Chapter 68 Chapter 67

Minjiang is the mother river that feeds Fujian people with all her blood. Originating in the Wuyi Mountains, the drops of clear springs and trickles drip from the leaves and burst out from the crevices of the rocks, and gradually merge into small streams, and the small streams merge into big streams. Therefore, the Minjiang River The source is composed of such well-known streams: Chongyang Creek, Nanpu Creek, Songxi Creek, Jinxi Creek, Shaxi Creek, Gutian Creek, You Creek, Futun Creek, Jian Creek, etc., which are distributed in Fujian Between the mountains in the north and the east, the Futun River, Shaxi River and Jianxi River converge in Nanping as a symbol to form the endlessly flowing Minjiang River, which finally divides into two parts in the west of Fuzhou City, the capital of Fujian Province: The north one is called Minjiang Beigang, also known as Bailong River, which runs through the old city of Fuzhou; the south one, called Minjiang River, also known as Wulong River, runs through the new city of Fuzhou. The rivers converge again and pour into the sea—the Taiwan Strait.

This is the blood of the Minjiang River. All the main streams and tributaries are distributed in the province of Fujian, with a total length of 577 kilometers, flowing through 36 counties and cities, moistening and irrigating one-half of the land in Fujian, and nurturing generations of children. Fujian children. I am a foreigner who came to the Minjiang River from the Fuhe River in Jiangxi. I drank more water from the Minjiang River than the Fuhe River, and for a longer time. The Minjiang mother accepted me as a foreigner with her beauty and generosity for a long time. mother river.The first sentence in the daily diary is: "Get up early and go to the island for a quick walk." This so-called island is an island surrounded by Minjiang River on three sides. The Oasis Home Community where I live calls it "Oasis Village" ".This 500-acre island surrounded by 3,000 meters of water led me to the riverside and to my mother's arms every day.Walking quickly, looking at the river, I don’t know how kind it is... Everyday life starts from the quiet water of the Minjiang River.

This is a small poem in the famous book "Stars" by Bing Xin, a modern literary master from Fuzhou. "The green river" refers to the Minjiang River. This is Bing Xin's impression at the beginning of the last century.Until now, the green color of the river is still maintained. At the door of my house, as soon as I bend down and bow my head, I can see the green water of the Minjiang River. Under the lotus and water lilies in the water, there are small white stripes and water lilies swimming by from time to time. Big white saury.Sometimes, after a long business trip, the emerald green water of the Minjiang River is what makes me miss and boast the most.

Naturally, it’s not that it’s pure as before, it’s not that it can’t complain, it’s just that after a century of changes in the development of modern society, wars, disasters, large-scale steelmaking, deforestation, water conservancy construction, interception and power generation, life and production Sewage and turbid water, as well as trains roaring past every day, leaving countless white garbage, which one is not sprinkled on the mother river?Even so, the Minjiang River, which is neither humble nor overbearing, still maintains its clarity and greenness with tenacity and vitality! Can you not be grateful to the mother river?

The pollution of water resources is the evil result of the development of modern industry, and no one in the world is spared.When Britain's large-scale industry developed, London became a city of fog, and their mother river, the Thames, became a sewage ditch with a stinky smell. We can still smell this smell in the works of critics of realism; The United States is really vast and rich in resources, but in the wave of economic development in the 19th century, many rivers also caused devastating damage. Only when the mineral deposits in the Allacian Mountains were excavated, the rivers were diverted one by one, even the Central University of California. In the river valley, every summer, the vegetation dies, "it's as if every plant has gone into the oven." Therefore, there is Henry David Thoreau, the first awakened environmentalist, and John Mew you.When Japan's economy took off, a large amount of industrial sewage was discharged into the sea and rivers. The "Minamata Disease" in Minamata Bay caused by heavy metal pollution has become one of the eight major public hazards in the world. In 2007, the World Wildlife Fund [WWF] listed the top ten most dangerous rivers in the world. They are: Salween River [Salween-Nu], La Plata River [LaPlata], Danube River [Danube], Grande River [RioGrande-RioBravo], Ganges [Ganges], Murray-Darling River, Indus River, Nile River, Yangtze River and Mekong River-Lancang River [Mekong-Lancang].The Yangtze River looms large, and its dangers mainly come from pollution. The report said: [Yangtze River] “The annual discharge of sewage and industrial wastewater into the river has reached about 25 billion tons, which is 42% of the country’s total sewage discharge and 45% of the total industrial discharge.” %.” In the past, the Yangtze River was so clear and pure that people could even appreciate the scene of a pen sinking into the bottom of the river, but now it has become so yellow and dirty.There are also rivers and lakes such as Taihu Lake, Dianchi Lake, Songhua River, Huaihe River, etc., which have been polluted in the past 20 years, which is shocking!

Human civilization was born on the banks of rivers.For thousands of years, the relationship between human beings and rivers has been harmonious and natural.However, the whole world has changed the harmonious ecological system more rapidly and extensively than any other period in history in the past half century and China in the past 20 years. The rapid growth of population, economic development and industrialization have led to fresh water Unprecedented changes in ecosystems and corresponding loss of biodiversity.Today, 41% of the world's population lives in water-stressed river basins.In such a big environment, Minjiang can maintain her appearance today, and I don't know how many people have worked hard for her.Whether on a business trip abroad or at home, every time I make my own oolong tea in a hotel, I miss the Minjiang River flowing in front of my house.

In the history of China, there is a special ethnic group that is not a minority, but is an independent and special ethnic group in the water, called "Dan people".They are distributed in the coastal provinces in southeastern my country, such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, and Zhejiang.They have always been the oppressed and exploited: they are only allowed to live on the water, they are not allowed to settle on land, they are not allowed to read, read, take exams, be officials, and they are not allowed to intermarry with Han people.Someone once wrote a poem chanting: "The boats in the world are the houses, and the bamboo is made of bamboo every year. In the ups and downs of the waves, we live in the sea and the sky. Snakes sacrifice to the family's wealth, and the dragon's house is good. I also carry oysters and wood, so I know you are peers." [Lin Youxi's "Various Custom Poems·Yong Zinghu"] According to the different occupations they are engaged in, Dan people generally fall into three categories: "Take a boat as a house, regard water as land, and those who float on the river and sea. There are three kinds of Qin: One is the fish snake, which is good at fishing with nets; the second is the oyster snake, which is good at harvesting oysters when there is no water; the third is the wood snake, which is good at cutting wood to obtain materials.” [Volume 3 of "Ling Wai Dai Answer"] Dan people have five surnames: "Mai, Pu , Wu, Su, He."

