Chapter 58 Chapter 57 Map of Dianchi Lake - Water Control of Dianchi Lake

There is a plateau pearl in western China - Dianchi Lake. The vicissitudes of the ancient times are beyond test.About 3 million years ago, the crustal movement of the Tertiary Himalayas caused the limestone faults in the western plateau to sink, and a lake was formed at an altitude of 1886 meters. Shining brightly - this is Dianchi Lake. There are dozens of peaks of various sizes around Dianchi Lake, surrounded by mountains and water, the sky and clouds, green mountains and green waters complement each other, Dianchi Lake is vast and vast, forming a beautiful natural picture scroll.The footsteps of ancient times came from the depths of history. A certain part of Nuwa Fuxi, a Suiren from the Diqiang family who migrated from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [namely Dianbo and Qionglai] went south and entered the southwest.The Shu, Qiang, Tu, Qiong, and Yue tribes who went south to Sichuan became the ancestors of the Qiang people; the Xifan, Tubo, Xicuan, and Bo people who entered Yunnan became the ancestors of the Pumi, Tibetan, and Bai people respectively; The fusion of the Wuman tribe and the old man tribe is collectively referred to as Wuman.Around the 7th century AD, it was divided into two tribes, Wuman and Baiman. The western branch formed the "Six Edicts", while the other Luman became the ancestors of the Nu and Dulong tribes; Xunchuan and Echang became the Jingpo and Achang tribes. Lisu became the ancestors of the Lisu people, Heni became the ancestors of the Hani people, Moxi became the ancestors of the Naxi people; Youle and Luhei became the ancestors of Jino and Lahu... Dong Cuan and Hei Cuan became the ancestors of the Naxi people. the ancestors of the Yi people.

The people living by the water in the Dianchi Lake Basin should be the local aborigines and the ancestors of a certain branch of the Yi nationality. It is a natural choice to build a city and a country in a place with an extremely beautiful natural environment. Thus, there was the ancient Dian Kingdom in Jinning on the east bank of Dianchi Lake. According to the record in "Hanshu·Geography", Dianchi County [now Jincheng Town, Jinning County] was the capital of the ancient Dian Kingdom. Jinning is close to Dianchi Lake, so it is logical that it got its name.At that time, Dianchi Lake was divided into two lakes, Daze and Dianchi Lake. "Daze is in the west, and Dianchi Lake is in the northwest". name.

Regarding "Dian", it was first seen in Sima Qian's "Historical Records Southwestern Yi Biography": "The General Zhuang GFBC5  follows the river, Lueba, Shu, and west of central Guizhou...  GFBC 5  to Dianchi Lake, the place is three hundred miles away, next to the flat land, Thousands of miles of fertile land belong to Chu by military power. To repay, Qin will attack and seize Chuba and Qianzhong County. It." Jin Changju's "Huayang Guozhi·Nanzhongzhi", Fan Ye's "Later Han", and Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu" heavily quoted Sima Qian's records.

There are various theories about the name of Dianchi Lake. The first is based on geographical situation. "Huayang Guozhi" said, "There is a lake of water that goes back two hundred miles in a circle, and its outlet is deep and wide, and its downstream is shallow and narrow, like a reverse flow, so it is called Dianchi Lake." [Upside down] pool". The second is to follow the sound of textual research. "Dianchi and Dianxian County" said, "The former Dianchi County of the Western Han Dynasty was originally Dianxian County", "Dian and Ding are the same sound, and Dian and Ding are synonymous. Dianchi is also Dianchi, which is the top of the mountain. Highlands".It is believed that "Dian, Dian also [press: Dian is the top], the highest peak." Dianchi Lake is located on a plateau, hence the name.

The third is inferred from the large number of Yi people who live around the pool.It is believed that "Dian" is an inversion of the Yi language, that is, Dabazi, which is named because the land along the Dianchi Lake is flat and fertile, and it is the largest dam in Yunnan.In the folk version, it is said that the Han envoy went to the Dianchi Lake and asked the locals where this is?Because the local people are of the Yi nationality, the answer was in Yi language, and the Chinese envoy couldn't understand it, so he had to memorize a sound, which was the sound of "Dian".

The fourth is to examine from the national appellation.Sima Qian clearly recorded in "Historical Records Southwestern Yi Biography": Dian was the name of the largest tribe in this area in ancient times. After Chu general Zhuang GFBC5 entered Yunnan, he changed his obedience and was called "King of Dian" according to the custom.Therefore, there was the Dian tribe first, and then the name of Dianchi Lake. The name of Chi was based on the tribe, and the name followed the master. History flies by like a horse, and it is a thousand years in a hurry.Looking back at this historical fact, people are filled with emotion——

From 298 BC to 263 BC, Chu general Zhuang GFBC5 led a team to the Dianchi Lake area, with the purpose of conquering the local people and submitting to Chu State.Around 286 BC, he was ordered to lead the army of the Chu State up the Yuan River and entered Qilan in Guizhou from western Hunan. He first destroyed Yelang in that area, and then entered Yunnan along the Yunnan-Guizhou Road, conquering the primitive society again. At the end of the period, the tribes of the "Genus of Mimo" headed by "Dian" unified the Dianchi area.However, what this proud general did not expect was that just as he was about to return to China to repay his meritorious service, Qin State captured Ba, Guizhou and other places in Chu State, and the way back was blocked. The Ministry lived in the Dianchi area "obeying its customs" and became the king of Dian guarding this "three hundred miles away, flat land next to it, and thousands of miles of fertile land". "With its many kings in Dian, change and obey its customs so as to grow." This is a generation of Dian kings clearly recorded in historical materials.The Ancient Dian Kingdom was a slavery empire established by the ancient ethnic minorities in Yunnan.It flourished on the shore of Dianchi Lake and flourished from the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty.Due to its location in the southwestern corner, away from the cultural vision of the Central Plains, the ancient Dian Kingdom was long lost in the dust of history, and it seemed mysterious and bizarre.

More than 100 years later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty learned about Dianchi Lake and the powerful "Southwestern Yi" from Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, and decided to conquer. Dig an artificial lake, called "Kunming Lake", and practice water warfare.In 109 BC, a large army came to Yunnan, and the people of Yunnan surrendered.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yizhou County in the central area of ​​Dianchi Lake, named its ruler the King of Dian, and granted the King of Dian a golden seal.Later in the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong admired the courage and achievements of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to expand the territory and renamed the West Lake in Beijing "Kunming Lake" to commemorate it.

In 225 A.D., Zhuge Liang marched south to pacify the rebellion of Meng Huo and other major surnames in Nanzhong. In autumn, the three armies met in the Dianchi area, pacified the 4 counties of Nanzhong, and changed Yizhou County to Jianning County. In 763 A.D. [the first year of Guangde in the Tang Dynasty], Luo Feng, the king of Nanzhao, arrived in Kunming, thinking that "the mountains and rivers can be used as fan screens, and the land and rivers can support the people" in Kunming. Therefore, in 765 A.D., he ordered his son Feng Jiayi to build a palace in Kunming. Tuodong City.Tuodong City became the eastern capital of Nanzhao to control Jiaozhou in the south and Qujing in the east. Later, Tuodong City was renamed Dongdu, and later changed to Shanchan City.Influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, the Nanzhao State worshiped the Chinese national totem "dragon" extremely.In the early Ming Dynasty, Wang Kun mentioned in "The Story of Weeping in Southern Yunnan": Tuodong City was built in the shape of a dragon to subdue the fierce dragon on the Panlong River. At the same time, there is Changchong Mountain on the north side of the river. , the city of Kunming can expand from the northwest direction in the future.Therefore, the long Tuodong Road is the dragon body, and the Desheng Bridge on the west side of the Panlong River is the dragon head. Tower Lane; Longwei until the vicinity of today's Wuliduo.

