Chapter 60 Chapter 59 "Blue Hada" in the Snowy Hinterland - The Past and Present of the Lhasa River
"The red mountain stands tall and the clear water flows" [Tian Han's "Princess Wencheng"] is the most appropriate description of the landform characteristics of the ancient city of Lhasa.Many people who have never been to Lhasa yearn for Lhasa and are familiar with the Potala Palace on the Red Mountain, but they may not understand that the development of this snow-covered holy city since ancient times is closely related to the river that surrounds Lhasa like Hada.Caidan Zhuoma's affectionate song "The Beautiful Lhasa River" expresses the Tibetan people's love for the Lhasa River——
It can be said that without understanding the Lhasa River, it is impossible to truly understand the city of Lhasa, nor the history and culture of Tibet.This "blue Hada" that runs through the most central area of Tibet records the ancient and modern legends of the children of the plateau who love water and control the water, and has bred the core and essence of the snow-covered civilization.
The "Elysium" where the spring breeze is resident.Anyone who has been to Lhasa will never forget the Lhasa River.It winds its way from the snow-capped mountains, flows slowly at the foot of the holy city of Lhasa, laying out a beautiful blue and soft body along the way, like a sacred and pure hada, surrounding this famous Tibetan city and nourishing it. This magical land has brought aura and vitality to the holy city.
The Lhasa River got its name because it flows through the ancient city of Lhasa.Although this is only a part of this "blue Hada", it is the "river of life" and "mother river" where Lhasa has become the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of Tibet.
Human survival is inseparable from water, so in the early days of human beings, whether it was nomadic or farming, "living by water" was the normal state of survival and development of ancient tribes and kingdoms.The Lhasa River Valley, where Lhasa City is located today, has flat terrain, gentle water flow, and braided river systems, which are easy to irrigate.The most important thing is that after the ancient Tibetans mastered the water control technology of "using the highland livestock water as a pool and the lowland water into the river", the Lhasa Valley gradually became a developed agricultural area, which laid a solid foundation for the survival and development of a central city like Lhasa. Base.At the same time, the unique "microclimate" of the valley formed by the ancient Lhasa River cutting deep into the plateau has also earned the holy city of Lhasa the reputation of "Western Paradise".
Lhasa is surrounded by mountains.At the beginning of the establishment of Lhasa, Princess Wencheng of the historical records had a wonderful description of the terrain of Lhasa: "The mountains in the east are undulating, like a tiger about to leap; the valley between the two mountains in the west is like an eagle spreading its wings; the flowing water in the south is like The green dragon hovers; the hills and slopes in the north are gentle, like a turtle crawling." [Chi Lie Quzha's "Tibet Customs"] This special terrain makes Lhasa a "blessed place" that is like spring all year round.
Generally, in Tibet, most of the terrain is high and steep, and the altitude is mostly around 4,000 meters.Due to the extremely high altitude, although it is located in the mid-latitude region—most of Tibet is south of Nanjing, and the latitude of Lhasa is slightly souther than Hangzhou, but the climate is extremely cold.Harsh natural conditions have always been an important factor restricting Tibet's economic and social development.However, Lhasa, located in the Lhasa River Valley, has the towering Nyainqentanglha Mountains in the north to block the cold north wind, and the Lhasa River cuts deep into the plateau, forming a "dustpan-shaped" terrain that is high around and low in the middle.On the one hand, it blocks the intrusion of cold air from the north to the south, and at the same time reduces the disturbance of strong winds that are common on the Tibetan plateau.The Lhasa River Valley is wide enough to enjoy the scorching sun on the plateau in winter. It is not sandwiched in a narrow valley like Qamdo in Eastern Tibet, where the sun rises late and sets early, making it extremely cold.In addition, the Yarlung Zangbo River, which is located in the south of Lhasa and finally flows into the Lhasa River, cuts through the Himalayas in the south of Tibet, allowing the warm Indian Ocean monsoon to pass through this channel and go upstream, bringing more precipitation to the Lhasa Valley.
Surrounded by four mountains, one stream flows, storing wind and gathering energy.The special terrain created by the Lhasa River brings mild and humid climate conditions to Lhasa, making it a treasure land on the Tibetan Plateau, which is generally cold and rainless, and a warm and pleasant "Western Paradise".
The picturesque Lhasa River in all seasons.The Lhasa River rushes from the snow-capped mountains in northern Tibet, but when it reaches Lhasa, it slows down and flows gently from east to west.It not only brings conditions for the survival and development of Lhasa people - more than 50% of the city's population is concentrated along the Lhasa River today, but also brings picturesque scenery to Lhasa.
When the ten thousand rays of light in spring fly over the Najin Pass in the east of Lhasa, Najin Mountain: a steep mountain in the east of Lhasa City, the highest point is 4,200 meters above sea level.The Lhasa River flows into Lhasa City from the foot of the south side of Najin Mountain. "Najin" means "big nose" in Tibetan.Sprinkled on the Lhasa River, the river surface is bathed in a piece of gold.Although the Lhasa River in spring seems a little desolate, there is not much water in the river, and the high river beach is exposed as clusters of sand dunes, but the clear river water mixed between the river beaches becomes more and more blue like jade, like dripping water. Blue sky among the mountains.Occasionally, one or two overwintering yellow ducks skimmed across the calm water surface, stirring up a series of small waves. The water surface suddenly flickered with sparkling waves, and soon returned to calm.Facing such an empty and primitive scene, it is easy for people to calm down, cleanse their minds, or imagine freely.In the warm spring sun in Lhasa, watching the river flow from the mountains in the distance, and then silently bypass the city of Lhasa, and flow to the distance, the thoughts will follow the white clouds in the blue sky on the plateau, drifting to the distance of nowhere .
In the sunny season on the plateau, the snow-capped mountains in the upper reaches melt and the rain falls along the river.The melted snow water, accompanied by the "night rain in Lhasa" that always falls at night and stops at day, makes the Lhasa River surge.The cold and swift river flows through Sun Island, Sun Island by Xianzu Island, and Xianzu Island: the two islands in the south of Lhasa City are close to the north bank of Lhasa River. They are connected to Lhasa City by bridges. They are famous leisure and entertainment areas and ecological communities in Lhasa.It brings the coolness of summer to Lhasa people.Every weekend or holiday, crowds of Lhasa people come to the banks of the Lhasa River and valley flats, set up tents, pour highland barley wine, buttered tea, serve tsampa and snacks, or fish, or play cards, or chat, Either play in the water, or do nothing, lie on the green grass on the river bank, through the lazy summer sun, see the waves of the Lhasa River, and feel the time flow away together with the white clouds floating in the sky."Shoton Festival" in Lhasa
Shoton Festival: A festival held at the end of June and the beginning of July in the Tibetan calendar [August in the Gregorian calendar] every year. The Tibetan meaning of "Shoton" is "eating yogurt". It was originally a religious festival, referring to religious people using yogurt to comfort those lamas who retreated in monasteries in summer to avoid killing. Later, it evolved into a festival combining religious activities and mass entertainment activities. festival.The main activities during the Shoton Festival are Buddha exhibition in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa, watching Tibetan opera in Norbulingka, etc.At present, Lhasa has a seven-day holiday every year for the Shoton Festival.
