Chapter 64 Chapter 63 Duke Cao Controls the Water——The Legend of a Henan Man Became a God in Taiwan

In August 2009, Typhoon Morakot brought to southern Taiwan an instant torrential rain that was close to the total annual rainfall, and it also brought Taiwan's worst flood in half a century.Faced with such a ruthless catastrophe, Taiwan's leaders can only helplessly ask the Water Conservancy Department: In the past, nearly 100 billion budgets were spent on water control. Is this flood a natural disaster?Or is it insufficient for disaster prevention and water control? In recent years, heavy rains have often caused disasters in Taiwan, streams flooded, and landslides roared down from the overdeveloped forests, causing heavy losses to farmers and fishermen.In order to prevent and control floods, the government has prepared a large budget.

Therefore, people believe that the solution to Taiwan's flood problem does not depend on the amount of rain in the old world, let alone the amount of budget prepared by the government, but on whether there is a good monitoring mechanism and the integrity of water management officials. The ancients said: "When the sage comes out, the Yellow River is clear." Scientists believe this is a superstitious statement that the flooding of the Yellow River or water quality problems should be solved by good engineering and sophisticated science, rather than pinning their hopes on saints.The people of Taiwan do not expect the saint to be reborn!They only hope that government officials can abide by the law and fulfill their responsibilities. In this way, Taiwan's floods may be reduced by more than half.If we want to talk about water control, let’s first talk about how to control people!Therefore, the relationship between "people and water control" emphasized by this old saying has great significance in today's Taiwanese society.

At least, as early as more than 100 years ago during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, there was a local official in southern Taiwan who was regarded as a "sage" by the local people because of his meritorious service in water control. If you have the opportunity to travel to Taiwan, take a train from Taipei to Kaohsiung, then transfer to the train on the South-Circuit Railway Line and continue southward, and finally get off at Fengshan Railway Station.When you walk out of Fengshan Railway Station, you will walk on the "Cao Highway"; walking on this road, you will see a signboard of "Caogong Parking Lot" on the side of the road, and you will also see a school named It is the primary school of "Caogong Elementary School"; just opposite Caogong Elementary School, you will also see a temple with traditional southern Fujian architecture, which is the quite famous "Caogong Temple".

On the south side of the square in front of the Caogong Temple, you will see a "forest of steles" composed of 12 stone steles of different ages, including the "Cao Gong Zhen Ji" stele, "He Shun Liu Fang" composed of four long granite inscriptions. " Monument, "Newly Built Longwang Temple Stele" Stele, "Forbidden Stele", "Five Sons of Fengyi Zongsi and Li Yuan Tian Stele" stele, "East Gate" banner, "Ying En" Fort Banner, etc. Who is "Cao Gong"?Why are the roads, parking lots, elementary schools and temples all named after him?

It is conceivable that the god enshrined in the Cao Gong Temple is of course "Cao Gong".In the Caogong Temple, you can usually see three generations of grandparents coming to worship together; you can also see local elementary school students doing fieldwork on the local textbook assignments assigned by the school teacher, and they are looking at the statue of Caogong in the temple. , Cao Gong stele and various plaques such as "Gong Tong Yu Wang", while taking notes seriously. There is also a water channel named Caogong Town behind the Caogong Temple.If you search online, you'll see profiles like this right away:

Caogongzhen is located in the Fengshan Plain in southern Taiwan. Its irrigation area covers Fengshan, Daliao, Linyuan, Niaosong, Xiaogang, Zuoying, and Nanzi in Kaohsiung County today, with an area of ​​6,453 hectares.The rivers in the irrigation area include Gaoping River, Houjin River, and Love River, of which Gaoping River is the main source of water supply; lakes include Chengcheng Lake, Lianchi Lake, Jinshi Lake, Xizai Linpi, Governor’s Pi, etc., of which Chengcheng Lake and Lianchi Lake are the most famous.The construction of Caogongzhen made this irrigation area the "rice warehouse" of southern Taiwan in the past dynasties, and the Caogongzhen Water Conservancy Project, which is still in use today, has often become the object of observation by Chinese and foreign water conservancy circles.

Obviously, "Cao Gong" is closely related to the lives of people in the Kaohsiung area. The question is, who is Cao Gong? If you randomly ask passers-by, if you are an older generation of Fengshan residents, you will definitely tell you: Cao Gong is Cao Jin, the magistrate of the Qing Dynasty who excavated Cao Gongzhen. For more than 100 years, the Fengshan area has been able to prosper and develop, and the people can live and work in peace and contentment. he. So, who is Cao Jin? First of all, as far as the historical records are concerned, Cao Jin is a historical figure listed in the "Biography of Officials" in the "National History" and "Drafts of Qing History" in the Qing Dynasty.According to statistics, there are 240 people included in the "Biography of Xun Officials" in "Twenty-Four Histories", and 116 people in "Drafts of Qing History·Biography of Xun Officials".It can be seen from this that it is not easy to be included in the "Biography of Officials".

Historians believe that officials are "officials", so they must obey the court's decrees to ensure the normal operation of local administration; it has the functions of maintaining correct decision-making, truthfully reflecting the situation, ensuring the peace of the people, and resting with the people; its achievements are mainly It is manifested in the three aspects of improving people's economic life, litigation and education; it also plays the role of "teacher" and embodies the spirit of "harmony" in Confucian culture; Personality characteristics such as knowledge, understanding of etiquette, and experience in local or grassroots positions.