From the 10th century to the beginning of the 13th century, in the early period of the Dali Kingdom in the [Song Dynasty], the Shanchan Jiedu was set up in the Dali Kingdom in present-day Kunming. The road range is the same.During the period of the Dali Kingdom, Shanchan Mansion and Juqiao [now Kunming] belonged to the Gao family. In 1253 AD, Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan led an army to attack Yunnan and conquer Dali City.Duan Xingzhi, king of Dali, fled to Kunming.In 1254 AD, Wu Lianghetai led an army to conquer Kunming and captured Duan Xingzhi.In June 1273 AD, Sai Dianchi, the governor of Pingzhang, went to Yunnan Province. In 1276, Sai Dianchi moved the administrative center established during the military rule to Kunming. Since then, Kunming has officially become the capital of Yunnan Province.During this period, Sai Dianchi built water conservancy projects many times and built Songhua Dam in Kunming.

In August 1381, Zhu Yuanzhang mobilized 300,000 troops, with Fu Youde as commander, Lan Yu and Mu Ying as deputy generals, and sent troops to conquer Yunnan. In December, the Ming army defeated the Yuan army at Baishijiang, and Lan Yu and Mu Ying attacked Kunming.Liang Wang fled to Jinning and committed suicide by jumping into Dianchi Lake, and the Ming army entered Kunming. In 1389, Mu Ying went to Beijing to meet Zhu Yuanzhang, and when she returned to Yunnan, she brought millions of soldiers and civilians from the south of the Yangtze River to Yunnan to farm. From 1392 to 1398, Mu Chun moved more than 300,000 people from Nanjing to Yunnan. At that time, Mu Ying, who was guarding Yunnan, hired the famous geologist Wang Zhanhai to design and build Kunming City.Wang Zhanhai carefully inspected Kunming's topography, landforms, mountains, rivers, and lakes. He believed that if a turtle-like city with Changchong Mountain on its back and Dianchi Lake on its back was built in the south of Changchong Mountain, it would surely benefit the people.Why does Kunming City have to be built like a turtle city?Wang Zhanhai's geomancy theory is: Changchong Mountain in the north of Kunming is the main mountain of Kunming, and Changchong is a snake, and this snake is male, and if there is a male, there must be a female to match it, so Kunming City must be built into a turtle city, where the turtle and the snake intersect , the people can live endlessly, auspiciously and peacefully.Therefore, under Wang Zhanhai's careful design, the newly built Kunming Brick City has become a turtle city that looks very much like a tortoise.It has six gates, the south gate is the turtle head, the north gate is the turtle tail, the big east gate, the small east gate, the big west gate and the small west gate are the four feet of the turtle.This tortoise is not an ordinary tortoise, it is a spiritual turtle or a divine tortoise. It loses its tail and moves its feet, which means that a spiritual turtle loses its tail.When Wang Zhanhai built the city of Kunming, he asked craftsmen to carve a well-shaped and lifelike tortoise out of stone, and engraved a prophecy on the back of the tortoise: "Five hundred years ago, Yunnan was better than Jiangnan." Buried in Nancheng under the door. Looking back on the history of thousands of years, the ancient city was built near Dianchi Lake, the ancient Dian Kingdom was in the east of Dianchi Lake, and Tuodong City and later Kunming City were moved to the north bank of Dianchi Lake.Without Dianchi Lake, there would be no Kunming City. Yunnan is far away from the sea. On the plateau where thousands of mountains overlap, lakes are called pools.Such as Xinjiang Tianshan Tianchi, Jilin Changbai Mountain Tianchi, Qinghai Mengda Tianchi and Zhejiang Tianmu Mountain Tianchi.There are many lakes in our country, widely distributed, and the ethnic groups in the distribution areas are different, so the names of lakes include lake, pond, pool, swing, lake, yang, bubble, sea, wrong, 氿, nao, wa, pool, Haizi, Ku There are more than 30 kinds such as Le and Huan.Dianchi Lake is also known as Kunming Lake, known as Diannan Ze in ancient times, also known as Kunchi, Dianhai, Kunyanghai, commonly known as Kunming Haizi.On the Yunnan Plateau, there are also some plateau lakes dotted around, such as Erhai, Fuxian Lake, Xingyun Lake, Qilu Lake, Yangzonghai, Lugu Lake, Chenghai, Yilong Lake and other nine plateau lakes with an area of ​​more than 30 square kilometers. They are nine pearls inlaid in the magical land south of Caiyun.Dianchi Lake is the largest and most beautiful pearl. Dianchi Lake is located in the southwest of Kunming, Yunnan Province. It is a famous plateau freshwater lake in China and the largest plateau fault-sinking lake in Yunnan Province. It was once called the "Pearl in the Palm" by Premier Zhou Enlai. The geographical coordinates of Dianchi Lake are between 102°36′-102°47′ east longitude and 24°40′-25°02′ north latitude. It is located in the watershed zone of the three major river systems of the Yangtze River, the Red River and the Pearl River. It is an important component of water resources in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River system. Part of it has been listed as one of the national key protected water systems.The source is located in the Songhuaba Water Source Protection Area in the northeast. There are more than 30 rivers entering the lake, with a runoff area of ​​2,920 square kilometers. When the water level of the lake is 1,887.2 meters above sea level, the corresponding water area of ​​the lake is 309.5 square kilometers; equivalent to 50 times that of the West Lake. 160 times that of Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace in Beijing.It has both the charm of the inner lake and the grandeur of the sea.After a long period of vicissitudes, the shape of Dianchi Lake has changed greatly. Now the entire lake is in the shape of a north-south arc, with a longest north-south length of about 40 kilometers, a maximum width of 12.5 