During this period, the banks of the Lhasa River were as lively as Norbulingka.When those people who rushed to Drepung Monastery to see the Buddha exhibition before dawn waited patiently for the sunshine to show up, they would be surprised to find that the first ray of sunlight shining on Lhasa came through the river. The morning mist shines from the mountains in the east to the Lhasa River in summer.At that moment, you may realize what is "Buddha's Light Universal Illumination"!
In the seventh month of the Tibetan calendar, when the "Abandoned Mountain Star" is called "Karma Riji" in Tibetan, it means "the star from the mountain", that is, Venus.According to Tibetan almanac records, the star of Qishan comes out at daytime for half a year and at night for half a year.When it can be seen with the naked eye in Lhasa, it is spring or autumn.The bathing festival is in early autumn, that is, from the 6th to the 12th day of the seventh month in the Tibetan calendar [Venus Appearance Week].Tibetan astronomical almanacs believe that early autumn water has eight major advantages: first, sweet, second cool, third soft, fourth light, fifth clear, sixth not smelly, seventh not to damage the throat when drinking, and eighth to not hurt the abdomen after drinking.In fact, the Tibetan plateau has long winter and short summer, cold winter and spring, heavy rain in summer, and dirty river water. Only in early autumn, the water temperature is higher and the river water is clean, suitable for bathing.In the evening, when it rises above the "Penba Ri" [meaning "Treasure Pingshan"] on the south bank of the Lhasa River, the unique "Bath Festival" of the Tibetans comes.This season coincides with September in the Gregorian calendar, the end of summer and the beginning of autumn.At this time, the rainy season on the plateau has just passed, the wind is sunny and the river is clear and the water is warm.People on both sides of the Lhasa River, the whole family, the old and the young, came to the Lhasa River to play, bathe, swim, and wash the clothes, pulu, and mats brought from home.After bathing in the evening, many people light a fire in the woods by the river, burn buttered tea, pour highland barley wine, eat sweet tsampa, talk about the past and the present, play strings and sing.For seven days in a row, there were happy crowds along the river, which became a unique scenery of the Lhasa River.Since then, the autumn wind has cooled down, and the blue sky and white clouds on the plateau have become more elegant. The leaves in the Lhasa River Valley are golden, and the jade belt-like river water reflects the white clouds and blue sky.
When the first snowflakes of winter fall on the top of Sala Uz
Sera Wuzi Mountain: a mountain in the northern suburbs of Lhasa, about 4,000 meters above sea level. Sera Temple, one of the "Three Great Temples in Lhasa", is located at its southern foot. "Salawuzi" means "a hillside full of wild roses". , and then the mountains around Lhasa City were covered with silver, but the Lhasa River became greener and full of vitality.Thousands of migratory birds fly to the Lhasa River.On the beautiful river surface, there are bursts of melodious humming in winter.Due to the strong sunshine and high temperature, the Lhasa River in winter not only does not freeze, but the river water is more clear and peaceful.Flocks of yellow ducks, bar-headed geese, and black-necked cranes, which are regarded as "divine birds" by Tibetans, fly to the banks of the Lhasa River for the winter.On the water surface that is warm in winter and reflects white clouds, some wild ducks float on the gentle and jade-like water surface, fluttering with the waves; some are cruising leisurely, drawing a fan-shaped ripple behind them; They plunged into the water, and then suddenly popped out from the distant water surface; some stood in twos and threes on the clean sand on the shore, closed their eyes and meditated.Some mischievous ducks spread their wings and skimmed across the tranquil water, stepping on the river from time to time, as if running on nephrite jade, arousing a group of wild ducks to respond, forming a neat formation in the air, forming a picture A beautiful picture of nature and harmony!
The beauty of the Lhasa River is "all-weather".Everyone who lives by the Lhasa River all year round cannot help feeling a deep attachment to it.Those who leave the Lhasa River will never lose their love for the Lhasa River.
The largest tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River.Lhasa River is the mother river of Lhasa.However, to be precise, the Lhasa River near the ancient city is just a short section of the long river that runs through the hinterland of the plateau.
The Tibetan name of the Lhasa River is "Jiqu" Jiqu: "Qu" originally means "water" in Tibetan, and it is also used to refer to rivers, or translated as "river". The original meaning of "Zangbu" is "cleaner", and it is generally used to refer to the holy one of the big river, which can be translated as "Jiang". "Ji" means "happiness and happiness" in Tibetan. It is said that there was a "Ji" family or tribe near the Lhasa River in ancient times, hence the name "Jiqu". , which means "happy river" or "happy river".Han history books also call it "Luoxiechuan", "Jichu River" and so on.It originates from the southern foot of the middle section of Nyainqentanglha Mountains, and flows southwest through Jiali County in Nagqu, Linzhou County in Lhasa City, then turns southeast to Mozhugongka County in Lhasa City, and then turns southwest to Lhasa City Dazi County, Lhasa City, Doilungdeqing County, and finally in Qushui County, it flows into the Yarlung Zangbo River.The Lhasa River forms a huge "S" shape from its source to its mouth.Because the river flows from east to west near the urban area of Lhasa, the people of Lhasa are amazed that "the water of the Lhasa River flows westward".
From the source to the mouth of the river, the main stream of the Lhasa River alone has a total length of 551 kilometers, which can be called "the long river of thousands of miles". ——This is not counting the length of the many tributaries that flow into it along the way, such as Maiqu, Sangqu, Laqu, Xuenongzangbu, Mozhuqu, Yunianqu and Duilongqu.Among them, the largest tributary, "Duilongqu", has a length of 137 kilometers and a drainage area of 4,988 square kilometers.The drainage area of the Lhasa River is 32,471 square kilometers, accounting for about 13.5% of the Yarlung Zangbo River drainage area.The annual average runoff of the Lhasa River is 6 billion cubic meters, which is about one-eighth of the Yellow River, the second largest river in China. Phase 2... Therefore, the Lhasa River is an area rich in water resources. It is estimated that the per capita water volume is 31,988 cubic meters, and the water volume per hectare is 29.92 cubic meters, which is much higher than the average value in my country.
The elevation difference of the Lhasa River is large.The altitude of the Heyuan area is 5,200 meters, the altitude of the entrance is 3,580 meters, the total drop is 1,620 meters, and the average slope is 2.9‰.Therefore, the Lhasa River Basin is also extremely rich in hydropower resources.The theoretical reserve of hydropower resources in the whole basin reaches 2.56 million kilowatts, of which the hydropower reserve in the main stream reaches 1.72 million kilowatts, ranking third among the tributaries of the Yarlung Zangbo River.The water energy reserve per square kilometer in the whole basin is 28.84 kilowatts, and the per capita share is 7.76 kilowatts.The Lhasa River is not only rich in water energy resources, but also has good development conditions. Its water energy is concentrated in the main and tributary streams in the middle reaches, which are closer to the energy utilization center. As long as it is developed reasonably, it can fully meet the needs of industrial and agricultural production and people's lives in the river basin and its adjacent areas. energy demand.The runoff of rivers in Tibet is mostly composed of three forms of recharge: rainwater, snowmelt water and groundwater.This special runoff formation condition makes the interannual variation of the river runoff small, and the annual variation coefficient is small, which is also conducive to better utilization of water resources.Therefore, even from the perspective of modern water resources development, it is well deserved to call the Lhasa River the "Happy River" and "Happy River".