Most of the Dan people in Fujian live in the Fuzhou area and are the ancestors of the Minjiang River Basin.The Dan people in the history of Fujian have their own beliefs and worship, their ethnic consciousness and ethics, their customs and habits, their entertainment methods, not to mention their lifestyle and production methods, and all of these, It's all about water. The marriage customs of Dan people are the link with the strongest inheritance of Fujian and Yue culture, including "elegant thief", "swearing at in-laws", "asking for the bride's urine", "youyue hall" and so on.Before liberation, the Dan people were always at the bottom and had no social status. Their marriages were usually "intra-clan marriages".If there is a girl waiting to be married in the family of the Dan people, they will usually plant a pot of flowers on the bow of the boat before the Dragon Boat Festival in May, which is called "saint flower".During this period, unmarried men can come and go freely in the cabin of unmarried women. When "elegant thieves" steal unmarried women's personal belongings [hairpins, handkerchiefs, etc.], and the woman is interested in "elegant thieves", the parents of both parties can negotiate a lifetime .If a woman has her own heart, after the Dragon Boat Festival, the "elegant thief" must return the "stolen" things. After the woman takes them back, the valuables will be passed through the "fire festival" , and turn the "stolen" thing on the fire twice] to get rid of the smell of someone you don't love.

Danmin's wedding is held on a boat in the Minjiang River, and the wedding will be held at midnight when the tide comes, and the bride will take a "sedan boat" instead of a sedan chair.Generally, the husband agrees that two boats will meet each other on a certain river, and the bride's family [father and brother] will help the bride to cross the boat or the elders will help the bride to cross the boat.When a woman gets married, she has to sing while crying. Those who can't sing have to learn a few months before the wedding. One is taught by their mother, and the other is learned from neighboring women when they get married.When the man's "sedan boat" arrives, the bride sits cross-legged on the bow of the boat with her mother and weeps to get married. While crying, she scolds her in-laws with the most vicious words. The bride calls the "sedan boat" and "coffin"... ...The bride's mother calls her in-laws "robbers" and "peerless"...Dan people believe that "the more fierce the curse, the more auspicious", it is actually a legacy of the ancient Yue people's primitive marriage snatching.

There is a custom of "begging the bride to urinate" in the weddings of Dan people in Minjiang.On the day of the wedding, the bride's sedan chair boat is sailing or mooring in the middle of the river. No matter which boats pass by, or whether they know each other or not, they can get on the sedan chair boat to beg for "bridal urine". "Bride's urine" refers to the home-made rice wine that is dowry by the natal family. Generally, the woman prepares a large barrel of wine and delivers it to the man in advance.The beggars only need to say a few words of congratulations [applause head], and then they can get on the sedan chair to drink. The more people beg for wine, the happier the man is, which shows that the bride is more popular, and Ding Biwang will be the successor.Dan people like to drink, which reflects their open-minded and open cultural mentality.

For the first time after marriage, Dan people in Fuzhou will place a "Moon Hall" in the cabin during the Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th.This custom may be related to the nature worship of the Minyue people [worshiping the moon god], and has the same origin as the custom of "worshiping the moon" in the mid-autumn festival of the Dai people in southwest China and "jumping the moon" [spring play] of the Miao people. Dan people's family concept is weak, and women are never widowed. When a widow is widowed, they usually find another husband or remarry.The weak concept of the Danmin family is also reflected in the fact that there is almost no custom of worshiping ancestors and sweeping tombs like the Han people.This is because the Dan people have been oppressed by the Han people for a long time, so they cannot bury their bodies on land, and often have to transport their bodies to deserted islands at sea for burial.The wandering life on the water, the long history of turmoil and change, and the relatively free marriage system have all resulted in the fact that the Dan people cannot have a clear family "pedigree" like the Han people on the shore, and the concept of natural family gradually tends to be indifferent. Although Dan people have difficulties in learning Chinese, it cannot conceal their natural love of singing and dancing.Dan people's literary and artistic life is mainly reflected in the "New Year greetings" and "pan poems" in the New Year's festival.Every year from the third day of the first lunar month to the Lantern Festival, the second day of February, and the third day of March, Dan people go door to door in groups led by elders to beg for seeds.They sang ditties while beating bamboo tubes, singing "December Flowers", "Ten White Fans", "New Year's Poems", and Min opera a cappella or self-compiled ballads and fisherman's songs.After getting the owner's seeds, they will sing a piece of Tanci masterpiece "Liuhua Meng" written by modern female writer Li Guiyu to express their gratitude. Dan people also have the custom of singing to each other. Dan people or several boats meet in the river, or on moonlit nights [especially Mid-Autumn Night] gather along the river [mostly in the area of ​​Sanxianzhou], and hold "pan answer" from time to time, also known as "panta". Pan poetry", the answer must be "a man and a woman, one singing and one harmonizing", competing with each other, or mocking each other, or courting each other.In the poems of the competition, there are examples of colorful silk such as Zhuangyuanhong, etc. Those who win this can be used as the Queen of Heaven curtain in the boat. It is said that sailing will bring extraordinary blessings. [About Danmin's water customs, taken from Yang Jiliang's "Danmin: Ancestors of the Minjiang River Basin", "Mindu Culture" 2008 Autumn Issue] After 1949, the party and the government helped them land on land, and we no longer see people on the water called "Dan people" at the mouth of the Minjiang River.However, in front of my house, I can often see the kind of fishing boats that look like eggs. When fishing, they always paddle with their feet and catch the net with their hands, graceful and leisurely.They often moor at the water bay of Lvzhouzhai, quietly accepting the gentle slap of the river.I also often watch them on the shore, watching them fishing, watching them mooring in the bay where the wind is sheltered, the night dew and the morning wind.I have also seen the scene of their transition, starting the mechanical power installed on the ship, and going upstream is also very fast.When they catch fish, they will go ashore, or in other words, they will go ashore in the early morning, and carry the freshly caught white saury, perch, red-eyed grass carp, white crucian carp, river prawns of different sizes, river crabs, etc. in the load. , yelling in a dialect I don’t understand, along the way, they know the number of the building I live in, and even know what kind of fish our family likes to eat, so the cries often stop at my door... The culture of the Chinese nation originated from the Yellow River and also from the Yangtze River. Fujian culture is naturally a part of Chinese culture. People from the Central Plains came to Fujian several times in the history of Fujian and were deeply influenced by the culture of the Central Plains. However, as a Fujianese In addition to the culture of the Dan people, the mother river also gave birth to its own native land culture, that is, Fujian culture. Fujian culture is naturally a very big concept, at least including clothing, dressing, dining, living, beliefs, folk customs, weddings and funerals, etc. These characteristics are very distinctive, and outsiders can recognize them at a glance.When I first entered Fujian, on the gravel roads lined with dense casuarina trees, you could see cyclists coming and going from time to time.The modified bicycle has a wide rear cushion installed on the rear frame, and a wooden stick is inserted obliquely. It can carry people or goods. The number of people can be two to three people, and they sit on the back seat wearing a bamboo hat. Leisurely, if it is a cargo carrier, such as a water tank, it can be stacked all the way to the sky. From the rear, there is no cyclist at all, but the bicycle is still as stable as flying.Now there are highways everywhere, so naturally I can’t see such a scene, but it is still very strong in my memory when I first entered Fujian, so that I wondered why the State Sports Commission didn’t let a cyclist with such stamina and skill To develop and train them to change the situation that bicycle powers lag behind in bicycle sports competitions? Bing Xin was born in Fuzhou, but she went to Shanghai and Shandong when she was 7 months old. When she returned to her hometown from Yantai at the age of 11, what do you think impressed her the most?It is a peasant woman with "three hairpins" on her head: On my way into the city in a sedan chair from the Minjiang Bridge, when I looked out, I was pleasantly surprised to find that the streets were full of fit peasant women!They are fair-skinned, with three sharp silver hairpins on the left and right on their jet-black hair. They wear blue clothes, barefoot, with their cuffs and trouser legs rolled up. All kinds of things that can be picked up on the shoulders, walking like flying, fully swaying the spirit of a liberated woman!This is very different from the scene of women with small feet kneeling and working in the fields I saw in Shandong. The psychological pain and happiness are very different.An indescribable joy welled up in my heart!In the following decades, I also met rural women in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union. I feel that there is no country in the world where rural women can compare with the "three hairpins" in my hometown. In terms of bravery and dressing, they are far behind! 【Bing Xin: "The Style of My Hometown"】 Bing Xin pushed this feeling to the extreme, thinking that there is no country in the world where peasant women can compare with the rural women in her hometown of Fuzhou. In her eyes, the women in Fuzhou are the most beautiful women in the world.What Bing Xin described was the scene at the beginning of the last century, that is, the autumn of 1911.The peasant woman with the "three hairpins" mentioned here is described by Mr. Fang Binggui, a public expert in Fuzhou, as a "sister-in-law with flat feet" on the south bank of the Minjiang River, a peasant girl raised by the Minjiang River. "The Minjiang River is rushing, and my little sister goes to the city to sell flowers. We cross the Hongjiang Hengjiang Bridge together, go out early and go home late." This is a folk song that was spread in the south bank of the Minjiang River in the early years - Xixiang, the capital of Fujian.Mr. Fang Binggui believes that this is not only a song, but also a painting.In the early morning, the "sister-in-law with flat feet" [a working woman who did not bind