kilometers from east to west, and an average width of 7-8 kilometers. The narrowest sea ridge channel is about 100 meters long. , with an average water depth of 4.4 meters and a maximum depth of 10.9 meters. It has a shoreline of 163 kilometers and a maximum lake capacity of 1.57 billion cubic meters. The lake water flows into the Mantis River and Pudu River from the artificially controlled sluice at the southwest end, and finally flows into the Jinsha River.The west of Dianchi Lake is close to Xishan Mountain, and the other three sides are river alluvial and lacustrine plains, forming a natural geographical feature that is centered on Dianchi Lake, surrounded by flat dams, hills and mountains in a semi-circular distribution.The mountains in the basin run north-south, surrounded by mountains, and the Dianchi Basin in the middle.In the northeast of the basin, there is the Gaoming Liangwang Mountains, Python River, and Niulan River; in the north is Changchong [Snake] Mountain, and in the east is Chenggong Liangwang Mountain, which is the watershed between Dianchi Lake, Yangzonghai Lake and Fuxian Lake. There is no shortage of water in Yunnan Province.Yunnan spans six major water systems.Pacific water system: 1. Yangtze River system: Jinsha River, Lugu Lake, Mantis River, Dianchi Lake, Xiaojiang and other water systems all belong to the Yangtze River system. 2. The Pearl River system: Originated in Qujing, Yunnan, a section in Yunnan is called Nanpan River, and finally flows to Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau and other places.There are plateau lakes such as Fuxian Lake in the Yunnan section of the basin. 3. Yuanjiang [Red River] water system: It originates in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and flows into Beibu Gulf through Hanoi, Vietnam after exiting the country. 4. The water system of the Lancang River [Mekong River]: It originates in Yushu, Qinghai, flows into Yunnan through Tibet, and flows into the South China Sea through Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam after exiting the country.There is the famous Erhai Lake in the basin of the Yunnan section.Indian Ocean water system: 5. Nujiang [Salween River] water system: originates in Tibet, flows through Yunnan, and flows out of the country through Myanmar into the Andaman Sea in the northeast of the Indian Ocean. 6. Irrawaddy River Basin: There are several tiny tributaries originating in the Dehong Jingpo and Dai Autonomous Prefecture [Daying River, Ruili River, etc.], and they exited the country and entered Myanmar shortly after their origin. But the water of Dianchi Lake does not come from big rivers.Dianchi Lake originated in Songbaibai, more than 90 kilometers east of Kunming.It gushes out from the 99-eyed Longquan with towering ancient trees and surrounded by pines and bamboos. First, it forms two rivers, one is Shepherd and the other is Shaodian.They passed through Baiyi Bazi respectively, and then came to Chahezui in Xiaohe Township to form a single water, which was originally called Panlong River.Then enter Songhuaba Reservoir, pass Shangba, Langkou, pass Zhangguanying, join Mayu River, Qinghe River, Yangqing River, and Yinzhi River into Kunming, pass through the urban area and flow into Dianchi Lake from Hongjia Village. At the same time as Panlong River enters Dianchi Lake, there are Northeast Sha River originating from Yipiaoyun Mountain, Baoxiang River originating from Banbi Mountain, Maliao River originating from Haizi Village, Chai River originating from Jinning Sixth Street, and originating from The Liangwang River in Chengjiang and the Nanchong River originating in Chenggong.In this way, Dianchi Lake embraces all kinds of rivers and gathers streams and springs, so that it can shine in the world and cover five continents.Its mighty lake water nourishes Kunming beautifully and colorfully, and the four seasons are like spring. Dianchi Lake has beautiful scenery, blue waves, dotted sails, lakes and mountains. It is famous for its beautiful scenery and spring-like seasons. It has attracted countless tourists and left countless praise poems.With morning glow and sunset, bright moon and sparse stars, light mist, drizzle and clear light, Dianchi Lake is constantly changing with various magnificent scenes, giving people different enjoyment of beauty.The famous mountains and scenic spots around Dianchi Lake mainly include Daguanlou, Xishan, Haigeng, Baiyukou, Zhenghe Park, Shizhaishan Ancient Tombs, etc. The Daguan Tower on the north bank of Dianchi Lake is one of the famous buildings in my country and a famous place to enjoy the scenery of Dianchi Lake.Therefore, the building "relies on the river and faces the sea", and you can have a panoramic view of Dianchi Lake and Xishan, so it has this name.Daguanlou, first built in the twenty-ninth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty [AD 1691], facing the Three Pools Reflecting the Moon, with red walls and green tiles, bucket arches and cornices, is a three-story building with national characteristics.Looking up from the tower, you can only see the twists and turns of the fence, and the Range Rover Pavilion, Cuigeng Pavilion, Yongyue Pavilion, and Guanjia Hall are vividly visible.Outside the building, the west mountain is green, the distant trees are full of smoke, the blue waves are vast, and the water and sky are the same color. In 1961, Guo Moruo visited here and wrote a poem "Climbing the Tower is Immediately", which said: "Sure enough, it is a grand view, and the mountains and rivers call for leaning on the railing. The sleeping Buddha is in the clouds, and the Dianchi Lake is wide. The long couplet is still on the wall, and the huge pen is like a letter. Rafters. I’ve also worn the lapel for a long time, and my ambition overflows two rooms.” The three characters “Daguanlou” in large golden characters are inlaid on the Daguanlou, and the handwriting is vigorous and powerful. This is from the handwriting of Sun Zhu, a