The source at the foot of Nyainqentanglha Mountain.As a very famous sacred mountain in Tibet, Nyainqentanglha Mountain is also very important in Tibet's geography. According to the strict pronunciation of Tibetan, "Nyainqentanglha" should be "Nyainqentanglha"; and the "Tanglha" mountain located to the north of it, which is similar to its name, should actually be read as "Tangla" mountain. It was once translated as "danglaling" in Chinese, which can be used as evidence.I don't know where the "ancient" in the two names comes from.The more likely reason is that the Tibetan word "Tang" [transliterated in Latin as "thang" in Nyainqentanglha or "gdang" in Tanggula] has a strong back nasal sound,
Although the "Tang" in "Tangla" Mountain and the "Tang" in "Nyainqentangla" are translated into one character in Chinese, they are two different words in Tibetan, but the pronunciation is similar. The original meaning of "Tang" in "Tang La" is "cow's foot rope", which is the rope used to tie up cattle and horses to prevent them from running away, and also refers to "clothes hanger"; "La" in "La" is also two words with the same pronunciation in Tibetan. The "la" in "Tangla" means "uphill road" and also refers to "mountain pass". Therefore, many places in Tibet with uphill roads leading to mountain passes are mostly called "so-and-so pull", such as the "Mila" pass from Lhasa to Nyingchi. , passing through the "Nagenla" mountain pass in Namtso, etc.; while the "la" in "Nyainqentangla" refers to "emperors, heavenly beings, Buddhas" and so on.
To Han people who do not understand Tibetan, the pronunciation of "Tangla" is closer to "Tanggula".
The name of "Nianqing Tangla" is translated into Chinese, which should be "the king of the Great God Grassland".The "nian" in it originally means "Argali", which is considered by Tibetans to have a certain magical power, and people still like to hang its horns up to this day as an object to ward off evil spirits.Therefore, it is natural to extend from "Argali" to a kind of "monster force" or "land god". "Qing" means "big and many". "Tang" refers to "Pingba, Square, Grassland". The original meaning of "la" is "emperor, Buddha, heaven and man", and it is extended to "sacred". The "la" in Lhasa is the same word as this.Therefore, when translated together, it can be called "the great god of the sacred grassland".It is one of the four mountain gods in central Tibet and the protector of the Red Mountain where the Potala Palace in Lhasa is located.
The role played by the Nyainqentanglha Mountains in Tibet's geography is equally important.It lies across the heartland of eastern Tibet, and is connected to the Gangdise Mountains in the west—the two are usually regarded as the same mountain system, that is, "Gangdise-Nyainqentanglha Mountains". About 1,500 kilometers—the middle section protrudes slightly to the north, and the southeast is connected with the "Boshula Ridge" of the Hengduan Mountains.Thus, together with the Gangdise Mountains, it divides Tibet into three major regions: northern Tibet, southern Tibet, and southeastern Tibet.It is also the watershed between the Yarlung Zangbo River system and the Nujiang River system in eastern Tibet. At the source of the Lhasa River, it separates the Lhasa River from the Nujiang River.The main peak of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains is located in Damxung County, which belongs to Lhasa City, with an altitude of 7111 meters.On the way from Lhasa to the holy lake Namtso, you can see the main peak, and there are three nearby peaks with an altitude of more than 7,000 meters, which stand side by side and stand toweringly.
The source of the Lhasa River is at the top of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains that protrude to the north.In Jiali County, Nagqu Prefecture
Jiali: A county in the Nagqu region of Tibet, "Jiali" means "Sacred Mountain".
In the east of Cuola Township, there is a wetland called "Medika", which is a vast and gentle swamp, which belongs to the alpine pasture above 5,000 meters above sea level.Usually, here is regarded as the birthplace of the Lhasa River.But the exact source is at the foot of a mountain called "Pengcuo Kongmaduo" in the east of the wetland, where there is a small ravine that originates from the Nyainqentanglha Snow Mountain. The small lakes called "Pengcuo Parma" and "Pengcuo Woma" finally flow into "Pengcuo" about 15 kilometers away from the mountain pass. "Pengcuo" means "gounao lake".Although the lake is surrounded by natural pastures, the altitude here is as high as more than 5,000 meters, and snow is not uncommon in June.There is a desolate folk song in Medika, where Pengcuo is located, which indirectly reflects the alpine environment and the difficulty of survival here: "You can't get there without a good horse / you can't get there without a good shotgun / you can't get there without a good leather jacket The / cannot be reached without a good head."
Pengcuo, located at the foot of the snow-capped mountains, belongs to Waixi Lake. After the river flows westward out of Pengcuo, it is called "Maidi Zangbo".
The two major Tibetan cloths "occupied" upstream. "The endlessly flowing Maidi Zangbo comes from the lake above, and Lhasa is the destination."
Ma Lihua: "Once Medica", reposted from http://www.chamagudaochina.cn.
From the source to the entrance of Sangquhui near the junction of the three counties of Jiali County, Linzhou County and Damxung County is the upper reaches of the Lhasa River.In fact, the upper reaches of the Lhasa River are basically within the territory of Jiali County.The upper reaches of the river are divided into two parts with the entrance where Maiqu flows into the main stream near Cuoduo Township as the dividing point.The upper part close to the source is called "Maidizangbu"; the lower part near the middle reaches is called "Serong Zangbu".
Most of Maidi Zangbo and Serong Zangbo meander between wide hills and basins. The mountains are tall but not steep, and there are occasional canyons.Maidi Zangbu gets its name from "Meidika"
Medica: There are two theories about "Maidi": one is derived from Sanskrit, and it is also translated as "Midi", which means "Nianzhi" when translated into Chinese.This is an Indian Buddhist master who went to Tibet to preach in the later stage of Tibetan Buddhism. He has a great influence in Kham.One is the abbreviation of the name of a god, and the full name is "Maidijue Eraga". "Ka" in Tibetan means "mouth, mouth, front, above, near" and other meanings.Medica here actually refers to "Maidi" Pingba, or the vicinity of "Maidi".
, which is now the location of Cuola Township, Jiali County.The average altitude there is over 5,000 meters, making it the highest-altitude settlement in Jiali County, and even northern Tibet. In 1959, more than 5,000 rebels from northern Tibet gathered in the Medika area, trying to take advantage of the altitude sickness caused by the high altitude here to the troops entering Tibet, and fought stubbornly. In August of that year, the "Battle of Medika" finally took place. ", was one of the five major campaigns to counter the rebellion in 1959.So far, Medica still has the cemetery of sacrificed soldiers.This is the center of heavy rainfall in northern Tibet, and it is basically snow season all year round.Heavy snowfall often brings "white terror" and cruel disasters, causing livestock to freeze to death and houses to collapse, which is known as "nine disasters in ten years".But the rain and snow also formed a vast swamp on the land at the foot of the sacred mountain.Medica is located in the west of this vast swamp, so this swamp is called "Medika Wetland".