It can be seen that the Qing court affirmed Cao Jin's political achievements. Regarding the life of Cao Jin [first name Jin], the "History of the Qing Dynasty" volume 478, biographies 265 "Xun Li" records as follows: Cao Jin [1786-1849], courtesy name Huaipu, was born in Hanoi, Henan Province.In the twelfth year of Jiaqing [1807], he was elected.At the beginning, he was the county magistrate of Zhili, and he was successively assigned to Pingshan, Raoyang, and Ningjin, all of which won the hearts of the people.Relieve the hunger and punish the robbers, multi-benefit politics.Buwei County, adjust Fengrun, and lose his post because of things.Find the official and send it to Fujian, and the department will be happy.He was also impeached for neglecting the cult, introduced, and still used by the original official.

In the thirteenth year of Daoguang [1833], in Minxian County, the flag soldiers fought with the civilians, and the interests were declared equally, and all obeyed.During the drought, God Hu greeted God and prayed for rain on Gushan Mountain. Officials rushed to kneel and worship in the streets.The big officials were amazed, thinking that it would be difficult.At that time, there were many robbers in Taiwan due to the year-old apology, so Fengshan was repaired.Asking about suffering, interrogating thieves, weeding out evil beetles, and obeying the desires of the people.The Danshui River is in the southeast of the county, and the Jiuqu Pond passes through the pond to divert the water from the stream, and build a pi to guide the town.When digging more than 40,000 zhang of the town and irrigated 30,000 mu of land, the method of opening, closing, storing and venting is determined, and the manager of the town is set up.

In the 20th year of Daoguang [1840], promoted to Tongzhi of Danshui Hall, pirates robbed merchants, lived in Zhang and Quan counties, often killed each other, and served as coastal defense alarm, Jinzhi, line of defense, practice of village courage, Qing Dynasty Bandits prepare for foreign aggression.The British army invaded the chicken coop mouth, Jin banned fishing boats from going out, cut off their guides, offered rewards to buy enemy chieftains, and the people fought to go there.The enemy ship touched the stone and captured a hundred and twenty-four people.Repeatedly, repeatedly rejected.Next year, they will attack Danshui Nankou again, set up an ambush, and capture five traitors and forty-nine enemy soldiers.After hearing about it, I was awarded a prize.Not long after, a peace agreement was reached, and the British had a responsibility to speak.Governor Yi Liang knew Jin Gangzhi, and said: "What will happen?" Jin said: "However, in terms of national affairs, a certain official is not important, and he who deserves the crime is willing to take it. But it is not appropriate for the people to put their lives to kill thieves. There is a negative." Yiliang sighed and said: "A real husband!" He died because he won the rank.Later, he was promoted to rank by catching robbers and used as the prefect of Haijiang.Jin Sui begged for his illness and died after a few years. [Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, published in January 1999, 13062 pages] Judging from the "Drafts of Qing History", Cao Jin was an official for more than 30 years in his life, and finally served as the magistrate of Haijiang [Taiwan]. Although his official career was not smooth, he was the only one in the Qing Dynasty who was deified. Historic figure: Fengshan built Caogong Temple for him, and Hsinchu regarded him as the city god. The reason why Cao Jin was able to win the love of the people in Taiwan is because he worked diligently and cared for the people during his 8 years as Fengshan County and Tamsui Office in Taiwan [1837-1845], benefiting the local area and benefiting future generations. Here we only talk about the "Cao Gongzhen" dug during his tenure in Fengshan. In 1661 [the fifteenth year of Ming Yongli], Zheng Chenggong established one prefecture and two counties in southern Taiwan, namely Chengtianfu, Tianxing County, and Wannian County. In 1683 [the 22nd year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty], Ming Zheng descended to the Qing Dynasty.In the second year [1684], the Qing Dynasty re-divided the administrative region of Ming and Zheng into one prefecture and three counties, that is, Taiwan Prefecture, which governs Taiwan County, Zhuluo County, and Fengshan County; it belongs to Fujian Province.Among them, Fengshan County is Wannian County of Mingzheng, and its territory is "from Danshui River in the east, Dagushan Port in the west, Shamajitou in the south, and Erlouxing River in the north".As far as current place names are concerned, Tamsui Creek is the current Gaoping Creek, Dagushan Port is the present Kaohsiung Port, Shamajitou is the present-day Maobitou on the Hengchun Peninsula in Pingtung, and Erren Creek is the present-day Erren Creek running through Tainan County. .In other words, Fengshan County in the Qing Dynasty was much larger than Fengshan City today, including Kaohsiung City today, part of Kaohsiung County and part of Pingtung County. In 1836, the year before Cao Jin took office, there was a severe drought in southern Taiwan, autumn grains were not harvested, grain prices soared, thieves flocked, and even led to incidents of robbing rice and official grain. Riots spread from south to north, and the situation in Taiwan was turbulent. .The then [1834-1843] Xiong Yiben, the prefect of Taiwan [a native of Lu'an, Anhui], recounted in "Cao Gongzhen Ji": "Bingshenqiu, the area bordering Taifengjia, was drought for more than a hundred miles, and Luyan [people] treated In addition, in 1833 and 1837, Zhou Kai [1779-1837, born in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province], who went to Taiwan twice in 1833 and 1837 to patrol Taiwan's military preparations according to the rank of inspector, also