calligrapher in the Qing Dynasty.On both sides of the main entrance of Daguanlou hangs a 180-character long couplet written by Sun Ranweng, a poor scholar in Kunming during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. It is known as "the first long couplet in ancient and modern times" and "the best long couplet in China". . Five hundred miles away from the Dianchi Lake, the eyes are covered with a lapel, the sky is boundless, and the sky is boundless. Looking at the gods in the east, the gods in the west, the Lingyi, walking north, meandering in the south. Why don't you win the election and board while the crab islet and Luozhou are combed, and the wind and fog are decorated on the temples with apples and sky reeds These emerald feathers and Danxia don’t disappoint the surrounding fragrant rice, thousands of clear sands, nine summers, hibiscus and three spring willows Thousands of years of the past have been poured into my heart, and the wine is sighing with the wind. What is the hero thinking about? I have exhausted my efforts to move the mountains and put all my energy into the pearl curtains and paintings. The scrolls are not as good as the evening rain and the morning clouds, and the broken steles are all paid. With the smoke falling, there are only a few sticks left, half a river, fishing fires, two lines of autumn geese, and a pillow of clear frost This is the Dianchi Lake seen by Sun Ran, a famous poor scholar in the Qing Dynasty.He lived in the prosperous period from Kangxi to Qianlong, but the prosperous period did not change his status as a poor scholar all his life.However, this commoner poet has left us an eternal swan song about Dianchi Lake. In 1962, when Premier Zhou Enlai and Foreign Minister Chen Yi returned to Beijing from Myanmar through Kunming to divide the border between China and Myanmar, Chairman Mao Zedong asked Foreign Minister Chen Yi if he knew the long couplet of Daguanlou in Kunming, and then he recited the Daguanlou depicting the scenery of Dianchi Lake and the history of Yunnan Long couplet. Dianchi Lake is good at the beauty of lakes and mountains, and the beauty of Jiachun City. It is the most dazzling pearl inlaid on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.Where it shines, as Sun Ran wrote, the surrounding mountains are like galloping horses, the west is like a phoenix spreading its wings, the south is like a white crane, and the north is like a long snake.Bazi surrounded by mountains is where Kunming, the political, economic and cultural center of Yunnan, is located.The appearance of Dianchi Lake seen by Sun Ran, the broad-mindedness, the beauty of the surrounding fields, and the clear water of the lake, we can still think about it today based on our feelings. The green hills in the painting, the clear water in the dream.The beauty of Dianchi Lake can be read and experienced from the landscape of Kunming in the past dynasties—— The six sceneries of Kunming in the Ming Dynasty were: Golden Horses in the Morning, Green Chickens in Autumn, Jade Cases in the Clear Clouds, Dianchi Lake in Night Moon, Longchi in Gold, and Luofeng in Emerald Green [Poem "Six Views of Dianyang" written by Japanese monk Jixian]. The eight sceneries of Kunming in the Qing Dynasty were: night moon at Dianchi Lake, Yunjin night market, emerald pinnacles on Luofeng, Shangshan Qiaosong, Longquan ancient plums, Guandu fishing lanterns, dam bridge smoke willows, and the reflection of humble mountains Paintings and accompanying poems by literati at that time].Among the eight sceneries, Kunming's mountains and rivers have expanded to Guandu, which shows that the urban area has been greatly expanded. In addition, according to folklore, Kunming scenic spots include "Five Flowers Surrounded by Eagles", "Golden and Green", "Yunjin Race", "Fish Swallowing Mirage", "Reflection of Twin Towers", "Cuidi Spring Dawn" and so on. In the 1960s, after a lively selection, there were "Ten Views of Kunming, Yunnan" again: "Longmen Flying Standing", "Grand View Overlooking", "Snail Peak Flower Tide", "Cuihu Spring Dawn", "Strong Bamboo Clouds Deep", "Ancient Pools with New Cores", "Mingfeng Zhaohui", "Yuquan Flowers Warm", "Green Ridges and Clear Sands", "Fish Waves Surging Moon". By the early 1990s, six more "scenery"s were added to Kunming, Yunnan, making a total of 16: "Pearl of the Plateau", "Stone Forest Wonders", "Sleeping Beauty Mountain", "Golden Palace Bell", "Longmen Feizhi", "Long couplet reflecting the moon", "Jiuxiang Dongtian", "Yuantong flower tide", "Smoke and rain in the twin towers", "Qiongzhu Luohan", "Caoxi reflecting the moon", "Longquan exploring plum", "Fengming camellia", "Emerald "Lake Playing Gull", "Yueshan Sail Shadow", "Sea Ridge Style".The selection of Shilin and Jiuxiang proves that the urban area is expanding again, and the appearance of seagulls pushes the timing to the present.Time and space reveal human information in these scenes. Most of the landscape paintings are related to Dianchi Lake.It can be said that without Dianchi Lake, there would be no such beautiful pictures. Dianchi Lake is located in the watershed area of ​​the three major water systems of the Yangtze River, the Pearl River, and the Red River. The catchment area is the area with the most densely populated residents, the most frequent human activities, and the most developed economy in the province. The total economic volume accounts for 80% of Kunming City.It used to be used for industrial and agricultural production water, regulation and storage, flood control, tourism, shipping, aquaculture, climate regulation and other functions.It is a habit of human beings to choose water to live in. Without Dianchi Lake, there would be no spring city. People in Kunming are grateful for this sixth largest freshwater lake in China and call it "Mother Lake". Therefore, the beautiful Dianchi Lake is not only natural, but also humanistic. It has been closely related to human activities for thousands of years, and