With an area of 43,496 hectares and an average altitude of 4,900 meters, Medika Wetland belongs to the plateau lake swamp meadow wetland and is the most representative and typical lake wetland on the Tibetan Plateau.In the wetland, there are undulating moraine hills, drum mounds and sheep-backed stones, and small lakes dotted around. It is a migration corridor and breeding ground for many rare birds such as black-necked cranes and red shelducks [yellow duck]. Every March, It is the "golden season" for black-necked cranes to come to this plateau wetland to breed.There are also abundant plateau fish here, which is the "homeland" for plateau fish to migrate, lay eggs and raise young.This vast wetland plays an important role in local soil and water conservation, preventing seasonal floods, intercepting upstream sediments, and forming highly productive meadows.Therefore, although the Medika Wetland is located in an alpine region with many wind and snow disasters, strictly speaking, its high altitude is no longer suitable for human habitation.However, due to the large plateau pastures, relatively developed pastoralism still exists here for thousands of years. On February 2, 2009, during the ninth "World Wetland Day", the Medika Wetland and the wetland near Manasarovar, Tibet's "first sacred lake", were included in the "List of Internationally Important Wetlands". Since then, he has become famous. In 2008, Medika Wetland was listed as a Tibet Autonomous Region-level wetland nature reserve, and is currently applying for a national-level nature reserve.Maidi Zangbu, the largest river in Jiali County, flows slowly through this wetland.Since the main water source of Maidi Zangbo comes from the melting of alpine snow and snowfall, the water quality is clear and the sand content is low.The main function of Maidi Zangbo water body is water for animal husbandry.
Maidi Zangbo flows from the origin to the southwest, and then almost to the west.But near Nagqu County, it suddenly turned a big bend, ran southeast again, and merged with Maiqu from the east near Cuoduo Township.There is a method of division, which is to call the upper reaches of the Lhasa River in Jiali as "Maiduo Zangbo".But most of the locals call the section from the junction with Maiqu to the junction of Jiali and Linzhou "Serong Zangbo".The hydropower station built in the middle section of Serong Zangbo, near Rongduo Township, is called "Serong Hydropower Station".The section of Serong Zangbo is not as winding as the flow of Maidi Zangbo, but is close to a straight line from east to west.
Turned a big bend midstream.Sangqu originated from the "Sangdangang Sang Peak" [6590 meters] of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains in Nagqu County and Damxung County, and merged into Serong Zangbo at the junction of Linzhou, Jiali and Damxung counties.From here on down and into Linzhou territory, it began to be called "Rezhen Zangbo".Rezhen Zangbo flows to the southwest, near Panduo Township in Linzhou County, where it meets the "Ulu Longqu" from the northwest and the "Paqu" from the southwest, and then turns a big bend and flows to the southeast.This is the upper half of the most obvious "S" of the "S"-shaped Lhasa River.From this meeting point until it meets the "Xuelong Zangbo" from the east near Nyimajiangre Township, Mozhugongka County, Lhasa, this section is called "Drigong Zangbo".Rezhen Zangbo and Zhigong Zangbo are the middle reaches of the Lhasa River.
The biggest feature of the middle reaches of the Lhasa River is that at the two major bends of the "S" shape, there are tributaries with relatively high water potential coming towards each other, making the water system shape like a grid, which also increases the water potential in the middle reaches accordingly.The reason why Rezhen Zangbo turned a big bend near Pangduo Township is because there is a "Qala Mountain" which belongs to the branch of Nyainqentanglha Mountain in front of it.The Chala Mountains, which are almost east-west, extend from Damxung County in the west to Mazhugongka County in the east.The obstructed Lhasa River [Zigong Zangbo] had to turn eastward, looking for a passage along the northern foot of Qiala Mountain, and finally passed through the gap in Qiala Mountain near the township of Nimajia in Mozhugongka, turned around and headed west. Go to Lhasa.The Qiala Mountain also forced the largest tributary of Rezhen Zangbo, "Ulu Longqu", to flow from west to east. After "joining forces" in Pangduo Township and Rezhen Zangbo, they jointly searched for the "road through the mountain".Ulu Longqu also originated from Nyainqentanglha Mountain. Its upstream is called "Laqu", which means "holy river", and its source is close to the main peak of Nyainqentanglha Mountain.When you go north from Lhasa along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway to Namtso, after passing Yangbajing, you will drive along a long river that is almost swampy. This river is the upper reaches of Ulu Longqu, "Laqu".Another smaller tributary, Paqu, which meets Rezhen Zangbo in Pangdo, comes from the Qiala Mountain.Since Mount Chala is also a branch of Nyainqentanglha, Paqu can also be regarded as a river originating from the holy mountain.At the confluence of these three rivers, the largest water conservancy project in Tibet, the Ponduo Water Conservancy Project, is currently being built.It is also the backbone control project of the Lhasa River Basin and the leading reservoir for the cascade development of the main stream of the Lhasa River.
Down from the confluence of the three rivers is "Drigong Zangbo".As mentioned above, it is actually a "pathfinding journey along the mountains", that is, to find the way to Lhasa along the Qiala Mountain.So Drikung Zangpo is a river that flows almost from west to east, with some small tributaries entering along the way.It wasn't until the river galloped near [Zongxue] in Nyimajiang Re Township that it encountered the powerful "Allied Army"—Xue Nong Zangbo who also galloped from the east.Xuenong Zangbo originated from the mountains in the east of Mozhugongka, and the water is huge.As if combining the strength of the two, a gap was opened at the confluence of Qiala Mountain, and it went straight to Lhasa.From this confluence point, the Lhasa River is officially called "Lhasa River", which also enters the downstream section.Just at the junction of the middle and lower reaches, the Zhigong Hydropower Station, known as the "Three Gorges of Tibet" and the largest single-unit capacity in Tibet, was officially put into operation in September 2007.
The towering and continuous Qiala Mountain-the highest peak is 5,200 meters above sea level, and the only way from Lhasa to the north is the Qiala Mountain Pass, which is 4,800 meters above sea level. It stands like a high wall in the middle of Linzhou County. The mountain finds its way, and it also divides Lin Zhou into two different worlds from north to south.To the south of Mount Chala, near the lower reaches of the Lhasa River, is the Pengbo River Valley of Yimapingchuan—the Pengbo River is a tributary of the lower reaches of the Lhasa River.Most of them are agricultural areas, covering an area of more than 1,000 square kilometers, with flat fields and fertile fields.However, to the north of Mount Qiala, that is, the middle reaches of the Lhasa River where Rezhen Zangpo and Zhigong Zangbo are located, is Lin Zhou's pastoral area, covering an area of more than 3,000 square kilometers.It is not like the gentle and flat rivers in the lower reaches, nor is it like the swamps and hills in the upper reaches. It is mostly rolling mountains and rivers interlaced with mountain valleys, and the rivers mostly flow between canyons.Unlike most of the hills in the upper reaches are "Tongshan Zhuozhuo", the high mountains here are mostly covered with vegetation, rich in precious Tibetan medicinal materials such as Rhodiola rosea and Cordyceps sinensis.