detailed in his self-compiled chronicle An important record of the civil upheavals caused by the famine in that year: "Daoguang sixteen years, Bingshen. . . . There is no rain in summer and autumn in Sanyi, Fengjia, Taiwan. The price of rice is high, and bandits spread rumors to rob... All corrected people Things... two hundred and eighty crimes were committed by beheading owls and Ling Chi." In a word, because of the difficulty of survival, the people of Taiwan are "easy to cause trouble for bandits." Just like in the 18th year of Daoguang, April 22 [May 15, 1838] Zhong Xiang, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, said: "Taiwan is isolated overseas, and most of them live in Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. They live together with the people of Guangdong. The distinction between Zhuang and Yuezhuang, both fluctuating and aggressive, is easy to cause trouble for bandits." On the sixth day of April in the same year [May 29] Yu Shi Guo Baiyin played a piece of "Taiwan Affairs": "The mansion is isolated overseas. There are many traitors among the people, and it is advisable to choose honest and fair members, who are enough to nourish and control them." ["Records of Qing Dynasty·Xuanzong Shilu", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986, Volume 37, Volume 308, p. 800 and vol. 309, p. 808. 】 In 1837 [the seventeenth year of Daoguang], Cao Jin came to Taiwan to serve as the magistrate of Fengshan County because of his "integrity, wisdom, diligence, and talent". During the reign of Emperor Kangxi [1684] when Fengshan was established as a county, there were "2,445 households with 4,078 people" in the county, and "8,729 Jia [approximately 98,637 mu]" of new and old rural areas. 150 years later, when Cao Jin took office, Fengshan County has a population of more than 200,000, and almost all the land has been reclaimed, but the production methods are very backward, and there is not even a decent irrigation and water conservancy facility for farmland. If the land in the city is short of water, it will overflow when it rains, and it will dry up when it is dry." After Cao Jin took office, Xiong Yiben, the prefect of Taiwan, immediately received him and taught him his experience in governing Taiwan.Xiong Yiben said: Yu Daoguang Jiawu [1834], when he came out to guard Taiyang and became an official, asked about the government and the previous princes, and asked for their requirements. He said: "The only way to govern Taiwan is to eliminate robbers." Zhiyuan said: "The platform is fertile and fertile for thousands of miles, and the households have shelters, and the people's food does not need to be raised." At that time, I had just come to Sibang, and I didn't know much about it. ? Bingshenqiu, the area bordering Tai, Feng and Jia, was drought-struck for more than a hundred miles, and Lu Yan [folk] was waiting to be fed.I feel that it is urgent to inquire about the so-called "removal of thieves", while the so-called "people's food does not need to be raised" has not yet got the basic plan for governing Taiwan.After discussing food and soldiers, I walked through the fields, observed the cause of the drought, and said: "The suffering of famine is only within a hundred miles, and it is really up to the people to take it for themselves, and it cannot be entrusted as a natural disaster." : Rice is a water grain, from sowing to autumn, it must be soaked in deep water. The job of "Zhou Li and Rice Man", the so-called: "Store water with stagnant water to prevent water, and use ditches to drain water so as to balance water" is a difficult experience for farmers.Terraces are only fields of mountains and swamps, which are irrigated by springs, and can be harvested at a year old; the fields of high mountains in the plains often travel for tens of miles, but there is no water from ditches.Cultivator: When spring and summer are cloudy and rainy, sow seeds in a hurry, hoping to harvest them; when there is no rain for several days, the water will dry up!It has not rained for several days, and the seedlings are withered!It has been drought for more than a hundred miles before, all of which are like this!And Encore is appointed as a natural disaster, so why not think about it?In order to encourage the development of water conservancy, I taught the method of digging dikes to open ponds, but the foolish people were stuck in their old habits and could not do it vigorously.Those who talk about governance may be far-sighted and refuse to do what they want to do; then I entrust all empty words, and there is no way to receive practical results. Cao Jin listened carefully to Xiong Yiben's suggestion that governing Fengshan County government should start with methods such as eliminating robbers, having enough food, and promoting water conservancy;Seeing his indifferent attitude, Xiong Yiben also "doubts about the matter or is not familiar with it, and what he has heard about the law of governing Taiwan is like what the husband said? It is impossible to force it to do it." It was not until later that Xiong Yiben found out that Cao Jin had actually listened to his suggestions; and the reason why he didn't express his position easily was because of his pragmatic character of "doing nothing but not taking promises lightly". [Quoted from "The Story of Cao Gongzhen"] When Cao Jin came to Taiwan to serve as the magistrate of Fengshan County, he immediately hired Kinmen scholar Lin Shumei [1808-1851] as his aide to assist in the political affairs of Fengyi.Mubin, also known as Muyou, Muke and Shiye, is an assistant who has no official position in ancient Chinese government offices, and is usually hired privately by the chief official of the government office. In 1824 [Daoguang Fourth Year], at the age of 15, she accompanied her father Lin Tingfu [1777-1830], who guarded the coastal areas of Fujian and Taiwan, to Taiwan to assist in the military