her feet in the suburbs of Fuzhou in the early years] and "little sister" [the unmarried girl's self-proclaimed name] from the Thirty-six Houses in Fenggang carried a load of flowers that people in the city liked. Or go through the Hongshan Bridge, or take the Hengjiang Ferry, and go to the city to sell.When the sun was slanting to the west, they [they] carried a load of swill across the bridge, transitioned, and returned home to cook [that is, dinner] and feed the pigs.Fang Binggui's description is very close to Bing Xin's: they wore bamboo hats, blue shirts and green trousers, and straw sandals.The three hairpins on the bun are covered by the bamboo hat, but they are still faintly visible.Although they have heavy burdens on their shoulders, they walk like clouds and flowing water, which really attracts the attention of passers-by.What they choose are not only flower loads and swill, but also the distinctive Fujian culture. Fujian opera is an important opera in Fujian and an art treasure of the Chinese nation, with a history of more than 400 years.Fujian Opera originated in the late Ming Dynasty and reached maturity in the early 20th century.Through the continuous ups and downs of history, the performing arts have their own style, and the music is rich and beautiful, showing more and more artistic brilliance.Fujian Opera, also known as Fuzhou Opera, is popular in Fuzhou, Minhou, Changle, Lianjiang, Fuqing, Pingtan, Minqing, Yongtai, Luoyuan, Gutian, Pingnan, Ningde, Xiapu, Fuan, Zhouning, Nanping, Shunchang, There are more than 20 cities and counties in central, eastern and northern Fujian, including Sanming. These cities and counties happen to be distributed in the Minjiang River Basin, so Fujian opera is called "the note of Minjiang". For more than 400 years, Fujian Opera has grown from its inception to its perfection day by day, leaving behind many excellent plays.After the founding of New China, Fujian opera has achieved great development under the guidance of the party's literary and artistic policy, and it has become the most prosperous period for Fujian opera. There are now more than 20 professional troupes and more than 150 amateur troupes.Fujian opera writers have excavated, sorted out and created more than 1,500 plays, producing a large number of classic works with traditional themes that are well-known in the national theater circle.These repertoires have profound ideological connotations, vivid and moving plots, fascinating stories and exquisite artistic structures, combined with the perfect combination of high-spirited, unrestrained, euphemistic, lively music style and refined and beautiful local language. The soul-stirring and soul-stirring power is well-received, and the performances are not fading. In the 1950s and 1960s, a large number of playwrights, represented by Chen Yiliang, Lin Fei, Lin Shuqian, and Deng Chaochen, created and organized a number of excellent Fujian operas on the basis of inheriting the rich cultural heritage of Fujian operas, such as "Lianyin", "Lychee for Red Peach", "Chen Ruolin Kills the Prince", "Shuangyu Chan", "Yishun Brother Candlestick", "Liu Limen", "Madam City", "Lantern Festival" and modern drama "Nine Lives" "Song of Fishermen at Sea", "Red Bridge" and so on.The traditional classics of Fujian opera that have been sorted out, adapted and staged include "Purple Jade Hairpin", "Mei Yu Pei", "Bai Die Fragrant Firewood Fan", "The Story of the Jing Hairpin", "The Story of the Red Dress", and "Three Sou Huanhua Temple" , "Royal Stele Pavilion", "Gan Guobao", "Fishing Boat Flower Candle", "Dragon and Phoenix Golden Ears", "Wu Han Kills His Wife", "The Hairpin and the Phoenix", etc. "Pearl Tower" and "Meng Lijun" were also made into opera TV films and distributed at home and abroad. After the 1980s, Fujian opera showed a new look, went to Beijing, went abroad, and stepped onto the world stage.In participating in the Chinese Drama Festival, national performances, provincial and municipal performances and other activities, the award-winning repertoires include "Hong Wu Whip Hou", "Colorful Clouds Return", "Lin Zexu Charges the Army", "Soul Breaks Yanshan", "Swan Banquet", "Qu Juan Ji" ", "Five Tiger's Mouth", "Dan Qing Hun", "Imperial Physician", "Worshiping the Stone", "Demoted Official", "Phoenix Egg", "Dragon Painting", "Farewell to Baling", "Orchid Fu" , "Red Bean Fate", "Wang Maosheng Enters Wine" and so on.Among them, "Soul Breaking Yanshan", "Swan Banquet", and "Danqing Soul" won the third, fifth, and sixth National Excellent Script Creation Awards respectively; ", "Swan Banquet" won the first "Wenhua Award", "Danqing Soul" and "Demoted Officials" won the "Wenhua New Play Award"; Outstanding Repertory Award; "Orchid Fu" won the "Cao Yu Excellent Repertory Award" and 9 individual awards in the 7th Chinese Drama Festival; "Red Bean Fate" won the 16th China Caoyu Drama Award·Script Award, the 7th China "Yingshanhong" Folk Drama Festival Play Gold Award and the Chinese Opera Society Award; "Wang Maosheng Enters Wine" won the 2nd Chinese Drama Award·Caoyu Script Award ; "Demoted Officials" was selected into the National Stage Art Project. [Sources of Fujian Opera: Zou Zizhen's "Min Opera: Notes of the Minjiang River", "Mindu Culture" 2008 Autumn Issue] From ancient times to the present, as a large number of Minjiang people migrated to Taiwan and Southeast Asia in history, this ancient Fujian opera country song has also spread to Taiwan Province, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries where Fuzhou Chinese live together.Since the founding of New China, Fujian opera has been to these countries and regions for friendly performances many times, and has been warmly welcomed by international friends and local