The lower reaches are called "Lhasa River".Starting from the Nyimajiangre Township in Mozhugongka, the Lhasa River enters the lower reaches. At this time, it is the real "Lhasa River" that lives up to its name.The Lhasa River is in the lower reaches, and the direction of the river changes from southeast to southwest, until it is near Qushui Town in Qushui County
Qushui: It means "flowing ditch" in Tibetan. , into the Yarlung Zangbo River.
The Lhasa River has several large tributaries in its downstream section.First of all, near Gongka Town, where Mozhugongka County is located, the "Mozhu Song" from the east was imported.Then go forward to the vicinity of Zhangduo Township at the junction of Dazi County and Linzhou County, and incorporate the Pengbo River whose branch spreads all over the southern part of Linzhou County. On the mountain opposite the confluence of the two rivers is the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism. The ancestral temple "Gandan Monastery".Going forward, in Duilongdeqing County, west of Lhasa City, the largest tributary of the entire Lhasa River, "Duilongqu", has been accepted.Duilongqu also originated from Nyainqentanglha Mountain, and its source is near Yangbajing, so Duilongqu is also called "Yangbajing River".
I don't know when, many people spread rumors and believed that the Lhasa River originated from the "Mila Mountain" at the junction of the eastern part of Lhasa and Nyingchi.Indeed, from Lhasa to Nyingchi, starting from the city of Lhasa, the Lhasa River is accompanied along the way.From Dazi to Mozhugongka, the terrain is getting higher and higher, and the "Lhasa River" on the side of the road is gradually narrowing, until near the Mira Pass, the big river turns into a small stream.It is easy to give people the illusion that the Lhasa River originated from Mount Mira.After crossing the Mila Pass, another famous tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River, "Niyangqu", does originate from the Mila Mountain.All the way down, you can see Niyangqu, which is as green as jade, turns from a gurgling stream into a rushing river, and finally flows into the Yarlung Zangbo River.This adds to the illusion that people think that the Lhasa River, like Niyangqu, has its source in Mount Mila.However, in fact, the origin of Mira Mountain is only a tributary of the Lhasa River, "Mozhuqu".The main stream of the Lhasa River, in Gongka Town of Mozhugongka County, has already "parted ways" from Mozhuqu.If you are going to Zhigong Monastery where Xuenong Zangbo is located, you will find that this road goes up the main stream of the Lhasa River.Of course, when you arrive at Nyimajiangre Township, you will find that there are two rivers in front of you: one is the main stream heading west, and the other is Xuenongzangbu, a tributary of the Lhasa River.
However, it is not very strange to regard Mozhuqu as the main stream of Lhasa River.Because the Lhasa River is below the Mozhugongka, the river course is tortuous, with many branches and sandy beaches. The valley is generally 3 to 5 kilometers wide, and the width near Lhasa is 7 to 8 kilometers. It is the most typical wide valley section.Among the many river branches that seem to flow around, it is indeed not an easy task to identify which is the mainstream and which is the tributary.Due to the widening of the river channel, the flow of the lower reaches of the Lhasa River is relatively gentle.Nevertheless, the water quality of the Lhasa River is still very pure and clear.On the one hand, this is because there are not many industries along the downstream coast and less pollution. On the other hand, the wide river course and slow water flow are also conducive to the sedimentation of sediment and other sediments.The Lhasa River is one of the two rivers with the best water quality in my country [the other is the Lijiang River].
The Lhasa River is also the "cradle" of Tibetan civilization.When people mention the Lhasa River, people will think of Lhasa; when they think of the history of Lhasa, people will think of Songtsen Gampo.In many people's minds, Lhasa did not become a place of human activities until the time of Songtsen Gampo, and only then did it have a history of establishing palaces and cities.Previously, this piece of land in the Lhasa River Valley seemed to be just a barren land.
This is obviously inconsistent with historical facts and historical laws. In 1985, the Cultural Relics Survey Team of the Tibet Autonomous Region Cultural Affairs Commission discovered a village dwelling site of the ancestors of Lhasa about 4,000 years ago in Qugong Village, Niangregou, on the northern outskirts of Lhasa.The ruins are distributed at the lower end of the hillside to the north of Qugong Village and behind the General Hospital of the Tibet Military Region. On the slope are bare cliffs, and below the slope is the Lhasa River valley.The altitude of the ruins is 3,690 meters, more than 20 meters higher than the average altitude of Lhasa City, and more than 500 meters higher than the "Ka Ruo Ruins" previously discovered in Qamdo.
This is one of the sites with the highest altitude, the earliest age, the largest area, the thickest cultural layer, extremely rich cultural connotations, and the coexistence of multiple cultures discovered in Tibet so far. It is known as the "Banpo Site" of Lhasa.Judging from the accumulation thickness of the discovered cellars, ash pits and cultural layers, it is enough to prove that this place was once a long-term settlement of primitive people.Unearthed items such as double-shoulder stone shovels and stone grinding discs indicate that the agricultural economy has taken root here.
The location of the Qugong site and the unearthed objects illustrate many issues.The main place where humans first lived was the mountains, because the mountains can provide natural vegetation and fruits and animal meat.However, with the improvement of hunting tools and technology, although the number of wild animals hunted increased, the population also multiplied in large numbers, which finally led to the end of the situation of "few people but many animals".Finally, according to people's experience in adapting to and fighting against nature, planting industry began to become a good medicine to save human beings from plight.The development of planting requires flat land and irrigation. People will naturally look for places that best meet these two basic conditions, that is, river valleys, where people live by water.The Tibetan history book "The Sage's Wedding Banquet" records that in the early days of Tubo, "the residents on the mountain were moved to the valley... and the Tubo houses in the past were all on the mountain", which illustrates this change.
However, rivers often pose flood threats due to seasonal changes.Therefore, most early humans chose to engage in agricultural production in the upper reaches of the river.However, in high-altitude and alpine regions like Tibet, the upper reaches of rivers often make it difficult to carry out agricultural production.Therefore, a "blessed place" like the Lhasa Valley has naturally become the best choice for the Tibetan plateau ancestors.In order to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, they built their homes on mountains much higher than the average altitude of today's Lhasa urban area due to the limited productivity level at that time and the inability to build dams and dikes to withstand floods. It is also close to the edge of the valley, which is convenient for farming.They are pioneers in developing the Lhasa Valley.At the same time, here is also the earliest agricultural civilization discovered in Tibet so far, so it is not an exaggeration to say that Lhasa is also the cradle of Tibetan civilization.