administration.In his article "Crossing Taiwan Again", he wrote that Taiwan is his "old place to visit", "the local customs, the key points of mountains and rivers, and he can't forget it every time he recalls it."Because he is well aware of the importance of Taiwan's maritime security and has always had the ambition to manage and build this old place, so when Cao Jinli hired him as a staff member to assist Fengshan County in Taiwan, he felt Cao Jinlian's ability With a political voice, "enough to do something", not afraid of the dangerous waves and the unstable situation where the hungry people are causing trouble, resolutely crossed the sea again and came to Taiwan. Just like Xiong Yiben's suggestion, Cao Jin's first task after taking office is to "eliminate bandits".With the help of Lin Shumei, he timely captured the party members who responded to the incident in Fengyi, and put down the rice robbery caused by the famine.In order to fundamentally solve the famine problem and stabilize the lives of the people, he will then start to make suggestions for the prefect of Xiongyiyi to build water conservancy. Prior to this, Lin Shumei had written a letter to Zhou Kai, who was then patrolling Taiwan's military preparations with the rank of inspector, to discuss how to improve Taiwan's water conservancy.He cited the dry fields in Fengyi as an example: Although Zhou Kai's idea of ​​digging wells for water irrigation can solve the problem of irrigation water for dry fields with distant water, it is labor-consuming, time-consuming and expensive, so it does not meet the economic benefits of farmers.After inspecting the water flow and topography of Fengyi, he proposed a preliminary and specific method for digging water towns.Now, he has proposed to Cao Jin his methods of improving Fengshan farmland water conservancy and his specific plan for building water towns through the "Book on Fengshan Water Conservancy with Cao Huaipu Mingfu". Lin Shumei first affirmed Cao Jin and said: The deacon is sympathetic to the people and the fields are prone to drought. Because the waterways are not open, he wants to build water conservancy and plan for the long-term development of a city. This is the heart of a benevolent person. Then, Lin Shumei reiterated to Cao Jin that she had previously pointed out that Zhou Kai's method of digging wells for water extraction in Taiwan's military army was not applicable to Fengyi, and suggested that Cao Jin should use the method of digging water channels instead.He believes that "digging wells can only self-govern their fields, but it is very beneficial to divert water."Through on-the-spot surveys of the water flow situation, the current status of farmland water conservancy development and operation in various villages in Fengyi, and referring to the records of old records, he learned about the changes and failures of Fengyi's water conservancy measures in the past and present, and then further analyzed the problems of Fengshan's farmland water conservancy, and then Propose a specific planning blueprint for excavating Fengyi Water Town: Shumei Tasting means that Fengshan is fully familiar with it. It has a long history. Therefore, it is decided that a public town should be excavated to divert the stream.And to the west...the land and the level are divided into two small towns beside it to reduce the water power.One to the north of Neipu [now Dashu Township, Kaohsiung County] can irrigate the fields in Guanyinli; one to the east of Pingzaitou [now Daliao Township, Kaohsiung County] can irrigate the fields in Xiaozhuli; In the southwest, to the inner and outer open space [now Xiaogang District, Kaohsiung City], it is divided into two parts to irrigate the fields on the upper and lower sides of Fengshan Mountain; and from the belly of the pit [now in Fengshan City] there is an old waterway... with a twist and turn, reaching the county seat , can be poured into trenches; divided into three routes: one from the outside of the east gate to replenish the fields that are not reached by the public town in Shangli, Fengshan, and then converge in Guiyashoupi [in Fengshan, Fengshan City]; one from the head of Fangqiao, and one from the Outside the south gate, you can irrigate large bamboos and fields in Chishanli, and the five branches at the end of the water all enter the sea.It is amazing to dig a town of 43,600 feet, build 14 dams, build five Doumen, and make good embankments, and when the bell is released, it will stretch more than 31,000 mu.Dry land can be used to benefit rain, and flooded land can also eliminate its harm. The city and countryside are surrounded by water, which can also protect against robbers. At the same time, Lin Shumei also drew the flow of the main town road he planned into the "Wufengpi Public Town Map" and presented it to Cao Jin as a blueprint for the construction of the water town project.Based on the previous experience of "persuading the revitalization of water conservancy" by Xiong Yiben, the prefect, who "couldn't do it" because of "foolish people's old habits", he also drew up a set of supervision and construction of water canals based on the idea of ​​benefiting the people. The management regulations are attached at the end of the article, in order to ensure the smooth start, construction and completion of the Shuizhen project.Among them, there are two precautions for construction safety: 1. The opening of the town must start from the tail of the water... and gradually open gradually, so as to prevent the water from collapsing suddenly. 