we can hardly separate them. The vast Dianchi Lake not only created the splendid Dianzhong culture, but also created Zheng He, a great navigator in Chinese history.Because he grew up on the edge of Dianchi Lake, when he faced the blue sea, he never feared the dangers of wind and waves. He led a huge fleet and made 7 missions to the West, visiting more than 30 countries and regions. Sailing around the world was 100 years earlier. Xu Xiake walked in the footsteps of a traveler, lingering in the beautiful water and mountains of Dianchi Lake.Since Ming Chongzhen eleventh year [1638] entered Yunnan on the tenth day of May, and Chongzhen thirteenth year [1640] returned to the east on the first month, he traveled and inspected Yunnan for one year and nine months, with a journey of more than 3,000 kilometers. Provincial record for longest hike.Yunnan is the province with the most important records. There are 628,000 characters in the book, and "Diary of a Travel to Yunnan" reaches 250,000 words, accounting for 40% of the total.For many years, Xu Xiake completed more poems during his stay in Yunnan than the sum of all the provinces on his westward journey.Xu Xiake stayed in Kunming and the Dianchi Lake area twice in the summer and winter of 1638 for more than 40 days.In the eleventh year of Chongzhen [1638], he traveled to Mount Taihua in the summer. "A Journey to Taihua Mountain" is the most complete travel record of the ancient Xishan Mountain [Taihua Mountain], leaving Xiake to climb the cliff, experience the cliff, explore the deep cave, walk in the dense forest, shuttle up and down, and enjoy the tour in one day. touching scene.Xu Xiake took a boat to Gaoluo, visited Yang Taishi Temple, visited Huating Temple, Taihua Temple, Luohan Temple [now Sanqing Pavilion], and praised the camellia in Taihua Temple. "Honeycomb Bird's Nest" is extremely spectacular.Xu Xiake then descended along the Qianbu Cliff to the Dianchi Lake at the foot of the mountain, watched the Jinxian Spring, explored the Dashi Cave, turned back and climbed the top, visited the Black Dragon Pool, and climbed the Beauty Peak.At the beginning of October of that year, after returning to Kunming after his trip to eastern and southern Yunnan, he immediately conducted a night flight to Dianchi Lake and traveled around Dianchi Lake.Set sail from Nanba, passed Guanyin Mountain and Baiyukou, landed at Anjiang in the southeast of Dianchi Lake, and traveled southward to Jinning Prefecture [now Jincheng Town]. Xu Xiake stayed here for 19 days. Scenic spots such as Gutu City, Tiannv City, Jinsha Temple, etc.After that, Xu Xiake toured General Shi and Niu Lianshi along the shore of Dianchi Lake to Haikou.The scenery of Haikou at the outlet of Dianchi Lake in the Ming Dynasty is superb. In the Mantis River, "fu boats with Jiafan, fish boats and ferry boats appear and disappear among the ripples, shadows of oars leap over the mist, and the sound of oars shakes half the wall", which is full of poetic and picturesque flavor.The villages of the Yi nationality are "thousands of peach trees, connected by long valleys", and the stone city is "exquisitely layered, unpredictable, and unique in Zhongxiu".He went along Tanglang River to Anning Hot Spring through Shilongba, and praised: "I have seen the most hot springs in southern Yunnan, and this water is actually the first." Later, Xu Xiake returned to Anning City, crossed Biji Pass, passed Chejiabi, Ascend to Qipan Mountain, mentioning the relationship between the topography [altitude] and the distribution of plants: "There are no tall pines and giant trees on the top, and even the grass is not very deep and luxuriant, which is because of the high cold." From the mound to Panjiawan and into Kunming City.Later, Xu Xiake left Kunming via Xiaoximen and Daximen, passed Huangtupo and Heilinpu, and visited Qiongzhu Temple.Friends from Kunming are here to see him farewell.Xu Xiake stopped by to visit Haiyuan Temple, Miaogao Temple and Shalang Tiansheng Bridge in the western suburbs of Kunming.He entered Fumin on the ninth day of November, and counted from Xu Xiake’s second entry to Kunming on the first day of October. So far, he has spent nearly 40 days exploring and searching for victories in the Dianchi Lake area, fulfilling his long-cherished wish of "complete all the victories in the southwestern corner of the province". In addition, the person in charge went down to the fields and planted rice seedlings in the farmhouse and listened to the singing of the folks, and conceived the earliest paintings; Lan Mao took "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica" and climbed up the Golden Horse and Jade Rooster to find specimens, verifying his own judgment; Looking far away, I was intoxicated by the charm of the long couplets of Daguanlou written by myself; the famous Italian traveler Marco Polo cast a surprised look at the vast Dianchi Lake, and what came out of his pen was a series of envy. It is written in "Travel Notes": It is rich in rice, wheat, fish, salt, wine and other products, and the water and land transportation is convenient. "The city is large and valuable, with many businesses and industries." In modern times, Nie Er spent sixteen or seventeen years in Kunming in his short 24-year career.Dianchi Lake is a place he often likes to go to, or swim, go boating, sing songs or take a stroll to conceive.The wind and waves in Dianchi Lake, the fisherman's songs in Dianchi Lake, and the sails in Dianchi Lake gave him life and inspiration, as well as courage and strength.Dianchi Lake gave birth to Nie Er's original music melody and determined Nie Er's future music direction.In his melody, there is the excitement of the horn, the solemnity of the drum, the righteousness of the vast world, and the soul of our country.Nie Er's singing also spread from the Dianchi Lake to the whole country and the world. The mathematician Xiong Qinglai once studied French while resting his head on the waves of Dianchi