There is no historical data to explain which tribe the descendants of the ancestors at the Qugong site were finally absorbed by.根据零碎的史料记载，到公元六世纪末，也就是松赞干布经营拉萨前夕，整个拉萨河流域及其周围地区，是由一个名为“苏毗”的部落王国统治的。苏毗早期的发祥地，是拉萨河西部的另一个雅鲁藏布江北岸支流香曲河流域。香曲河：在今日喀则地区南木林县境内。但香曲河流域河谷狭窄，一般不超过1至2公里。这种环境在部族发展早期，依山背水，既可渔猎，又能种植，同时小河流的洪水威胁也小，对生存比较有利。但是当苏毗发展到“39个部族、人口繁盛”杨正刚：《苏毗初谈》，载于《中国藏学》1989年第3期。的时候，狭小的香曲河流域很难保证苏毗的发展。因此，苏毗就将部落中心迁移到了河谷更为广阔的“吉曲”【拉萨河】流域，在名为“岩波”
岩波：吉曲河流域原名“岩波”，松赞干布之父囊日松赞征服苏毗、占领这一地区后，改岩波为澎域。在现代藏语中，“澎域”指澎波曲流域，主要在林周县境内；而“澎波”既是地名，也有“富裕”之义。
的地区建立了“宇那堡寨”【其地有人认为在今墨竹工卡县西北部，即今拉萨河中上游交汇处的直贡地区】。
苏毗部落【或可称为“苏毗国”】曾十分强大。据历史学家研究，在吐蕃最终统一西藏以前，在不断兼并弱小部落【或称“小邦”】的过程中，西藏高原出现了3个比较强大的国家，即雅鲁藏布江以南、今西藏山南地区的吐蕃；雅鲁藏布江以北、以拉萨为中心的苏毗；还有西部以今天的阿里地区为中心的象雄。其中苏毗的疆土，北至今天的于田【今新疆南部一带】，西与象雄相邻，直达神湖玛旁雍错，东到今天的青海玉树一带，南隔雅鲁藏布江与吐蕃相邻。强大的吐蕃，也不得不把赞普的妹妹嫁到苏毗王室。
恰白·次旦平措等著，陈庆英等译：《西藏通史【松石宝串】》，西藏古籍出版社，2004年3月第2版。
苏毗是女王治理，而且是“双女王制”。在王国晚期，女王达甲吾驻在旧堡“年卡宁波”，即苏毗故地，在今天的日喀则一带；小女王赤邦松驻在拉萨河流域的宇那堡寨。达甲吾残忍无道，其大臣愤而弑之，达甲吾的属地尽归赤邦松。但此后赤邦松重用反臣，达甲吾的旧臣不服，于是密谋，先后与雅鲁藏布江以南的吐蕃悉补野部赞普、松赞干布的祖父和父亲结盟，最终，由松赞干布的父亲囊日松赞，率一万精兵，里应外合，攻破宇那堡寨，占据了拉萨河流域。
因此，拉萨河流域的文明，并非自松赞干布开始。从远古时期一直到吐蕃征服该地区，都有人类在这里活动，并发展出了不亚于吐蕃的文明。
松赞干布改变了拉萨河。从吐蕃第31代赞普囊日松赞时起，吐蕃就致力于经营拉萨河流域。囊日松赞在征服苏毗、占据拉萨河流域后，就把活动中心从雅鲁藏布江以南迁到了江北。因为吐蕃是依托雅隆河谷地发展起来的，但随着吐蕃人口增多、生产发展，雅隆河谷已嫌狭小，发展余地不多。向南、向东都有难以逾越的喜马拉雅山，地形陡峻而复杂，与西藏高原环境差异较大，且气候炎热潮湿，高原人难以忍受。所以，随着吐蕃的强大，跨江向北发展是必然选择。
囊日松赞在今墨竹工卡的甲玛乡修建了“强巴敏久林”城堡一个可能的原因是这里距苏毗王宫的旧址比较接近，便于控制苏毗王国的子民。松赞干布约在公元617年就出生在强巴敏久林宫殿。但囊日松赞的统治并不稳固，被征服的部落伺机反叛，吐蕃旧臣对囊日松赞冷落旧都、重建新宫也心怀不满，他终于被“进毒遇弑而薨逝”。13岁的松赞干布继位后，在忠于赞普的苏毗旧臣娘氏、韦氏等支持下，惩罚政变叛乱之徒，整饬法律，把父王时的叛变庶民全部纳入了自己的辖治之下。
强巴敏久林所在的甲玛沟，只是雅鲁藏布江的一条小支流，其河谷腹地甚至不及雅隆河谷。雄才远略的松赞干布既不想回到吐蕃旧贵族盘踞的雅隆旧都，也不可能长久据守在甲玛河谷。他派人对西藏中部地区的地形地貌进行考察，发现今拉萨河下游谷地的“卧塘”
古代拉萨平原中央一湖泊，即今大昭寺庙址，据传说在修建大昭寺时，用白山羊驮土填平了卧塘湖。
一带景致优雅，地势宽坦，中间有左右分离的小山【今布达拉宫所在的红山与药王山】。站在山顶，周围景色尽收眼底，附近地带平如掌心，而且显现出制服外敌的吉相。于是，决定在红山之上，修建宫殿，君臣将士迁居到这里，建立了统治全藏的政权中心。松赞干布在这里建立吐蕃政制，征服象雄王朝。但最重要的，是他对拉萨城的修建，这对确立和巩固吐蕃王朝的政治中心，影响极为深远。吐蕃历史文献都特别强调这件事的重要意义，甚至不惜添加许多神话色彩。经过长期发展的历史证明，以拉萨为首府，确实是一个最佳选择，历史意义重大。
松赞干布在拉萨修建宫殿、寺庙、民房、道路等，这一切许多都是在改造拉萨河的基础上完成的。拉萨城的发展史，从某种意义上说，就是一部兴水利、除水害，让拉萨更安全、更宜居的历史。在松赞干布时期，尤其如此。那个时候，拉萨河水自东向西自由乱流，北岸接近卧塘湖，南岸相连南山。红山脚下所谓“平如掌心”的地方，只不过是一片水陆相间的沼泽。好在到松赞干布时期，藏族先辈对水害的治理已经有了比较丰富的经验，掌握了“高地蓄水为池，低地引水入河，旱灌涝排”的技术。用这种排涝措施，使低平的拉萨下游河谷平原，由于辫状水系所造成的湖沼遍地的局面得到了改善。
在填平卧塘湖建大昭寺时，首先“改吉曲河，流向卜瓦洞”，索南坚赞：《西藏王统记》，民族出版社，2000年。“卜瓦洞”又名“噶穹卜瓦洞”，湖水由此流入拉萨河。
使湖水逐渐干涸。然后用白山羊驮土，将这一处于拉萨市中心部位的大湖完全填平，拓展了拉萨的城区空间。由于最初是用山羊驮土填平了卧塘湖，所以大昭寺就名为“逻娑祖拉康”。
逻娑祖拉康：藏语的“山羊”叫“逻”；土地叫“娑”。“祖拉”的本义是“经典”、“经书”或一般的“著作物”，“康”的本义是“房子”。“祖拉康”，最初就是指供奉佛教经典的场所，是吐蕃早期宗教建筑的通称，意为“寺庙”与“经堂”，后来也用以特指大昭寺。如果有人说“拉萨祖拉康”，那肯定是指大昭寺。