2. A stone dam must be added to the water mouth to prevent collapse. Once the whole town is completed, the stone dam will be removed and the water mouth will be opened again. Regarding the construction supervision and management of Shuizhen: 1. Measure the total length, width and depth from the mouth of the water to the end of the water, and divide it into five sections. Calculate the amount of field water according to the mile, and the length and length of the sections; Pick and chisel one zhang, that is, mark it in the number of sections, the first zhang and the second zhang name and color, each business household will cast lots in the hall, and handle it in sections. The width and depth are equal, and it will be completed within a time limit.As soon as the fifth day comes, he will be rewarded and punished for his diligence and laziness. 2. Each ri shall recommend three or four fair seniors, or those with the most land holdings, as directors, so as to share work and rest. There are three issues concerning the apportionment of the construction cost of the water town, water supply and rent, and compensation for farmers' losses: 1. Where Shuizhen passes through, if the owner’s land is invaded, he shall be compensated according to the original contract price plus five points; The water will be shared by each farm household; there are other fields that also use the water from this town, and they will be shared for rent. 2. If the water of the town is not used by the business households in their fields, they shall not share the labor costs; 3. If there are grain seedlings in the fields that have been opened, the price of millet will be paid according to the number and fraction. Lin Shumei believes that these treaties "are considerate and thoughtful, and there is no sickness. If you are happy, you can double the benefits in the present, and you can get unlimited benefits in the future, and there seems to be no hindrance." Later, Lin Shumei considered that the water town construction plan proposed in the "Discussion on Fengshan Water Conservancy Book with Cao Huai and Pu Mingfu" was insufficient, so she went to Cao Jinjin Chen's article "Supplementary Discussion on Water Conservancy Book with Cao Mingfu" to add some main opinions : 1. The culvert is the most dangerous place for breathing the stream, and it is advisable to erect a doumen within a few feet to prepare for the impact.Now the opening looks like a T-shaped, which is too straight, and the stream flows quickly, so it cannot cross into the culvert.If it is to the south of the culvert, a short dam is attached, slightly curved to the north, so that the water of the stream can be obliquely entered, and it is also a remedy. The creek is no more than one-third of the way, and the creek is left wide to follow the water, and it will not hinder the communication of boats and rafts]. 2. From Bazilin [now Taiye Village, Hunei Township, Kaohsiung County] to Guolu Grotto [in today's Fengshan City], the ground is too high and it is not easy to get through. It is better to go north from Wanchai Touzhuang [in today's Fengshan City] Zhen, a horizontal chisel, connects with the south of the soil bank [now Tuku Village, Ligang Township, Pingtung County], which is relatively quick; if it cannot be connected, there is a method for thirsty birds to fetch water, and a large bamboo shaft is cut [made of broken bamboo. Bamboo tubes connecting the male and the female, pushing them across the mountain, placing the scorpion into the water five feet, then setting the scorpion on fire with the tail of the scorpion, the fire gas submerges through, and the water is sucked through. 3. The tributaries encircle Picheng as a moat, and the land is narrow and loose, so precautions should be taken; at the northeast corner where the Chaitoupi water is diverted into Hao, Doumen embankment must also be built firmly to improve water conservancy; there is an old waterway in the southwest corner of the city, for the If the fort is leaning up, if it is scattered and cannot be vented, the water will anger the city and endanger it. It is advisable to cut down the soil on the outer bank to cultivate the city. Set up gates and set up gates, open and close in time, the veins are connected, and disasters are severe. In addition, in view of the huge amount of funds needed to open Shenzhen, Lin Shumei once again suggested that Cao Jin should use the principles of enlightening people's wisdom, motivating them with emotion, and luring them for profit, through the methods of "government advocating donations from the people" and "government supervising the construction of the people". To promote the construction of the water town project: As for the huge expenses, I will tell the elders that all those who have land on the Pi will be donated according to the number of paddy fields received. To be responsible for its success, and its wealth is not borrowed from officials, so who is not active? Finally, Lin Shumei hoped that Cao Jin could follow the example of Fan Zhongyan and Su Shi and make up his mind to build Fengyi Water Town to benefit the people and make future generations happy: Fan Wenzheng promoted the water conservancy of Taihu Lake, and the temple lasted for hundreds of generations; Su Wenzhong publicized the water conservancy of West Lake, which was called Sudi by the people; Hold it. ……If the deacon is diligent and benevolent to the people, sees things clearly, and decides to do things, and if he has a firm willpower, the water conservancy will flourish, the fields will be cleared, the warehouses will be filled, the lawsuits will be simplified, the robbers will be eliminated, the education will flourish, and the people will be prosperous. The merits and virtues of praise must be the same as Wen Zheng Yu Wu, Wen Zhong Yu Zhe, and the same Kui in different times and places. Who says that people today are not as good as the ancients? [Quoting Wang Junsheng's "A Preliminary Study on the Deeds and Relationships between Lin Shumei, a Kinmen Scholar, and Cao Jin in Fengshan County Magistrate", included in "Cao Jin's Deeds Collection in Fengshan County Magistrate", Taipei: Wenjin Publishing House, October 2004, No. 110 — 187 pages. 