Chinese and has received high praise and evaluation, which has gradually expanded the influence of Fujian opera art. In the spring tide of reform and opening up, the notes of the Minjiang River became louder and louder. In June 2009, Fujian Provincial Museum held a photography exhibition rich in cultural content: "Fragments of the Late Qing Dynasty - China in Thomson's Eyes".The 19th-century Scotsman John Thomson was an influential photographer who had a special interest in Chinese culture. After his first trip to Asia, he opened a professional photo studio and moved to Hong Kong. From 1868 to 1872, he visited Guangdong, Fujian, Beijing, Nanjing and other places successively, traveling more than 8,000 kilometers, and took a large number of photos of different themes, showing the appearance of China in that era and the real life in China.During his trip to Fujian, Thomson set out from Fuzhou, went upstream along the main stream of the Minjiang River and went straight up to Nanping. The boat sailed for a week, took many precious photos, recorded many real life scenes that had long been lost, and preserved a knowledge and understanding for us. Precious specimens of Minjiang River in the late Qing Dynasty. On the first day of the Minjiang tour, that is, at noon on the weekend of December 2, 1871, Thomson and the American missionary Lu Gongming traveled together. They borrowed a British merchant's cruise ship and sailed from Fuzhou to Shuikou.Lu Gongming has lived in Fuzhou for more than 20 years, and he is an authentic Fuzhou expert.On Sunday, they first moored at "Zhuyan" [it should be a mistranslation of "Zhuqi", because it was translated from Fuzhou dialect to English, and then from English to Mandarin Chinese].There were river beaches for strolling, mossy banks, and they met a gardener through olive and orange groves.He lives in a straw hut with a bamboo table, a teapot, two chairs and a cute pig.Then, under his guidance, we walked through sugar cane forests and entered villages with brick houses. The next day, they came to Shuikou Town.Because the river beach above Shuikou is very dangerous, ships spend the night at Shuikou, and Gutian River flows into Minjiang River here, creating a prosperous riverside ancient town for thousands of years.They saw that on the east bank of the Minjiang River, there are row upon row of wooden-structured houses built on the hillside. The residents connected the water supply system with bamboo pipes and troughs, leading the spring water from a mile away to the residence. area for drinking. At Shuikou, they rented a "speedboat" from a man named Chen Shou to go to Nanping Prefecture.The wooden boat was 40 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 4 feet high, light and strong.There was a bamboo tent like an arched carriage on the boat, and at night he lived in the tent with his friend, his servant Ah Hong, the cook, and 14 [sic] boatmen, and the owner and his wife lived in the stern of the boat, a room covered by a curtain small space.He observed the boating life of Chen Shou and his wife, and saw that when the boat passed the rapids and dangerous shoals, the captain’s wife was holding the bow of the boat with a long pole while breastfeeding the child, cooking, cleaning, pleasing her husband, and giving instructions to her husband, etc. The ship is actually captained by the lady.That night, they moored their boat near the "military garrison". There were only three sheds in the barracks and six or seven soldiers with matchlock guns. The third day was a foggy morning.Because they were anchored in Zhanghuban Village, Thomson and Lu Gongming went ashore to visit the Snake King Temple. There is no Buddha statue on the altar of the temple, only a snake king plaque for people to worship.Thomson made the following record that the snakes here have been raised for 7 months to make them adored by people. I don't know where he heard about them.So far, the Snake King Temple in Zhanghuban and the annual snake swimming event are still regarded by sociologists as living evidence that Fujian people have the custom of snake worship. On the fourth day, their boat passed through the dangerous shoal, and saw the scene of the boat hitting a reef and sinking.When they landed, a group of women with small feet were washing clothes by the river. When they saw the "foreigner" approaching, they spread out with incredible agility, climbed up the rock wall, and looked for a foothold where only goats could stand. It was another Sunday when I arrived in Nanping.On the outskirts of this city where you can breathe fresh mountain air, Thomson took pictures of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.One time, he accidentally slipped off a rock while shooting a scene on a mountain. Fortunately, he grabbed the thatch beside him. The saw-like blades of grass tore his palm, but saved his life.Because 200 feet below is the deep pool of the Minjiang River. Here, Thomson saw the "portable heater" hidden in the clothes of the northern Fujian people, that is, the fire cage.I saw the widow of an official burn paper money and paper houses and sacrifices wrapped in tinfoil on the river embankment, as well as the whole process of collecting paper ashes.He also took footage of cormorant fishing.During the voyage on the Minjiang River, Thomson saw how the boatman crossed the rapids, and every voyage could be life-threatening.Finally, Thomson sighed: "I began to have a more real understanding of the manly demeanor and hardworking and brave qualities contained in the Chinese nation." Issue 8, 2009] The endlessly flowing Minjiang River relies on the abundant rainwater and dense forests in the subtropical zone of Fujian. Its annual runoff can exceed that of the 