在吐蕃最醉心于佛教的赞普热巴巾时期，“逻娑”两字音变为“拉萨”，意义由原来的“羊土”变为“圣地”。因此，“拉萨”的名称，来自于白羊驮土的典故。
至于为什么要使用白山羊驮土呢？有多种解释。有人认为当初建大昭寺引入佛教时，遭到了本土宗教苯教徒的抵制，暗中破坏，所以才会出现殿堂建到半截，夜晚却被“天鬼摧毁”的怪事。据传说松赞干布派人在修建中的大昭寺门上、墙上，遍画苯教徒视为神圣的雍仲符号【“卍”】，才避免昼建夜毁的局面。据确切的有关碑文记载，大昭寺在建造时，确实充分考虑到了苯教师、密咒师的要求，专门建有苯教徒的四角雍仲殿【即“卍”字形宫殿】，还有密咒师的忿怒语自在坛城殿，防止他们搞破坏。白山羊被苯教徒视为灵物，以白山羊驮土填湖，则填湖之土也会变得神圣，苯教徒在企图破坏时会心有忌惮。但也有认为这只是一种工程需要。在当时的生产条件下，山羊数量要多于牦牛，甚至有人设想，填湖之时，必以木板为“桥”，身形小巧的山羊，自然比笨重的牦牛要灵便得多。
尽管有神化的意味，但从中我们仍可看到，在修建古都拉萨时，藏族先辈们一直在进行着治水的斗争。在利用拉萨河、防止拉萨河为患等方面，松赞干布时代确实是一个很好的开端。可以说，松赞干布不但启动了拉萨城的建设，他也改变了拉萨河的面貌。
拉萨发展史就是一部治水史。平日的拉萨河宛如慈母般温顺而祥和，她用自己的乳汁滋润着拉萨河沿岸的山林和河谷宽广的田野，孕育出西藏经济最为发达、人口最为密集的核心地区。然而拉萨河也有粗野暴戾的一面。由于流域内许多地方是高原高寒地区，山体裸露，植被稀疏，夏季降水集中，洪水时有发生。历史上记载，拉萨河流域曾发生过无数次大洪水。只在最近500年中，大水就曾4次淹没拉萨城区。其中距今500年左右和60年前的两次大洪水，整个拉萨城区汪洋一片，只有乘牛皮船才能进入大昭寺附近的八廓街。其他地方也得提衣涉水而过。一直到西藏民主改革时期，今天由大昭寺通往布达拉宫的路上，还时常会变成一片沼泽地带。今日拉萨最繁华的步行街“宇拓路”，原先也是一片小河沟。当时河上的一座“琉璃桥”，就是当时西藏地方政府迎接中央官员的地方，至今旧桥仍存。
从松赞干布时期初步完成河水改道工程以后，拉萨城一直在进行着兴水利、除水害的斗争。但是，在当时只有原始工具和人力、畜力的情况下，尽管拉萨河北岸也修有长堤，但却难挡汹涌的洪水。尤其是在宗教影响下，人们往往更相信凭借超自然的“法力”来抵挡洪水袭击。1485年，拉萨河洪水泛滥，当时管理藏地的帕竹政权，请来在拉萨河谷更上游的墨竹工卡山洞中修行、以密法闻名的“杰·贡嘎顿珠”来拉萨河边进行祈祷活动。据说第二天，洪水果然下降了，帕竹政权的“温萨·达隆巴”认为他以密法退洪水，厥功至伟，特颁发封文执照，将小昭寺赐给他作为密法经院。由于他当初是在拉萨河谷地更上游的地方进行修行，所以他的密法学院被称为“上密院”。至今，小昭寺仍是格鲁派密宗“上密院”所在地。
但是这种“密法”能安慰人一时，却保护不了长久，拉萨河仍时常泛滥。由于长时间泥沙淤积，河床慢慢抬高，到和平解放前，有的地段河床竟高出城区地面1米多，对拉萨城构成了严重威胁。从50年代开始，人民政府拨出专款，对拉萨河堤进行整治，一方面加固，另一方面新建、重建河堤。经过多次综合治理，除加固、加高了旧河堤外，还新建河堤20.5公里，基本上解除了拉萨河水对城区的威胁。1959年民主改革后，1961年开始整修和新建拉萨河堤，进一步解除洪水对城市的危害。1964年第一次对拉萨河全流域进行全面整治。在没有足够投资做保障的情况下，搬石运土全靠人背马驮，凭着一种精神一种斗志，在沿岸重要城镇两岸竖起了第一道防线。
但真正大规模全线整治，始于新世纪之初。“十五”期间，拉萨市城区段防洪堤全面开工建设，工程设计标准由原来的不足20年一遇，提高到百年一遇。一期工程总投资1.8亿元，修建高标准防洪堤26公里，拉萨市54万人从此解除洪水威胁，3万亩土地得到保护。拉萨河沿岸的曲水县、堆龙德庆县、林周县、达孜县、墨竹工卡县等，都修建了防洪护城堤坝。与拉萨毗邻的堆龙德庆县城防洪堤于2003年开工建设，完成投资3100万元，完成50年一遇防洪堤17公里，15平方公里的县城得到保护。墨竹工卡县城长5公里的防洪堤也在“十五”期间全面竣工。过去一到主汛期，水利部门就提心吊胆，洪水一来，党政军警民全体动员上堤抢险。现在堤防巩固，一般洪水年份根本不需操心，堤防建设为社会稳定和谐作出了贡献。
拉萨城也在治水防害中，变得更靓更美。在1961年开始整治河堤的同时，1962年初步制订了拉萨城市发展方案。1964年，为了迎接西藏自治区成立，进行建设拉萨新城的大会战，在不到一年时间里，就新建人民路【现“宇拓路”】、青年路【现“朵森格路”】南段、解放路，修建了西藏革命展览馆和劳动人民文化宫等。位于布达拉宫和大昭寺之间的人民路，原是一片沼泽、水坑。在工程技术人员、工人、解放军指战员的共同奋斗下，短短7个月就建成了总建筑面积约5万多平方米的商业街，并由此诞生了一曲风靡全国、久唱不衰的名歌《逛新城》。
流沙河是从拉萨城北部注入拉萨河的重要支流。河流古河道穿越拉萨市中心，由于长期泥沙堆积，在市区曾形成一条长6公里、宽50米的大沙龙，堆积的泥沙量达150万立方米。历史上，该沙堤曾多次决口，泛滥城区。解放前西藏地方政府虽曾采取过防洪措施，在流沙河南岸筑堤，但堤身是用草皮垒砌的，经不起洪水的冲击。为根治流沙河隐患，1974年9月，自治区人民政府和拉萨市人民政府发出“一定要把流沙河治好”的号召，组织了4万人的治河大军，奋战一年，于1975年使流沙河改道北郊，将夺底沟、娘热沟山洪引向沼泽地带
今为拉萨城区北部的拉鲁湿地。这里是国家自然保护区，被称为“拉萨之肺”。