】 Cao Jin's hometown, Hanoi County, Henan Province [now Qinyang City] is located in the Yellow River Basin. In addition to many rivers flowing down from the Taihang Mountains in the south, there are also ditches that make full use of water resources to supply crops and water resources. Quite plentiful.Hanoi is an ancient irrigation area and an important agricultural production area in the past dynasties. There have been renovations of canals in the past dynasties; Cao Jin should have seen a lot in his hometown when he opened towns to divert water.Therefore, he adopted Mu Bin Lin Shumei's suggestion on building water conservancy and proceeded. Cao Jin himself did not leave a more accurate record of the deeds related to the excavation of Fengyi Water Town.The most detailed record of Cao Gongzhen seen so far is the "Fengshan County Interview Book" compiled by Lu Dejia and other journals in the 20th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty [1894].On June 30, 1993, in the Taiwan Historical Literature Series published by Nantou Taiwan Provincial Documentation Committee: "Fengshan County Interview Book Geng Department Biography Huan Trace Cao Jin", we saw a passage about Cao Jin's promotion of water conservancy construction description: Therefore, there are many dry fields in the city, so I would like to get off the car and patrol the fields, looking for water sources to the Danshui stream in Jiuqutang, sighing and saying: It is the creator who left it for human management. This record shows that: Cao Jin was not only able to do things by himself, as Lin Shumei expected, to patrol the countryside and search for water sources, but also agreed with Lin Shumei's suggestion that Danshui River [now Gaoping River 】The Jiuqutang next to it is a suitable place to excavate the source of Shuizhen.Soon, Xiong Yiben, the prefect of Taiwan, also heard the news that Cao Jin went to the countryside to investigate water sources; this spring, when Xiong Yiben met Cao Jin for the first time and persuaded him to develop water conservancy, because Cao Jin never expressed his opinion, he also agreed I suspect that he has no determination to implement it; now that he heard the rumor that Cao Jin had already taken action, he interviewed him again, wanting to hear his views and practices, but Cao Jin not only still did not talk about anything related to digging water. Moreover, after the meeting, there was no written report on relevant matters. Because of this, Xiong Yiben inevitably doubted Cao Jin's determination to dig the water tunnel. Xiong Yiyi later wrote in "Cao Gongzhen Ji": A few months later, people have said that they will work hard to open water conservancy for the people.When Daling Yuji saw it, he couldn't express it in words, and he didn't put it in bamboo slips, so he didn't see that he would be able to do it. "Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth."Xiong Yiben's suspicion of Cao Jin is obviously not true.In the winter of the second year, when Cao Jin reported to him with "success in water conservancy", the second interview experience finally made him understand: Cao Jin is not only a person who "does not do anything but does not take promises lightly", but also A pragmatic person who "doesn't speak lightly"! Regarding the process of Cao Jin's promotion of water conservancy construction, "Fengshan County Interview Book·Geng Department·Biography·Huanji·Cao Jin" continued: Therefore, [Cao Jin] gathered the gentry, summoned skilled craftsmen, and began to chisel and build.In my spare time, I go on foot to watch, give advice and strategies, and laugh and talk, as happy as a family and wife.Those who follow the story will benefit the public. However, according to folk legends in Fengshan, the process of Cao Jin's opening of Shenzhen was not as smooth as recorded in history books.In addition to difficult problems such as apportionment of funds, he also has to face the reality of his biggest enemy, which is Xiong Yiben's "foolish people and old habits" who were once defeated by it.Therefore, the local people in Fengshan still have a legendary story of "Cao Jinzhi fighting the dragon mother" formed at the time when Cao Gongzhen was opened. It is said that when Cao Jin was about to open the town, most of the farmers in the Fengshan area still resisted because they were worried that the opening of the town would ruin Feng Shui.Cao Jin has never believed in evil.When he was an official in Minxian County, Fujian Province, because he did not follow the people's maverick kneeling and praying for rain, he won the praise of his superiors for "it is difficult to accept", and he was sent to Fengshan, Taiwan, where "the year is full of thieves".Faced with the superstition that the people's wisdom has not been developed, Cao Jin continued to carry out the political work of persuasion on the one hand, and on the other hand, he still led the workers to carry out the construction step by step according to the plan.However, when the project progressed to Chishan Villa near the north gate of Fengshan County, the situation still appeared.There, for several days in a row, the earth dug up the day before was strangely filled back the next day.Cao Jin heard this strange thing and rushed to the scene to inspect it, but he had no clue.Then, he heard folk rumors: It is said that the local Dapi [later called Dabei Lake, now the famous Chengcheng Lake] lived in Longmu, and Caopizai next to it [later called Xiaobei Lake, has been filled. 