5,000-kilometer Yellow River, with an average annual runoff of 62.9 billion cubic meters. Said to be Minjiang's greatest wealth.But for thousands of years, in addition to the traditional navigation, transportation, irrigation, drinking, etc., the river has been allowed to flow eastward.The rushing water of the Minjiang River, from time to time, is nostalgic for both sides of the river, and her people from generation to generation, calling and expecting to be used and developed. In terms of the history of hydroelectric power generation, France may be the earliest, which was at the end of the 19th century.In terms of extensive development and utilization of water resources, the United States is clearly the leader.The Tennessee River, located in the southeastern United States, is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. It originates from the western slope of the Appalachian Highlands, is formed by the confluence of the Holston River and the French Broad River, and flows through Tennessee and Alabama. State, which empties into the Ohio River from near Paducah, Kentucky.The Tennessee River is about 1,450 kilometers long and has a drainage area of ​​106,000 square kilometers.The water resources are abundant, the precipitation in the basin is abundant, and the average discharge of the estuary is 1800 cubic meters per second.But the Tennessee Valley was one of the poorest and backward regions in the United States, with an annual per capita income of just over $100, due to lack of management, destruction of forests, serious soil erosion, frequent torrential rains, and floods during the period when the United States entered the industrial society. , about 45% of the national average. In the 1930s, when the United States was experiencing a serious economic crisis, the new US President Roosevelt decided to implement the "New Deal" in order to get rid of the plight of the economic crisis. The public infrastructure construction carried out by the "New Deal" to expand domestic demand has promoted the large-scale development of watersheds in the history of the United States. Comprehensive development of resources to achieve the purpose of revitalizing and developing the regional economy.Established the Tennessee Valley Authority (referred to as TVA), began to develop and utilize the Tennessee River in multiple ways, and built hydropower stations. After more than 40 years of hard work, 35 large reservoirs and 8 small reservoirs have been built on the Tennessee River, with 49 hydroelectric power plants. Tennessee becomes the largest supplier of electricity to the United States.After the United States gained huge benefits from hydropower in Tennessee, it established the Grand Coulee Hydropower Station on the Columbia River in 1941, with a designed power generation capacity of 10.83 million kilowatts, making it the largest hydropower station in the world.It was not until 1984 that Brazil and Paraguay retreated to second place after they built the Itaipu Hydropower Station on the Paraná River [with a power generation capacity of 12.6 million kilowatts]. The water of the Minjiang River is similar to that of the Tennessee River, that is, the upper channel is narrow and the water flow is rapid, while the downstream river is wider and the water flow is relatively balanced. The most suitable river for the construction of hydroelectric power stations.However, the Minjiang River, which runs day and night, has not been developed and utilized due to social instability, underdeveloped science, backwardness and occlusion in mountainous areas.For thousands of years, the Minjiang River has been an undeveloped virgin river.Except for a small hydropower station in Nanping, it was not until the Anti-Japanese War that a decent hydropower station was built in Xiaxi on the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. In the early summer of 1999, I visited this hydropower station built more than half a century ago.It is located in Guilin Village on the outskirts of Yong'an City. In summer, there is plenty of water power. The power station still generates electricity when it is fully powered. The machine is running normally. Although it is small, it is very delicate, like a handicraft hidden in the mountains.At that time, I deeply respected the builders and decision makers of this hydropower station. The person who decided to build this hydropower station is none other than the well-known Chen Yi, chairman of the Fujian Provincial Government.This gentleman met Lu Xun when he was staying in Japan, and the first set of "The Complete Works of Lu Xun" was published. For funding, he bought many sets of books and distributed them to major libraries in Fujian Province.During the Anti-Japanese War, the provincial capital of Fujian Province was moved from Fuzhou to Yong'an, a mountainous area in northern Fujian. After a somewhat stable environment, Chen Yi took an active interest in the cultural construction of Yong'an during the war, and successively established colleges of agriculture, medical colleges, and teachers' colleges. By the spring of 1939, Yong'an's cultural activities had become quite prosperous.According to incomplete statistics, during the Anti-Japanese War, Yongan had more than 30 publishing houses, more than 10 printing offices, published more than 10 kinds of newspapers, more than 120 kinds of periodicals, and more than 700 kinds of books. Progressive Cultural Activities in Yong'an, the Provincial Capital", "Academic Symposium on Progressive Cultural Activities in Yong'an During the Anti-Japanese Period"].At that time, Yong'an's most important publishing organization and publications were Kaifeng Publishing House chaired by Li Liewen and the periodicals and books it published.In