Lake; the literary figure Bing Xin once faced the sunrise of Dianchi Lake and wrote a splendid chapter; ; The speeches of Wen Yiduo and Li Gongpu caused thousands of waves in Dianchi Lake.The hurricane of Dianchi Lake caused by the National Defense Movement is still there, and the sonorous pace of General Cai E's commanding Yuan Dajun's northward march is still there;The shore of Dianchi Lake is full of bonfires every year, and countless people with lofty ideals walk out of the fire, and a symphony of heroes is born.Dianchi Lake is like a song, singing about great men, capable men and ordinary people.Dianchi Lake is like a mirror, reflecting yesterday, today and tomorrow.Dianchi Lake, the lake of immortal life... "Water control" in history is mainly aimed at the channels of large rivers. From the myths and legends of Gun Yu's water control, Li Bing's water control to later generations' water control, it is to prevent flooding or store water, build embankments, dredge, divert... and lake water control has different. The basin area of ​​the ancient Dianchi Lake is about 1,000 square kilometers. It is speculated that the maximum water depth at that time was about 100 meters.The water level of ancient Dianchi Lake is equivalent to about 1980 meters above sea level.According to historical records, until the middle of the 13th century, the water level of Dianchi Lake was 1897 meters. At that time, Kunming was still a lakeside area. In the 1370s, the Haikou River was dredged and the water level of Dianchi Lake was lowered by 2 meters for the first time. Historically, the Dianchi Lake Basin was a dense evergreen broad-leaved forest area.The original Kunming City was built near the water, so in the past, Kunming City was backed by water on three sides. When the Yunnan Mansion was built in the Ming Dynasty, in order to avoid flooding, the city wall was moved to the north, brick walls were built, and seven gates were set up.There is a small lake called Green Lake in the center of Kunming city, which is the best scenery in Kunming city.Cuihu was originally not called Cuihu, but a much bigger name: "Caihaizi".800 to 1000 years ago, during the period of Nanzhao and Dali, the central area of ​​Kunming was still a swamp.Where is Green Lake?At that time it was still submerged or merged in the water waves of Dianchi Lake.Later, when the water level dropped, "Caihaizi" was able to separate from Dianchi Lake. It was no longer a sea, but a lake.At that time, Lianhua Mountain [later Wuhua Mountain] was like a lotus flower floating on the vast blue waves, and Luofeng Mountain was also a Luozhou shaken by sea waves.There is a "Curse Tower" at the foot of the mountain. What is the "curse"?flood! The reason is that the original Dianchi Lake was very wide and abundant in water potential. For the water control of Kunming City, there are historical records that the Panlong River and other rivers were used for irrigation. Zhang Bo of the Han Dynasty "dug the river to open the water" and further dredged the Panlong River. In the first year of Kangding in the Northern Song Dynasty [1040], Kunming became the Kingdom of Dali In Tokyo, King Duan Suxing of Dali conscripted his husband and dredged the Panlong River and its tributary, the Jinzhi River, and built spring dikes along the Jinzhi River to plant yellow flowers, and built Yunjin dikes in the middle of the Panlong River, where white flowers were planted all over. It is called the Yinleng River, which is convenient for recreation and irrigation. For the large-scale management of Dianchi Lake, Sai Dianchi in the Yuan Dynasty was the first to be promoted. He was in charge of Yunnan and carefully controlled the water. Sai Dianchi [1211-1279], full name Sai Dianchi Zhan Siding Umar, Hui nationality, was born in Bukhara in the Western Region [now Uzbekistan], and his father was a small tribal leader.In the eleventh year from Yuan to Yuan [1274], Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, appointed Sai Dianchi as the first political officer of Pingzhang of Yunnan Zhongshu Province [equivalent to the current governor].Sai Dianchi worked in Yunnan for six years. He was loyal to his duties, made great efforts to govern, made advantages and eliminated disadvantages, and governed well.Sai Dianchi's greatest achievement is to successfully solve the long-standing problem of Dianchi Lake, which has long been silted up by the Panlong River and overflowing the embankment;He dredged the six rivers, treated the floods of the Panlong River in Kunming, and the Haikou, especially the Songhuaba Reservoir, which is still the living water of the citizens of Kunming. Sai Dianchi was 63 years old when he went to Yunnan to work, but regardless of his old age and frailty, he personally went to various places to observe the water situation and analyze the causes of floods.After the Panlong River carried a large amount of sediment from the mouth of the Songhua Valley into the Kunming Bazi, the water flow gradually slowed down and the sediment settled, causing the river to silt up and the water flow was not smooth. In addition, the embankment was destroyed, and the river lost its main channel, so the river overflowed.At the same time, the water source of Dianchi Lake is wide and deep, gradually becoming shallower and narrower downwards, and the only water outlet, Haikou, is heavily silted up, so that the water in Dianchi Lake overflows during the rainy season, and the water from the top tray of the Longjiang River cannot be discharged, causing floods to overflow and cause disasters.Sai Dianchi transferred Zhang Li, an envoy from the Dali patrol who was familiar with water control [Yuan Dynasty official name] Zhang Li, to Kunming to assist in water control, and organized more than 2,000 people for dispatch, determined to eradicate the flood in Panlong River. Sai Dianchi first dredged the Haikou River, built Shilong Dam, increased the water output of Dianchi Lake, and lowered the water level of