】Dragon son lived, the mother and son were responsible for guarding the dragon veins of Chishanzhuang, and the place where Cao Jin ordered the workers to start construction was precisely the throat of the dragon veins.In desperation, he asked someone to find a beggar and stay at the construction site at night.Because of this, a folk legend that Cao Jin didn't necessarily believe was passed down from generation to generation. People say that the beggar can communicate with yin and yang; in the middle of the night, he suddenly heard a mournful cry from the lake. When he listened carefully, it was the son of the dragon crying to the mother of the dragon for help, saying: I am afraid that once the water channel is dug, We, mother and son, have nowhere to hide anymore.Don't be afraid!In order to reassure Longzi, Mother Long told him: I have a spell that can mobilize the power of thousands of people to fill it up.Long Zi still said anxiously: What if your spell is broken?Mother Long said: Unless they bury a copper needle and black dog blood in the dug place, no one can break it. The beggar miraculously heard this incredible secret, and immediately reported back to Cao Jin; Cao Jin followed the plan, and since then, the opening of the Shenzhen project has no more twists and turns. In the summer of 1837 [the seventeenth year of Daoguang], under the leadership and organization of Cao Jin, the construction of Fengshan Water Town began. In the winter of the second year [1838], the water town project was announced to be completed. It took less than two years before and after. time. Xiong Yiben, the prefect of Taiwan, recorded the results that Cao Jin reported to him in "The Story of Cao Gongzhen": In the winter of 1898, Da Lingguo announced the success of water conservancy, and plotted its terrain to advance: it is amazing to dig a town of 43,600 feet, and it is amazing that it can irrigate 31,500 mu of land. Xiong Yiben then forwarded Cao Jin's report to Taiwan's highest military and political chief who had just assumed office at this time—Yao Ying, who patrolled Taiwan's military preparations according to the rank of inspector [1785-1853].Yao Ying, who was a scholar of the Tongcheng School in Anhui, "rewarded his hard work urgently, and sent the matter to the government, and asked the court for it", and at the same time ordered Xiong Yiben to "see him personally".In February of the second year [1839], Xiong Yiben went to Fengshan to inspect and inspect.In "The Story of Cao Gongzhen", he wrote down what he saw and felt during the on-site inspection: In the mid-spring of Jihai, when I bowed to my place, there were thousands and hundreds of scholars and people welcoming the heads of the horses. I ordered some of Dong's servants to follow the Long River and ask them one by one.It is known: the source of the town comes out of the Danshui River; from the Jiuqutang outside the stream, the dike is broken to divert water to the depression of the pond, and the stone is built as the gate to store and discharge in time.When it is opened, the water flows from Xiaozhuli to Guanyinli and Fengshanli, and from Fengshanli to Chishanli and Dazhuli.The fields next to Shenzhen are each inherited by small ditches.There is no invasion from the upper class, no gold from the lower class, and Xian obeys the orders of the chief of the town, and strictly abides by his official laws.Xiang Zhi's so-called "dry fields" have all become "upper plump", isn't it the benefit of a hundred generations! Although the county government didn't take any money out, Xiong Benben heard the people attribute the credit for opening the town to Cao Jin during the inspection process; so when the people asked him to name the water town project, he gave it to Cao Jin A water conservancy project was named "Cao Gongzhen", and he personally wrote "The Story of Cao Gongzhen", which was erected in October of the same year: There are thousands of officials in the imperial court, and they all think of the people.But the land is close to the people, the love is close to the people, the person who knows its benefits and diseases, and has the power to do something is better than the county magistrate.The county magistrate presides over a city, and the gills and gills [shape of fear] will book the book in the period, but do not know the basic plan of the people; if they know the basic plan of the people, but do it with care, they cannot have strong perseverance and a true and innocent heart; Insufficient and long-term plans.Therefore, it is better to get one talented official than to get a hundred vulgar officials; it is not as good to get one virtuous official as to get a hundred talented officials. ... My view on people in politics: Those who boast of their talents, when they report their duties to the chief, often have dozens of papers, which cannot be exhausted.Viewers, sighing and sighing, said: "The ancients have followed the good, and there is nothing to go beyond it!" It is the result of nuclear politics, and they are all embellished with words to invite reputation, and they are self-seeking utilitarian schemes.And the so-called "beautiful people" were never able to live all day long. Is it possible to ask their intentions?If you make a big order [Cao Jin], you will not promise lightly if you have not done it, and you will not speak lightly if it is not accomplished;From the beginning of the scriptures to the end, he has worked tirelessly and spared no expense in resources, and has gone through two years like a day. How many people "know the basic plan of the people, have strong perseverance, and have a true and innocent heart"! Lian Fang [Yao Ying] praised his achievements and made them special. Isn't he a great gentleman who loves the country and loves the people, and is thirsty for talents!Feng's scholars and people follow the teachings of the Great Order and work together to achieve it.The so-called: People who can see the sentiments of the people are different from Guye today?When rewarding Jinshi and the people, they all said: "It is only the benevolent and virtuous people of my town who have worked hard to achieve success. How can everyone have the power?"I will report to the honest visit.Please give me the name of Qizhen, so that I can publish all the stones.Yu said: "Is it possible for Ru Cao to be named 'Cao Gongzhen' because of his meritorious service in the city?" The crowd said: "No!" So he wrote. Upon hearing the