the early 1930s, Li Liewen edited the semi-monthly magazines "ShenPaper · Free Talk" and "Zhongliu" in Shanghai. After arriving in Fujian, he brought and united a large number of cultural people, and in a short period of time, he established "Jiangmen". , "Modern Literature and Art", "Wartime Woodcut Pictorial", "Modern Children", "Modern Youth", "Wartime People" and other 6 publications, also edited and published "Improved Library", "Modern Literature and Art Series", "World Nearly a hundred kinds of books, such as "Big Thinker's Translation Series", "Modern Youth Series", and "Construction Series", made Yong'an, an unknown small mountain city, famous far and wide, and had a great influence in the southeast and even the Southwest. The cultural center in the southeast rear.At that time, a group of intellectuals from Shanghai and Zhejiang, as well as writers and artists from the province, were active in Yong'an, such as Wang Xiyan, Zhang Jinyi, Shi Zhecun, Li Liewen, Xu Jie, Dong Qiufang, Xu Qinwen, Pu Feng, etc. Those whose works are often published in newspapers include Ba Jin, Ai Qing, Zang Kejia, Shao Quanlin, Ai Wu, Tang Tao, Zhang Tianyi, He Qifang, Sima Wensen, Jian Xianai, Duanmu Hongliang, Lvyuan, Zou Difan, etc.In such a scene of cultural prosperity, there is a serious shortage of electricity. Writers are better at writing, and can use oil lamps instead. However, running schools, publishing houses, and printing factories all need electricity, and there is no electricity. How does the institution work? Most importantly, the Fujian provincial government moved to Yong'an, and provincial government agencies and community merchants moved in one after another, resulting in a sharp increase in electricity consumption.At that time, Yongan only had two 48-horsepower diesel generator sets. Yan Jiagan, then director of the Fujian Provincial Department of Construction, strongly advocated the construction of the Guikou Hydropower Station.The provincial chairman, Chen Yi, is someone who has seen the world, so of course he agreed to support the construction of the power station. According to the data, the hydrotechnical construction of Yongan Guikou Hydropower Station has a wooden frame rockfill dam, a water diversion channel 320 meters long, and a factory building.The water head for power generation is 12 meters, and the designed installed capacity is 2×160 kVA [132 kW]. The turbine of unit 1 is imported from Sweden, and the generator is made in England; the turbine of unit 2 is imitated by Nanping Hougu Iron Factory, and the generator is from Shanghai Produced and supplied by Huatong Company.The power station started construction in the autumn of 1938 [the 27th year of the Republic of China]. In February 1940 [the 29th year of the Republic of China], Unit 1 was completed and put into operation. In the autumn of the same year, it was placed under the management of the Provincial Enterprise Special Co., Ltd. Unit 2 was completed and put into operation in July 1942 [the 33rd year of the Republic of China].According to the introduction of the second issue of the first volume of the "Enterprise Newsletter" in July 30th of the Republic of China, a total of 38,430 yuan was invested, including the second phase of hydraulic and civil engineering. Now it seems that it is only a few tens of thousands of yuan, but during the war, it was impossible to build a power station with Fujian's financial resources. Chen Yi and Yan Jiagan used their relationship with the Ministry of Finance in Chongqing to raise all the funds. Therefore, in this small mountain city , the Minjiang River is no longer just the voiceless sound of flowing water, but also ignites the light. Around the time that the Fujian provincial government built its first power station in Yong'an, the wartime provincial capital, the development of Gutian Creek, another tributary downstream of the Min River, was also being planned and designed. Gutian Creek originates in Pingnan County and flows into the Minjiang River through Shuikou Town. It has a total length of 90 kilometers and a river drop of more than 300 meters.流纹斑岩，水力资源丰富，开发条件优越。早在1933年【民国二十二年】，福建省建设厅派员到古田溪勘察水力资源，1937年【民国二十六年】，古田溪支流曹洋溪设立水文观测站。 1946年【民国三十五年】，福建省建设厅再次组织人员进行勘测，编写“古田溪第一段水力发电工程计划”，提出“分段设厂，分期开发，三级发电”的总体构想。 1947年【民国三十六年】3月，国民政府资源委员会水力发电工程总处确定开发古田溪并同省建设厅联合组成勘测队进行复勘。复勘后认为在沂洋、旸谷建两座水库调节，三级电站总装机11.5万千瓦，投资总额估约国币1800亿元。当年资源委员会、福建省政府、台湾电力公司、华侨兴业公司联合筹组福建电力股份有限公司，并成立古田溪水力发电工赈工程委员会，负责筹集资金。 1948年【民国三十七年】7月，古田溪水力发电工程处成立，覃修典任主任。当年制定《古田溪水力发电工程计划》，规划第一期在龟濑截流引水，开挖隧洞至半坑亭，设一级电站；第二期在旸谷、沂洋兴建水库，二三级电站分别建在暗林和李家琦，并进行施工前的准备工作，撤销工赈委员会。随后国民政府行政院善后救济总署拨助工赈粮467.04吨，折国币18亿元，其余由省建设厅、省银行负责筹集。至1949年2月，共完成原古田县城至厂区、坝区的公路路基10公里，工房两栋，办公楼砌砖至2层，进水口明渠试探挖进15米等土建工程，完成土石方约5000立方米。 古田梯级水电站，进行全面的建设并最终完成四级电站的工程，是在新中国成立之后，1949年5月，中共福建省委在江苏苏州成立时，省委书记张鼎丞在构想福建解放后建设蓝图时，作出了尽快开发古田溪水力资源的决策，并请上海调派技术人员协助建设。当年6月14日古田县解放。8月初，驻扎建瓯县的中国人民解放军十兵团所设的军事管制委员会派梁东初为军代表，接管古田溪水力发电工程处，覃修典、朱宝复留任正、副主任，并留用工程处全部工程技术人员和职工。次年作为施工电源的曹洋水电厂【装机400千瓦】建成，并继续进行施工准备。 1950年8月，全国第一次水力发电工程会议决定以1948年开发古田溪的规划方案为基础，建设古田溪一级电站。这标志着古田电站的开发，进入了国家建设的重点项目。刚刚脱下军装的张鼎丞，他像在部队打仗一样，面对闽江建设的蓝图，用红蓝铅笔在古田溪畔，画了一个醒目的红色圆圈，又插上一面小红旗，这便是新中国水电建设史上最先上马的一项大工程，古田溪梯级水电站。为保密起见，工程被命名为101，建设单位也称之称为101工程处。当时福建省百废待兴，财力十分困难，中共福建省委、省政府为了确保这一工程顺利开工，从各方面节约开支，筹措资金，调配大批干部和施工人员，充实古田溪水力发电工程处。 1951年3月，一级一期工程正式动工，首先开挖引水隧洞。引水隧洞从地处龟濑的坝区进水口穿越塔山至半坑亭厂房，全长1758米，内径4.4米。根据地形条件只能由进口、出口两头对挖。开工时，缺乏隧洞开挖的专业人员，只有前线部队支援的1名风钻工，和十几名解放前从事过采煤的矿工，技术力量薄弱，机械设备简陋，施工条件极为艰苦。当年2月底，在软弱风化带岩层爆破时，发生了连续4昼夜洞顶大塌方，造成重大事故。事后加强了安全组织措施和反事故措施，并采取“边学习、边实践、边总结提高”的方法，在实践中逐步掌握了处理岩块塌落的规律，改进爆破技术和作业方法，不断刷新开挖纪录，1952年9月创造出月掘进202米的纪录。11月初，两头对挖即将接通的关键时刻，省委、省政府主要负责人张鼎丞、方毅、陈绍宽连夜赶到工地检查了解工程情况，研究隧洞安全贯通的措施，给工程技术人员和工人很大鼓舞。经过电站建设者同心协力，11月25日终于提前挖通了当时全国水电工程最长的隧洞，经仪器检测两头对接处，垂直偏差7厘米，水平偏差2至3厘米，达到了设计要求。 1952年7月20日，因古田溪发生百年未遇的特大洪水，淹入隧洞进口段工作面，于是工程处设计室复查设计资料，发现拟建的两座支流水库调节性能不足。