked successively, failed to solve the flood. branch, and began to move westward.Yao's capital city is said to be in Jinyang, which is now Taiyuan County in Shanxi Province.Zheng Xuan's "Shipu" said that he moved to Pingyang later, in Linfen County, Shanxi today. "Emperor Century" said that Puban, the capital of Shun, was in Yongji County, Shanxi today.It is also said that Pingyang, the capital of Yu, was either in Anyi or Jinyang. Anyi is Xia County in Shanxi today.This is all because of the later city and the attachment. "Taiping Yulan Zhoujunbu" quoted "Shiben" and said: Yao's capital moved to Zhuolu afterward; "Mencius Lilou Part 2" said: "Shun was born in Zhufeng, moved to Negxia, and died in Mingtiao" .These are all old sayings.Zhuolu said in Pengcheng that he had seen him.It is difficult to confirm Zhufeng, Negxia and Mingtiao.However, Mingtiao is where Tang released Jie later, and Jie walked from west to east at that time, so Mingtiao must also be in the east.And "Book of Zhou Duyi Jie" said: "Since Luorui extended to Yirui, the residence has no solidity, and it has the residence of Xia." Although this is not Yu's capital, since Yu's son Kai, it has not I heard that there was a struggle with Gonggong and Sanmiao, so it seems that the Xia Dynasty gradually moved westward after Yu, and there seems to be no doubt.However, from the Yellow Emperor to Yu, the victory of the Jiang tribe's battle is probably just the Ji tribe's own exaggeration, but only the legend of the Ji tribe survives, and later generations will regard it as fact.Why is there only the legend of the tribe with the surname Ji left behind?There is still a key.Around that time, the floods in the east were very severe, and the water conservancy was also quite generous.Because of its abundant water conservancy, it has become the birthplace of the Han nationality.Because of the severe flooding, Gonggong, Gun, and Yu all performed meritorious service one after another, but there was nothing they could do.Yu's westward migration was probably to avoid floods.At that time, the land in the west must be barren compared with the east, so they would not move until the time when water and water treatment failed.However, after the migration, due to the barren land, more manpower had to be used, and the level of civilization improved accordingly, while the tribes who stayed in their homeland fell behind.This is why since the Xia Dynasty, the history of the west has been more detailed, while the history of the east has been more ambiguous.However, the westward migration of the Xia Dynasty was indeed a turning point in ancient history, and the Xia Dynasty was indeed a boundary in ancient history.