news, Wang Taikai, the governor of Fujian at that time, also wrote impromptu poems and praised: After the completion of Cao Gongzheng, Cao Jin signed the "Statute in charge of Shenzhen affairs" and held a township affairs meeting.At the meeting, 35 people who worked hard to supervise the work during the construction period and made great contributions to the development of the town were elected as the leader. Cao Jin personally issued hereditary licenses and was responsible for managing the Tianjia in their respective work areas; As the prime minister, he is in charge of all matters of Shenzhen affairs. The irrigation function of Caogongzhen began to start.Cao Jin also went to the countryside to patrol the fields from time to time to persuade farmers to work hard.Lin Shumei, Cao Jin's right-hand assistant, was deeply moved after the inspection, and wrote a documentary description "Cao Hou's prosperity of water conservancy, but he patrolled the fields and persuaded the peasant women, and he wrote this ode": The "three cups of millet" here refers to the drought-tolerant and prolific Taiwan-grown rice. However, although the construction of Caogong Town started in 1838, water from Danshui Creek was drawn from Jiuqutang, 44 water towns were built, and the irrigation area reached 2,549 square meters, but it still failed to completely solve the water shortage problem in Fengshan. In 1841 [the 21st year of Daoguang], Fengshan suffered from drought again, and the farmland without the irrigation system in Caogongzhen suffered from drought.At this time, although Cao Jin had been promoted to the post of Tongzhi of the Tamsui Department, he was still concerned about the water conservancy construction in Fengshan County as always.Not only did he cut down on food and clothing to donate funds for disaster relief, but he also ordered Zheng Lan, a year-old tribute student, and Zheng Xuanzhi, an epigenetic student, to dig 46 new ones in the old one at Shuimen, Caogong Town, Jiuqutang, Xiadanshuixi, increasing the irrigated area by 2,063 square meters.In this way, with a stable water supply, the thousands of farmlands in Fengshan County, which were originally "looking at the harvest", immediately changed from "seeing the sky" with at most one harvest a year to a fertile farmland with two harvests a year and a guaranteed harvest in drought and flood. .The Fengshan area has also transformed from a backwater to the granary of southern Taiwan.Fengshan has also prospered and developed since then.Because of this, Lian Heng later highly praised it when he wrote "General History of Taiwan" and said that after the completion of Cao Gongzhen, Fengshan "has harvested the grain and made it old, the people are happy, and the family is full of treasures, and there are no thieves." Until now, Caogongzhen still benefits millions of people in the greater Kaohsiung area; whether it is agriculture, industry or people's livelihood, Caogongzhen, the largest water conservancy project in southern Taiwan during the Qing Dynasty, is the main source of lifeline.Japanese scholar Mori Chentaro therefore highly praised in the article "Great Man Cao Gong": "A large project like this was completed in only two years in an era when the level of education was relatively low. There is no doubt that a considerable amount of effort was spent in the process. Of course, the official authority of the magistrate also played a certain role in promoting it. Generally speaking, it should be Cao Gong’s enthusiasm for water conservancy and his sincere feelings for the people that moved the people. This is the result of all the efforts of the whole people.” On November 1, 1949, the poet Zang Kejia wrote a poem entitled "Some People—Feelings in Commemoration of Lu Xun" in memory of Lu Xun: 如果从曹谨深受凤山百姓爱戴的情形来看，他应该就是臧克家所指的那种虽然“死了”却“还活着”的人吧！凤山人民不但永远记住他，而且还把他的名字“刻入石头”，永垂不朽！ 1840年【道光二十年】，曹谨因功而被擢任淡水厅同知。离去时，凤山县民纷纷赶来为他送行；由于送行的人太多，甚至马路都被堵塞了﹗《凤山县采访册》对此载道：“在任五年……去之日，祖饯者至数千人。” 1849年【道光二十九年】，曹谨仙逝河南家乡。 1852年【咸丰二年】阴历六月二十四，曹谨葬于河内县南廓外祖茔；同乡进士李棠阶撰墓志铭曰： 数十年来，天下称循吏者，必曰河内怀朴曹公……时岁歉多盗，制府以公廉能补凤山县。县为府南冲要，周围五百余里，公亲巡行境内，问疾苦，诘盗贼，剔弊除蠹，顺民之欲，而次第施之。以为弭盗莫如足食，足食莫如兴水利。 ……盖公宦历南北三十年，所至民亲，既去民思，诚非幸致也。 ... 1860年，也就是曹谨在家乡河南沁阳过世后的第11年，凤山县民为了感怀曹谨的贡献，在凤山凤仪书院【建于嘉庆十九年】内建祠纪念，名为“曹公祠”。其神位书曰“前任凤山县知县丁卯解元怀朴曹公讳谨禄位”。阁邑士民捐赠“正德厚生”匾额一方，悬挂于曹公祠正门内侧门额，成为镇祠之宝。《凤山县采访册》记载曰： 咸丰十年，民思旧德，构祠三楹于书院东偏，每遇诞期，辄召梨园设酒醴以遥祝。 凤山人民盛赞曹谨“功同禹王”，有人并赋诗《曹公祠怀古》曰： 另外，《凤山竹枝词》也称赞道： 1884年【光绪十年】，福建巡抚丁日昌奏准祀曹公于台北府“名宦祠”。根据清朝入祀的规定，能够被列入名宦祠的人是“以道事君，泽及民庶者”。 1885年，台湾建省。10年后的1895年，台湾割日。台湾沦为日本帝国主义的殖民地。 1900年，日本殖民总督儿玉源太郎因曹公祠年久失修，捐资重建，并定阳历11月1日为曹公诞辰。 1901年8月，日本“台湾惯习研究会”会员花冈伊之作在《台湾惯习记事》第一卷第八号发表第一篇比较接近现代意义的研究曹公圳的文章：《曹公圳起源》。 二战期间，曹公祠遭到美军轰炸，毁损严重。 1945年10月25日，台湾光复，重归祖国。第二年，当地接收官员斥资重修，却不知以古法，曹公祠于是失去古迹价值。 1959年，凤山地方政府将曹公祠对面的小学命名为曹公国小。民众又将校园里头一株曹谨生前亲手栽植的茄冬树命名为曹公巨树。 1971年，高雄农田水利会再次重建曹公祠，并在祠前右旁，增建曹公纪念亭一座，安置“曹公圳记”、“知恩报本”、“饮水思源”等5座石碑于亭子中央，以弘扬曹公的功绩。不久，又将曹公祠前的街道命名为曹公路，旁边的一条巷道则被命名为曹公巷。 1992年，高雄县林园乡“警善堂”宣称，玉皇大帝降乩谓：曹公有功于民，应雕塑金身供奉，并易祠为庙，以示庄重；于是在同年曹公诞辰祭典之日，易“牌位”而奉金身“神像”，正式改曹公祠之名为曹公庙，并于正殿南侧悬挂“曹公庙”匾额，正殿北侧另悬“曹公祠”匾额，见证着从“曹公祠”至“曹公庙”的历史变迁。一直到现在，每逢阳历11月1日曹公诞辰，地方人士都会在曹公庙举行隆重祭典，纪念这位“功在高雄”的县令；届时凤山市民都会抬着曹公金身塑像绕巡凤山市区，为万民祈福消灾。 1995年7月14日，高雄农田水利会缅怀高雄地区农田水利事业的开创肇始于曹公圳的开凿，于是捐资新台币5亿元，创设“财团法人曹公农业水利研究发展基金会”，借此协助农田水利会“发展农田灌溉事业，推展农田水利及相关农业之研究发展，振兴农业发展……” 1998年，河南省沁阳市人民政府为曹谨新立墓碑，铭文曰： 曹谨一生宦历南北三十余年，所至民亲，既去民思。宦台八载，兴利除弊，勤政为民，为开发台湾，保卫台湾，沤心沥血，鞠躬尽瘁。凤山人民为追念曹公的恩德，为其建立生祠，又以曹公路、曹公里、曹公国民小学命其名。慎思追远，淡人念其遗爱，奉祀德政祠。光绪二年，福建巡抚又将其牌位奉祀名宦祠。淡凤人民春秋俎豆，至今不替。 1999年8月，凤山地方知名人士一行6人，第一次组团前往河南省沁阳市，展开“清朝凤山县知县曹谨公故乡寻根之旅”。 2000年7月，高雄农田水利会总干事领队，一行共26人，再组“清朝道光凤山县知县曹谨公河南省故园参访团”，前往河南省沁阳市，祭拜曹谨。 2001年7月，高雄农田水利会会长亲自组织“清朝道光凤山县知县曹谨公河南省故园参访团”，再往河南省沁阳市的曹谨墓园致敬。 2003年10月，筹划5年的两岸豫剧《曹公外传》汇演，在台湾巡演6场。 2003年11月28日，来自曹公故里的沁阳市曹谨研究会参访团一行13人入境台湾，参加了在高雄中山大学举行的有关曹谨事迹的第一次学术研讨会。据统计，从1901年8月，花冈伊之作发表《曹公圳起源》开始，一直到2002年，有关曹谨的研究文章一共出现：资料性专书两本、学位论文两篇、研究报告一份、期刊论文39篇、论文集或书籍收录的论文与文章20篇、较具价值的网站文章两篇、报纸报道16篇等。 【杨晋龙《“曹谨研究”的分析与评论》，收录于前引《凤山知县曹谨事迹集》，第7—8页。 】 曹谨虽然是河南人，但在深深知道“吃水果，拜树头”的道理的凤山人民心中，他不但是人们永远记住的人，而且是人们顶礼膜拜的“功同禹王”的神。 【蓝博洲：台湾作家】