为了进一步查清水力资源，工程处又增设雨量站、水位站11处，补测地形图14幅，以古田水文站为一级电站基本水情控制站，下游各水位站为梯级电站收集资料。根据复查后的资料分析，在苏联专家指导下，对原规划做了重大修改，决定在古田县城南侧5公里的龟濑建造一级电站水库以代替拟建的两座支流水库和龟濑的低水坝。将古田县城迁到西南9公里的罗华地区，城关原址为一级水库淹没范围，蓄水高程以不淹没平湖镇为原则，正常水位高程382米，库容5.67亿立方米，一级电站装机容量由3.6万千瓦提高到6.2万千瓦，下游各梯级电站装机容量也相应增加。 1952年底，古田溪水电站工程列为全国第一个五年计划的重点工程之一。一级电站厂房原定为露天厂房，考虑到防空需要，决定改建为地下式厂房。1953年3月，工程处设计室完成地下厂房初步设计。厂房长83米、宽12.5米、高29.5米，可布置6台机组；西面辟有长140米的运输洞，南面设有长170米的出线洞；坝址上游进水口附近先行建造临时木框填石坝，拦断全部低水河床，同时建造永久性进水口和调压井，先利用径流供一级一期两台6000千瓦机组发电。 1953年11月，经水力发电建设总局批准初步设计后，一级一期工程开工。厂房开挖采用先挖上部和下部，然后爆塌中部的方法。至1954年地下厂房工程竣工，共开挖土石方121.6万立方米，浇筑混凝土39.82万立方米。1955年开始安装哈尔滨电机厂生产的发电机组，1956年3月1日，两台6000千瓦机组投产，向福州送电，构成闽北电网的雏形。这是中国第一座自己勘测设计、制造设备和施工安装的地下水电站。 在一级一期工程施工期间，华东勘测设计院于1954年开始进行一级二期工程设计，于1957年完成初步设计，并经水电建设总局审查同意。1957年夏天，江西上犹江水电站大功告成，取得经验的水电建设者，分兵支援古田。于是，从江西来的与古田在建的人员，会师后组成闽江工程局。拉开闽江水电开发的大幕。闽江工程局成立后，又行扩张，招募万余新兵，加上从南平、古田等地县前来支援的民工，工地上高峰期有五万余众的建设大军。从古田县的半坑亭到闽清县的宝湖村，沿溪43公里的深山峡谷中，摆下向大自然开战向闽江要电的百里营盘。福建著名作家季仲事后仍激情不减地写道： 终日炮声隆隆，镐声叮当，独轮车穿梭来往，号子声震天动地。那热烈壮阔的场面，胜似三国时代的赤壁鏖兵。 在山坡谷底，在溪畔涧边，搭起千万间茅屋。竹篱笆当墙，半筒竹当瓦。夏天似火烤，冬天直灌风。大雨大漏，小雨小漏。屋外天转晴，屋内雨不停。这种茅屋不仅是职工宿舍，而且是领导的“公寓”，局处级干部和普通工人一样，住茅棚，睡通铺。【季仲《闽江魂》、《红嘴相思鸟》海峡文艺出版社1990年3月版】 依然是人多力量大。施工设备和施工手段，不仅落后，在某些方面简直是原始。全局只有30多部卡车。运土、运石、运骨料，大都是肩挑手抬加上斗车、牛车、独轮车。起重门机只有一台，还是日本昭和十三年出产的洋古董，只有在非常急需的情况下才肯动用。一般机器大件，都靠超重工的肩膀。那时，工地上有个声名赫赫的“海宁抬班”，是由全国劳模薛聚高邀集一批浙江海宁同乡组成。这个抬班的起重工个个都是大力士，一吨重的机器部件8人抬，喊起雄浑的号子能在平地迈开大步往前走。 开山打洞是在福建山间施工作业的基本课题，可以说在福建想完成一项大一些的工程，不打通一两处山洞，几乎是不可能的，况且古田电站的施工就是崇山峻岭间。新成立的闽江工程局风钻班在施工中大放光彩，却也付出了沉重的代价。建古田溪二级电站，为了造成一个理想的水流落差，要在一座大山脚下打通一条直径7.5米、长达5公里的引水洞。为了提前完成这项艰巨的工程，风钻工克服一切困难，甚至冒着生命的危险进行日夜不停地施工。当时，风钻工在山洞中施工，不见阳光不通风，冬天冷飕飕，夏天像蒸笼。最要命的是当时打钻不送水，只打干钻，钻机一响，岩粉飞扬，一会儿工夫，风钻工浑身灰白，只有两只活动的眼睛还是黑的，嘴腔鼻腔积满了尘粉，吐出的痰块坚如铁弹，射在地上一个坑，打在石上当当响。时日一久，小小的尘粉便要了他们的命。 上世纪90年代曾多次采访过闽江水利局的作家季仲先生，曾经在闽江局工会劳保科看到一本工伤死亡职工花名册，上面记载：已死于矽肺病的职工共374人，与病魔作殊死斗争而活下来的约200余人，也是苟延残喘，气息奄奄。他们的肺叶气孔塞满岩石尘粉而失去呼吸机能的时候，只有二十几岁、三十几岁或四十几岁。 就是在这种施工的条件下，他们创造了一个又一个的奇迹。一级二期工程装机5万千瓦，主要工程有混凝土宽缝重力坝的水库一座，坝体长412米，高71米，集雨面积1325平方公里，正常水位高程382米，总库容5.67亿立方米，为不完全多年调节水库，土石方开挖量约80万立方米，混凝土浇筑量37.7万立方米；安装3台哈尔滨电机厂生产的和一台建成电机厂生产的均为1.25万千瓦水轮发电机组。1957年8月大坝开工。闽江水电工程局广大职工开展社会主义劳动竞赛和技术革新，不断刷新施工纪录，曾创造出第十八坝段一次连续浇筑混凝土1.66万立方米，创日浇筑7284立方米，月浇筑87303立方米的最高纪录。1959年6月8日封孔蓄水。1960年4台机组安装结束，连同一期工程，一级电站共6台机组，总容量6.2万千瓦全部并入闽北电网运行。 二级电站工程，装机13万千瓦。位于龙亭瀑布上游的闽清县后洋村。工程由华东勘测设计院于1957年完成初步设计，1958年水电建设总局审查同意。仍然是闽江水电工程局负责施工。主要工程有钢筋混凝土平板坝的水库一座，坝高43.5米，长208米，集雨面积1551平方公里，水库库容1885万立方米；引水隧洞一条，长5294米，内径6.4米，引水式厂房安装2台6.5万千瓦机组。1958年7月引水隧洞开工，1960年停建，1965年复工。水库大坝于1958年7月动工，1962年5月建成蓄水，1969年3月第一台机组投产，1973年8月第二台机组发电。 三级电站工程，装机3.3万千瓦，位于闽清县高洋村。1959年华东勘测设计院完成初步设计，并经水电建设总局审查同意，还是闽江水电工程局负责施工。主要工程有溢流式混凝土平板坝的水库一座，坝高43米，长225米，集雨面积1697平方公里，库容1490万立方米；坝后式厂房于1958年9月开工，1961年6月大坝与厂房土建施工基本结束，1965年3月第一台1.6万千瓦机组投产，1973年12月第二台1.7万千瓦机组并网运行。 四级电站工程，装机3.4万千瓦，位于闽清县宝湖村。主要工程有混凝土宽缝重力坝的水库一座，坝高45米，长234.14米，集雨面积1722平方公里，库容840万立方米；坝后式厂房安装两台1.7万千瓦机组。1958年开工，1960年停建，1965年复工。1971年5月第一台机组发电，1972年12月第二台机组投产。 至此，古田溪4座梯级电站全部完成，从旧中国到新中国，前后历时40载。梯级电站的总装机容量25.9万千瓦，工程总造价1.83亿元，比概算低2028万元，每千瓦平均造价707.5元，从中可见建设者所付出的努力、奉献与牺牲。【资料出自《福建省情资料库》】 对闽江的开发，绝对是一部历史。既然是历史，这个进程就会有曲折，亦如浩浩荡荡的闽江，弯弯曲曲在奔向大海。 建溪的水电开发，便是一处大弯，如今只留下一个电站遗址。一个冬末的黄昏，季仲先生来到建设旧址，看到河对岸青山脚下敞开一个已经打通的导流洞，写下了如许的文字： 据说直径十八米，长达五百米，在五十年代末称得上全国最大的隧洞工程。但如今它除了让小半股溪流钻进去打个弯儿又从另一头冒出来，没有别的用处。激流中，屹立着六个光秃秃的混凝土桥墩。原拟在这里架设施工大桥，后因工程下马，再没有铺设桥面的必要，那六个桥墩便像六个历尽沧桑的老人，永远屹立中流，俯视闽江之水空流去，陷入渺然沉思…… 暮色四合，天低云暗，凌厉的朔风沿着河谷呼呼扑来，江涛撞击在桥墩上发出哗哗的水声，我觉得安丰桥头似乎笼罩着古战场一样苍凉悲壮的气氛。六位立在江中的历史见证人在沉思什么？探究建溪惨败的原因？抱怨人们失去理智？建溪工程付出巨大代价而一无所获，怨谁？Who is to blame?我们听到的回答是：搞建设嘛，总得交学费。诚然，上学是要交学费的。但是，能否少交一点？交了学费能否变得聪明一点？有些领导者为什么老当留级生……【季仲《红嘴相思鸟》海峡文艺出版社1999年版】 建溪是由武夷山腹地潺潺流出的两条清溪——南浦溪和崇阳溪，流经浦城、崇安、建阳三县，至建瓯的丰乐镇汇合而成。据《晋书·张华传》记载，这建溪是古代的宝剑“干将”、“莫邪”变的，故又称剑溪。建溪流到南平北郊安丰桥，忽为两座青山夹持紧锁，溪流细如咽喉，水急浪高，虎啸龙吟，是被船家叫做“青龙闯关”的险要所在。从流量、落差和地形、地貌等方面看，这里挺适合建一座大型水电站。不过，必须有降龙伏虎的力量和气魄。 从1958年春天开始的那股“大跃进”热风，越刮越大，越刮越猛，到了1959年夏天，已把福建省委某些领导刮得晕晕乎乎，断然决定：要在建溪上建一座装机容量达120万千瓦的大型水电站。在当时，无疑又是一个大卫星，它比起美国刚建成的约瑟夫水电站只差一截子，而英国当时还没有百万千瓦以上的大水电站，真够得上“超英赶美”的大气魄。那张天蓝色的图纸上标明：建溪水电站坝高144米，库容量365亿立方米。这意味着将淹没建瓯、建阳两座古城和大片村庄，30万人口将搬迁易居，60万亩土地将永远沉入湖底……这项工程的直接投资和间接损耗，都将是一个天文数字！但决策者和执行者暂时估计不出它的分量。 建溪水电站在没有充分论证、只靠领导拍脑袋，便匆匆上马了。闽江工程局当时正在古田梯级水电站施工，他们只得一分为二，两万余众继续奋战在古田溪畔，两万余众转战建溪之滨。水电战士依然身居茅屋，上下工徒步行军，来回二十余里。每天都是“鸡叫出发，鬼叫回营”，国家水电部给闽江局请来两位苏联专家。一位水利专家，四十来岁，在中国转了不少地方，取了个中国名字叫王波石；另一位地质专家，才三十来岁，叫瓦尔可夫斯基。两位“老大哥”大概没有尝过苏联“军事共产主义”的滋味，对中国大跃进的生活极其惊讶而无法忍受。闽江局给他们配了一名翻译和一名厨师，一辆中吉普和一辆小吉普，还专门建了一座别墅式的专家楼。他们倒舒服，每天坐着吉普车到工地转转，看见闽江局的开挖工用锄头、洋镐削下一片又一片山坡，架桥工在急流上搭起高高的脚手架，风钻工在大山里钻出一个大窟窿，浇筑工在河滩上浇筑起一块又一块大坝的基础，总是竖起大拇指，发出由衷赞叹：“哈鲁苏！” 然而，这座大型水电站毕竟上得太急迫、太草率，地质情况没有勘测清楚，技术和设备又十分落后，出乱子几乎是命中注定。引水洞在施工过程中，风钻工正开着钻机，忽然，一阵轰隆隆天塌地陷，来了个大塌顶，十多个风钻工被活埋在洞内。事后人们在清理死难者遗体的时候，发现埋在引水洞最里头的一个安全工，嘴里含着一枚铜哨，当他发现洞顶出现裂缝哗啦啦泻肚子的时候，想到的不是自己逃命，而是猛吹铜哨，催促工友们逃出险境，他自己却成为大跃进的祭品。 工伤事故远不止这一次。塌方、滑坡、翻车、爆破等等，都带来可怕的伤亡。但最大的威胁来自饥饿，不知怎么搞的，工人的粮食定量急剧下降，也来了个大滑坡。整天饥肠辘辘，连十磅洋镐也抡不动。怎能移山填谷建电站？ 大跃进后，接下来的三年自然灾害，全国性的大饥饿使人们发热的脑袋冷静下来，危险的信号传导到党的大脑中枢。1963年春天，周恩来总理亲自把福建省委和闽江工程局的负责人找了去，紧急商议建溪水电站是上还是下？继续上吧，建溪是个老虎嘴，不知要扔进多少人力、财力、物力；那365亿立方米库容量的人工湖，更是无底深渊，将造成建瓯、建阳两县数十万人民无家可归，衣食无着。下吧，已经扔进去近亿人民币，就得付之东流。周总理踌躇再三，异常作难，剑眉紧锁，沉默不语。会议开到翌日凌晨，玻璃窗透进一抹曙色，总理才毅然敲着本子说：下，坚决下！为了闽北几十万人民不流离失所，不活活饿死，建溪工程立即下马！ 这个决定，对于闽江的建设者来说，不啻是被一个闷雷击中。面对初具规模的建溪水电站基础工程，闽江工程局的工人难舍难分，又磨磨蹲蹭挨过半年，直到谭震林副总理亲临福州坐镇督阵，闽江人才含着热泪，把自己用血汗浇筑的截流围堰炸开一个大口子，然后像一支败北之旅，神情沮丧地撤出建溪工地…… 建溪水电站的建设，构想也还是有积极的一面，现在想来，主要原因恐怕还不是技术而是资金，50年代末60年代初，吃饭都困难，那里有那么多钱建造120万千瓦的水电站？建溪失败了，但是闽江还是要继续开发，只是要接受教训，量力而行。在这个方针的指导下，闽江上游在十几年的时间内，先后又建成了好多座水电站。有省属，有市属，有县属，还有乡镇集体投资建造。 进入改革开放的新时代，闽江的开发进入到了一个新阶段。尤其是投资方，不再仅仅是各级政府行为，外资的进入，技术的引进，为在闽江上建造大型的水电站提供了优越条件。如果始终在建溪的阴影下不敢迈步，没有意识到斗转星移，同样是对闽江水资源的浪费，对母亲河的不恭。 于是，对闽江中下游的水口建设大功率电站，再次急迫地提到了福建省委、省政府的面前。 我在前面借英格兰摄影家汤姆逊与美国传教士卢公明的镜头，描述过晚清时水口镇的景象。这里还要从水电开发的角度再作一些交代。 自从建溪与沙溪在南平汇合后，闽江的水势更加煊赫。从南平顺流而下，闽江中游的气象便似一条连绵不断九曲回肠的大峡谷。沿途，奇峰耸峙，峭壁临江，险滩迭出，礁石如林。从南平至水口80多公里的河道上，就有蛇头滩、莲花滩、麒麟角、罗汉滩、龙虎斗、秤钩滩、剪刀滩等大小100多个险滩。连续性的险滩和急湍的水流落差，使闽江中游水急浪高，吼声如雷，加上河床与两岸坚固的花岗岩地质结构，成为建筑大型水电站最理想的河道。经华东水电设计院勘测，水口可建100至200万千瓦大型水电站。早在