Dianchi Lake. A large area of ​​land in Lou, Haigeng, and Guandu has dried up out of the water, resulting in tens of thousands of hectares of fertile land.Since then, there have been villages in these places.Then, Sai Dianchi dredged the Panlong River and the Jinzhi River on a large scale, reinforced embankments, dug canals, and introduced the freely overflowing "Shaodian Ninety-Nine Springs" in the northeast of Kunming into the Panlong River.At the same time, 10 small gates and 360 culverts were built on the Jinzhi River; 12 diversion rivers and 72 underground ditches were excavated between the "six rivers" such as the Baoxiang River to form a water network. "Run Xia" can not only divert floods, but also irrigate farmland. Sai Dianchi's key move to control the floods of the Panlong River was to build a dam at the mouth of the Songhua valley where the Panlong River enters the Kunming dam, set up gates that "open and close with time", and build the Songhua Reservoir.In this way, the water level can be raised to divide the Jinzhi River, and the flood can be stored during the flood season to reduce discharge. The stored water can also ensure that the river will not dry up in the dry season. In the huge flood control project, Sai Dianchi "set up 360 horses and 360 water watchers", "in case of collapse and flooding, immediately report to the superior to pick up and repair it, and it will not be tolerated." Slack" and carried out strict and orderly management of the project.The whole project took 3 years and was completed in the fifteenth year of Zhiyuan [1278].Since then, the floods of the Panlong River have been basically contained, and the vast areas on both sides of the Panlong River have begun to show prosperity.In the Qing Dynasty, "Thousands of ants gathered in Yunjin, and hundreds of ships were stationed in the root of the city; all things in Sichuan and land enrich the people of Kunming." The banks of the Panlong River have become the most prosperous and lively places in Kunming.However, Sai Dianchi became ill due to overwork, and died of illness in the second year after the completion of the project at the age of 68. The water area of ​​ancient Dianchi Lake has not changed much until the 13th century, which is four times that of Dianchi Lake today.What we have seen so far is only data from the Yuan Dynasty.In the Yuan Dynasty, when the running script province was established in Yunnan, it was 510 square kilometers. Sai Dianchi and Zhan Siding ordered Zhang Li to lead thousands of men to dredge Haikou and renovate the six rivers in order to cure Kunming of drought in the dry season and floods in the rainy season. .This time, "more than 10,000 hectares of land have been drained of its water", but in exchange for a drop in water level, Dianchi Lake has shrunk from 510 square kilometers to 410 square kilometers.In the Ming Dynasty, it was Chen Jin, the governor of Yunnan, who overhauled the Haikou River, so that "the water in the pond fell, and thousands of hectares of fertile fields beside the pond were obtained."In exchange for these thousands of hectares of fertile land, Dianchi Lake has shrunk from 410 square kilometers to 350 square kilometers.In the Qing Dynasty, the Haikou River was dredged eight times, which finally reduced the area of ​​Dianchi Lake by 30 square kilometers.By the middle of the last century, the ancients had surrounded the lake with a total area of ​​84.4 square kilometers. Afterwards, Ertai and Yunnan flood control in the Qing Dynasty.Ertai was an influential official during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty. He was an extremely popular minister for his achievements in "reforming the land and returning it to the natives" and governing the Miao border.His water control activities in Southwest China, especially in Yunnan, were also a major cause in the period when he was in charge of Yunnan, which was equal to the improvement of land and flow.Ertai served as governor of Yunnan and Guizhou for nearly six years from the beginning of the fourth year of Yongzheng to the end of the ninth year [1726-1731].When Ertai first arrived in Yunnan, "Yunnan is full of mountains, with few fields and a lot of land. It is worrying about drought and joy, and there is no savings, and there is no way to travel by boat. Therefore, when it encounters the sun, it will be a barren age. Many ethnic minorities The prefectures and counties where people live in agglomeration are still suffering from droughts, and the big ones can expect half the harvest, while the small droughts are difficult to deal with, so the price of rice is so high that it can be as expensive as ten taels or fifteen per stone."After the unremitting efforts of Ertai, during the Yongzheng period, "more than 20 prefectures and counties in one province and nine prefectures in Yunnan expanded, rebuilt, reconstructed and newly built various water conservancy projects such as irrigation, flood control, lake management, and river navigation. A total of 82 projects accounted for 30% of the total number of 276 water conservancy projects in Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty. Most of the projects with significant benefits were due to Ertai.”The water conservancy in Yunnan Province is the most important in Yunnan Province, and the water conservancy in Yunnan Province is the most important in Kunming Six Rivers.Liuhe refers to the six rivers in Kunming and its surrounding areas [ancient rivers, namely Panlong River, Jinzhi River, Yinzhi River, Baoxiang River, Maliao River and Haiyuan River], all of which flow into Dianchi Lake.昆明六河所灌溉之地昆明坝子【西南人呼山间平原为坝子】，“二里一村，三里一场，水田弥望，大似江南”，鄂尔泰对该地区进行了长期的水利建设，并向朝廷上《修浚海口六河疏》，介绍其成果和经验。与昆明六河同属于滇池水系的海口大河，也是滇省水利的一个重项。海口大河汇集多条支流而成，在海口融入滇池，“河低田高，本无灌溉之利，但沿海各县田亩每患海水漫溢，全赖此河泄泻”。如此众多的水利工程无疑极大地促进了云南地区的农业生产。同时，河道航运的开发亦使云南及其周边省份的社会经济得到了全面一体的发展。他科学治水，不迷信，坚决排除地方阻挠治水的势力；他对水利种地与非水利种地并举及治水制度化建设，对今天都有重要的启示作用。 城市湖泊对城市的生存与发展的作用非常直接和显著。我国古代劳动人民把临近或坐落于城市的河流、湖泊精心建设和整修，不但为城市供水、防洪、灌溉、济运以及养殖等方面发挥了重要作用，更使之成为美化城市环境的重要载体，甚至成为流传千古的风景胜地。