，并新建东西干渠、南北干渠7公里多，消除了流沙河的危害，使这一带农业旱涝保收，同时还为城市提供了建设用地和建设用沙。到上世纪80年代末，流沙河故道上出现了许多新的工厂企业和住宅区。
让“母亲河”造福西藏百姓。拉萨河干流流程长、源头与下游落差大，是雅鲁藏布江中游左岸的最大支流，干流水能资源理论蕴藏量172万千瓦，是藏中地区除雅鲁藏布江之外，水能资源最为丰富的河流之一。然而在人类进入电力时代以前，谁也不知道这高原圣河中，还蕴藏着无限光明。在电灯没有发明以前，西藏与世界上其他民族相似，晚间照明主要是油灯，住在林区的人们用油松照明。20世纪初，藏地引进了蜡烛，有财力的人家则用汽灯，贵族人家一般不再用油灯。
1913年，十三世达赖喇嘛在各地逃亡期间，目睹了先进的科技文化成果，回到西藏后，他派出了由四品官龙夏率领的“强俄巴·仁增多吉”等4位贵族子弟，前往英国伦敦的诺裴里大学，分别学习电业、地矿、邮电和军事。1921年，他们结业返回西藏。在此之前，西藏噶厦政府
噶厦：原西藏地方政府。清乾隆十六年【1751年】因珠尔墨特之乱，清廷废除原先由郡王、贝子办理藏事制度，改由噶伦四人【三俗一僧】、噶厦仲益二人、噶厦传达官四人、侍卫四人、埃仲二人组成噶厦，秉承驻藏大臣和达赖意旨，共同处理西藏地方事务。1959年3月，国务院明令解散。“噶”意思是“命令、指令”，“厦”是指“府邸、住宅”。噶伦是噶厦政府最高级官员，藏语“伦”意思是“大臣、宰相”之义。
从英国基尔斯机器制造厂订购了一部92.5千瓦的发电机组，于1924年由强俄巴负责运回拉萨。同年十三世达赖批准了强俄巴在夺底沟建电站的呈文，并在当年年底正式动工。在强俄巴的带领下，抽调了10多个藏族民工和50多个石木泥瓦匠，在夺底修建了一座藏式四柱电机房。1927年开始运转发电。这是西藏第一座、中国第二座水力发电站——中国第一座水力发电站，是1912年建成的云南石龙坝水力发电厂。
看到不用油脂就能使一个圆东西【灯泡】发出极其明亮的光，许多人带着几分惶恐惊呼：“呼啸不停的雪域神龙发光了！”按初步设想，电厂建成后，先给西藏地方政府的官员府邸安装电灯。但出于对这种神奇光亮的恐惧，就连身为噶伦的赤门都连声乞求：“感谢了！感谢了！千万不要给我家安电灯！”幸亏十三世达赖相对见多识广，下令让强俄巴在罗布林卡的“金色颇章”中安装电灯——因为当时除了金色颇章外，罗布林卡中别的宫殿都是十三世达赖以前修建的，他不便在人们的反对声中，给其他宫殿安装电灯。强俄巴便根据达赖之命，在罗布林卡东面，修建了一座小型水力发电站，供十三世达赖在金色颇章内办公时照明用。以后电力照明才慢慢普及。1935年，强俄巴将夺底电厂的电，输送到拉萨新建的吉布岗电站，住在当时拉萨中心区八廓街的贵族、商人等，家里都安装上了电灯。
夺底电厂的主机是19世纪产品，经过长期运转，磨损严重，终于在1946年报废停用。拉萨又回复到油灯、蜡烛和汽灯照明的时代。西藏和平解放后，1952年，西藏军区派出几名解放军检修员，检修了夺底电厂的那台旧电机。1955年，中央政府在夺底联合修建新电站。汉族技术工人、藏族土木石工积极参加了这项建设。新电站的电机和一应设备，都是在上海制造的，共有3台发电量为220千瓦的电机和电表、变压器、高压线、水管等。1956年夺底电站建成，解决了罗布林卡、布达拉宫及拉萨各机关和居民群众的照明问题。
1957年，西藏军区决定开凿纳金山角，利用拉萨河干流再建一个大型水电站。人民解放军技术人员、广大指战员和藏族民工一起投入了这场新的建设工程。从祖国内地运来了6台1250千瓦的发电机和各种电器设备。1960年纳金电厂正式落成供电，使拉萨全城第一次大放光明。
自和平解放以来，整个拉萨河流域内相继建成中小型水电站40余座，为拉萨市及西藏的经济社会发展，提供了电力保证。为开发利用拉萨河水能资源，有关单位相继对拉萨河水能资源进行了大量普查、勘测、规划和设计工作，为开发拉萨河水能资源打下了良好基础。自治区电力部门已对拉萨河干流进行了水电规划。梯级电站自上而下依次为旁多、卡多、布嘎、扎雪和直贡，规划总装机容量54.2万千瓦，年发电量21.57亿千瓦。如今，位于拉萨河干流的直贡水电站已全部建成投产，位于林周县的旁多水利枢纽工程已开工建设。拉萨河开发以发电为主，同时兼顾农田灌溉、防洪、城镇生产及生活用水要求。水电开发按计划完成后，可为藏中电网提供可靠电力，缓解电力紧缺矛盾，满足拉萨河流域综合开发对电力的需求，为藏中地区经济社会发展提供源源不断的动力。
牛皮船和铁索桥。在嘎拉山隧道没有开通以前，如果你是乘飞机到拉萨，经曲水大桥跨过雅鲁藏布江后，首先映入眼帘的，就是拉萨河在曲水镇附近注入雅鲁藏布江的汇入口，那是拉萨河的“终点”。你将从这里，一路沿拉萨河前行，去往拉萨。在无意之中，你就开始了一个溯拉萨河而上的“探源之旅”，同时也是感受藏地历史文化和奇异民俗的“拉萨河风情之旅”。
面对汤汤河水，你首先会有这样的疑问：如果河上无桥，古代的西藏人想渡河有什么办法？这对拉萨河沿岸的人们来说，自古以来就是一个难题。拉萨河和许多江南可以泛舟远行的河流不同，它是一条季节性河流，在枯水季节，许多河滩都会裸露出来，容不下大的舟楫。但是拉萨河两岸的人们自有高招，他们就地取材，利用牦牛皮做成“牛皮船”。
牛皮船，顾名思义，是用牛皮做成的。当地人把用水泡软、牛毛基本煺净的4张牦牛皮缝起来，再将湿牛皮包在木骨架上绷好——木骨架一般选用韧性好的柳木制成，然后用牛皮绳子捆紧，晒干以后，牛皮就紧紧地绷在木头骨架上了。之后还要擦油定形，在牛皮缝口接头处擦抹大量的牛羊油，将接缝密封，避免进水，再配上一对划桨，就可以下水使用了。
这种就地取材的牛皮船，历史极为悠久。在布达拉宫和桑耶寺
桑耶寺：西藏第一座“佛、法、僧”三宝俱备的寺庙。位于今山南地区扎囊县雅鲁藏布江北岸的扎玛山麓。该寺是在吐蕃赞普赤松德赞的支持下，由被请入藏的莲花生住持修