昆明的滇池、翠湖如同杭州的西湖、江苏扬州的瘦西湖、北京的昆明湖、济南的大明湖以及福州西湖等，都是城市相依相托、交相辉映的名湖。 湖水治理与保护湖泊的自然生态，似乎是一个悖论。 在不能两全的世界难题中，可能只有一个选择，这就是适度开发并取得和谐共处的发展。古人并非有很高的前瞻意识和完备的科学知识，但万幸的是过去的发展相对缓慢，历史的脚步迟缓而徘徊，几十年、几百年为一个时段，这样，人类对自然的人为干预和破坏的矛盾还不十分尖锐和突出。因此，年光往事如流水，又是几百年过去，滇池在云南大地上的格局，或者说城市与滇池、人与自然的相处，基本处于一种相对稳定的态势。这种平衡一直持续到清末民初。 到上世纪80年代，我们在昆明西部的潘家湾路口还见有一牌子，说以前的滇池水到这里呢！就是说，几百年前的滇池水面淹没了今天昆明的一半——整个昆明今天的西山区和官渡区两个区！怪不得昆明从东到西一线的地名是：董家湾、塘子巷、云津街、潘家湾、梁家河、近华浦、沙尾沟……这都与水有关，并因水得名呢！从老地名的什么山、城、河、湖、滨、湾、堆、桥等名称可以判断当初的水位。大约在元代，那时的水位高出今天的10米！当时的潘家湾，董家湾、螺丝湾、佴家湾、菱角塘。这些都是些湖泊港汊之地啊，至于官渡、海口、昆阳城、石寨山一带，过去全是一片水乡泽国。我们想起这样地名，眼前就仿佛出现当年舟船相竞，帆影点点，官渡的渔灯的璀璨，云津【今得胜桥】码头的喧闹。这一切都成了过眼云烟。 到孙髯翁时，他见到的还是“五百里滇池奔来眼底”的景象。而我们在上世纪70年代初见到的滇池已萎缩了，站在大观楼上，已不见浩荡的500里滇池了。不过，那时的滇池，水波还是清澈的，浪花是洁白的，人们可以在滇池游泳戏水，那时的滇池还是一处人间美景。 生老病死是自然界的规律。人、社会、湖泊都不能例外。 我们不得不看到，滇池从诞生以来，一直在缓慢地沉积。滇池属于半封闭性淡水湖泊，没有大江大河注入，水体自净力弱，而且蒸发量大于降水量。另外，风是湖泊运动的主要动力，由于流速过于缓慢，湖水置换时间长，淤泥逐渐堆积，湖盆逐渐缩小。这个经历了几百万年历史的湖泊，在近50年日益严重的污染逼迫之下，正日渐衰老。只是过去几百万年的沉积速度，远远赶不上近百年城市发展造成的衰退。 人类的发展，最开始是防洪，抵御洪水之害，其后开始利用水源，进而进逼水域，以换取人类生存的空间。在古时，地广人稀，山河广袤，这种向自然的索取似乎无可非议，而且是一种进步，是一种文明开化。到上世纪中期，古人共围湖84.4平方公里。可是进入近代，这种文明却以相反的方向走向了反面—— 20世纪50年代以来，我国湖泊在迅速减少。仅面积在1平方千米以上的湖泊就减少了543个。据长江中下游的湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏五省湖泊资料的统计，解放初原有湖泊面积达2.9万平方千米。到了20世纪80年代，保留的面积仅为1.9万平方千米，消亡了1万多平方千米的湖泊面积。从20世纪50年代后期起，我国不少地区曾出现大面积围垦湖泊，与河争地的热潮。据统计，全国被开垦的湖泊至少有100多万公顷，损失淡水资源调节量350亿立方米。近些年来，随着各地经济建设的发展，流域用水量剧增，湖泊来水量减少，入不敷出，水位下降，面积缩小，致使一些湖泊消失，一些大湖面积也大为缩小。云南20世纪50年代面积在5平方公里以上的湖泊达46个，而现在1平方公里以上的湖泊也只仅剩下24个。 16世纪时，云南总人口不过150万。但处于古“丝绸之路”的滇池流域的人口还是相当密集的。人口的增多导致耕地和粮食的减少，因而产生了围湖造田的原始思想。据史料考证，自1509年，在湖的东部开始了围湖造田的记载。 人们在围湖中尝到了甜头，围湖的活动就没有停止过，而滇池在人类的围湖和涸湖举动下，一步步后退，到清朝末年，滇池已退到大观楼一线，在元明清三代700多年的历史中，滇池水位共下降了6.85米。 据推测，19世纪初期滇池面积约500平方公里，现在，有数据表明的是306平方公里。根据1982年航片资料和专家分析，1938年缩小到338平方公里，1983年缩小到290平方公里。1938年至1978年40年间，滇池湖水面积实际减少38.8平方公里。又过了5年，45年中，湖面缩小了近50平方公里，这样算来，滇池每年平均减少湖水面积近1平方公里。照这样的速度正常地减下去，滇池，也就有306年的寿命。 由于滇池地区人口增加，人均水资源占有量不断减少，1949年人均占有710立方米，1980年占有350立方米，1985年占有310立方米，1990年占有300立方米，滇池流域成为贫水地区。中国人口太多，成了我们背负着的一个最沉重的包袱之一。这个问题比起其他问题来，更具有根本性。事实上，如果我们回顾一下历史，就会明白，我们今天在人口上的困境，是有深刻的历史根源的。我们常常抱怨我国人口的猛增是由于当初没有听人口学家马寅初的劝告带来的恶果，这肯定也是一个理由。但是，实事求是地说，我国的人口隐患是早在18世纪就开始潜伏下来。1712年康熙皇帝在全国范围内实行的“滋生人丁，永不加赋”政策是一个明显的例子。而在那个时候，中国的人口已经突破了1亿大关。到了雍正当朝，又推出了一个“地丁合一”的政策，将秦汉以来的人头税改为田亩税。从此，人口便以每年25％的速度急剧增长。至乾隆五十五年，中国人口已经达到了3亿。再到1834年鸦片战争前，我国的人口增加到了4亿。值得一提的是，马尔萨斯的那本著名的《人口原理》那时候第二版都出版了30多年。中国在其后的一段历史进程中生态平衡与环境的破坏，对生产力的压迫，阶级矛盾的激化，似乎都成了马老那本《人口原理》的一个最好的注脚。 这样，随着人口的增加，社会经济的不断发展和自然的历史演变，更由于城市工农业生产和生活污水向滇池排放量的增加与滇池自净能力减弱的矛盾十分突出，致使滇池水体不可避免地受到了损害。正常湖容为12.9亿立方米的滇池，每年要接纳1.5亿立方米污水，远远超出湖水自身的净化能力。入湖的污水84％以上是人为因素产生的，除工业污水实行处理后排放外，大量生活污水则直接排入湖中，致使滇池水质富营养化速度加快，湖水富含氮、磷及化学耗氧量、生化需氧量偏高，滇池外海水质已超过GB3838三类标准，滇池水体遭受污染日趋严重，“为了母亲湖”、“救救滇池”的呼声非常强烈。 滇池的污染负荷中，城市生活污水占一半以上，比例最大。自1992年以来，流域户籍人口以每年1.7%的速度递增，而暂住人口从1992年的25万，仅到2000年就达100万。1980年流域人口156.8万人，滇池水质Ⅲ类水；1990年流域人口185.7万人，滇池水为Ⅳ类水；至2000年217.7万人时，为劣Ⅴ类水。 有资料表明：今滇池水面只是古滇池的24.7％，蓄水量只是古滇池的1.9％，滇池已处于老年期。 人类生存离不开水，守着偌大一个滇池，过去昆明人从未想过缺水的问题。1960年昆明市第一次遇到了水荒，滇池水位连续5个月在下限水位以下。企业因此停产，农业歉收，1982年由于汛期降水不足，导致水库供水仅够昆明市用水20天的紧张局面。 1979年美国权威的《科学》杂志记载了一个学者的重大发现，同希腊文明一样古老的玛雅文明为何走向毁灭。照这位学者的发现，从公元前八世纪开始，连续17个世纪人口剧增，位于危地马拉低地的玛雅人最高峰时达到500万人口。然而，在其后的不到一个世纪的数十年间，又骤然下降到不足原有人口的1／10，它直接的原因就是土壤受侵蚀、表土被冲走，耕地生产能力彻底被破坏所致。玛雅人最终以自己太多的人口破坏了自己的生存环境，从而毁灭了自己的文明。 环境危机告诉我们，这世界上凡是发生了环境紊乱，都必然地与人类在地球上活动的某些错误有关。没有一个人可以站出来说，最近发生在地球上的污染事件是由于与人没有关系的自然变化的结果。 上苍对云南这片高原其实恩重有加，在这片山地王国中，给了我们六大水系180多条重要的江河，给了我们众多的高原淡水湖泊，使云南成了多山多水的美丽神奇的地方。但是我们的六大水系如何呢？早在1998年，省环保部门就对云南省的六大水系中的52条重点河流设立了114个监测断面进行监测。监测结果是：符合国家地面水环境质量Ⅰ－Ⅲ类标准的只占28.9％，1／3还不到，符合Ⅳ－Ⅴ类标准的39.5％；污染严重达不到Ⅴ类标准的占去了31.6％。对16个主要湖泊监测结果也差不多，水质符合Ⅰ－Ⅲ类标准的占35.3％；符合Ⅳ－Ⅴ标准的占29.4％；水质劣于Ⅴ类标准的占35.3％，而更主要的是云南省的九大湖泊到目前为止，都受到了不同程度的污染。其中滇池、阳宗海、星云湖、杞麓湖、异龙湖水质只能达到Ⅳ类或劣于Ⅴ类。按国家有关部门对水质功能的划分，高于Ⅴ类的水即失去水的所有使用功能。滇池20世纪50年代，滇池水清澈见底，水生植物丰富，60年代水质为Ⅱ类，70年代水质为Ⅲ类，80年代以来，随着流域内经济发展和城市化进程加快，人口急剧增加，加之滇池地处城市下游，大量的污染物源源不断进入滇池，沿湖土地又过度开发，湖滨生态带基本消失，导致滇池严重富营养化，全湖水质劣Ⅴ类。 照这样的标准划分，云南省的主要江河湖泊至少有一半以上成了一无用处的废江废河废湖废海。 我们还有什么理由笑傲江湖。我们怎样面对祖先，面对子孙。 水是城市的命脉。在这个世界上，几乎所有的大城市都建在一条河旁就是明证。昆明也一样，守着一条盘龙江、一个滇池。 然而，守着偌大一个滇池，我们就有水吃吗？ 昆明人不会忘记20世纪80年代末90年代初由于3年干旱造成的水荒。不会看不到市内大大小小的水井均已告罄的事实。不会想不到东郊金马寺、白龙寺、昙华寺；西郊黄土坡、羊佩坡、虹山，省政府五华山、和平村按时定量供水的问题。 一直以居住在山清水秀的春城为荣的昆明人，一直以守着一池永远不会出现水荒的滇池而自豪的昆明人没想到，“水荒”二字会那么快地降临到自己头上。 淡水短缺，水生资源破坏和陆地水域与海洋污染已成为当今国际社会关注的重大环境问题。就我国来说，现在地表径流总量为2.6万亿立方米，居世界第六位；而人均径流量2250立方米，只占世界第108位，为世界人均径流量的1／4，低于美国1975年人均实际用水量【2528立方米】，被联合国列为世界13个贫水国之一。 按照工业发达国家要求，当年的总用水量不能超过总径流量的15％，否则将出现水荒和农业干旱。 据有关资料统计，我国现在668座城市，其中400多座面临不同类型的缺水，100多座严重缺水，年缺水量60多亿m3，在众多的缺水城市中，昆明城区人均水资源占有量仅为222m3，为全国平均水平的11%，低于国内严重缺水的京、津、唐，与以色列相差无几。这是一个很让人揪心的现实。与此同时由于水质遭受严重污染，曾经作为昆明市第五自来水厂水源的滇池在1998年6月“2258”工程陆续完工后，于1999年7月1日，正式停止滇池作为城市供水水源。昆明面临着工程型缺水和水质型缺水的双重威胁。而昆明城市用水从20世纪90年代开始就以每年大于6%的速度递增，等于每年增加2000万m3的用水量，相当于每年新建2～3个中型自来水厂的供水量。为此云南省政府不得不投入巨额资金开展引水济昆工程。来缓解昆明城区供水。 在人类对大自然的征服与索取中，作为征服者的人类，还未来得及欢庆自己的胜利，大自然已经作出了无情的报复。 谁之过？ 对于水，人类的所有文明都极尽溢美与阿谀之词，它孕育了人类的文明，赋予了人类生命。每一滴水，在海拔5000米以上的冰川诞生的时候，它们都是一样的：晶莹、剔透、纯洁而冰凉。但当它不再荡起浪花、浊臭如漆时，水何堪以为水，水何堪以为美。 昆明是以滇池为依托而繁荣发展起来的城市，昆明也是一座以滇池为依托而四季如春、景色秀丽、古迹众多、闻名中外的旅游城市。滇池不仅是工农业、城市饮用水源地，而且还具有调蓄、防洪、旅游、航运、水产养殖、调节气候和水力发电等多种功能，是维护昆明区域生态平衡的基本条件。没有滇池就没有昆明并非言过其实。 人与水的相依、相存及其争夺和博弈，这个演变的图景是：湖泊减少，湖面减小，人口剧增，城市扩大，污染加重。 曾几何时，昆明竟成了一个缺水的城市！ 三分春色描来易，一段伤心画出难。我们不得不记叙上世纪70年代滇池的“围海造田”。它对滇池的超负荷运行起到了雪上加霜的恶劣作用。原始落后的开发历史在无休止地延伸，这一次可悲地达到了登峰造极的顶点。 建国后滇池围海造田总共有过四次：第一次是1958年大跃进，在滇池围湖筑堤，凅出田11200亩；第二次是经济调整时期，大办粮食，1963年冬筑堤围湖造田1800亩；第三次是1964年，计划围湖造田2500亩，实际完成1134亩；第四次发生在1970年，也是围海造田规模最大、投入人力、物力最巨的一次。 1965年昆明市制定的“三五”计划【1966～1970年】关于水利建设部分，计划“使水田达到85万亩，扩大耕地面积15000亩”。这一计划由于“文革”开始，未付诸实施。昆明市革委会成立后，检查“三五计划”执行情况，旧事重提。1969年5至12月，经省、市革委会领导多次酝酿、讨论，决定在滇池进行大规模的围海造田，大搞人造小平原，向湖泊要粮，打算以滇池“围垦”为突破口，实现农业大跃进，使粮食产量5年翻1番。 1969年12月28日，省、市革委在昆明东风广场召开10万军民参加的“围海造田誓师大会”，号召“向滇池进军，向滇池要粮”，强调这“是改天换地，为民谋利，造福子孙的大事。各部门，各单位及沿湖县区，都要全力以赴，出人、出钱、出物，在这项工程中为人民再立新功”。要求“当年围海，当年造田，当年受益”。此后，昆明市和西山区、呈贡县、晋宁县先后开始了规模不等的围海造田。 仿佛是一个历史性的玩笑。从我们的祖先在这片热土上站立起来的那一刻起，我们一直没有停止过跟自然博弈并达到一种相对的平衡状态。但是没有哪一次会比1970年那场对着滇池战天斗地更野蛮更荒唐的行动—— “元旦清晨，一轮红日从东方升起，把云南大地照得通红。滇池之滨，红旗漫卷，战歌震天，他们挥动银锄，开始了一场改天换地，向自然开战的硬仗……” “听，隆隆的开山炸石的巨响，宣告围海造田工程全面开工了！” “看一座座山头崩塌，一只只帆船满载石、土乘风破浪，一块块巨石投入大海，溅起一柱柱浪花。” 事过30年，翻着这一张张早已发黄的报纸，读着这一篇篇向滇池开炮的檄文，我们的心仍在