Chapter 6 Chapter 05 Great River Migration - Notes on the Yellow River Estuary

After a long flight, a group of big birds crossed the Bohai Bay and flew over the open and boundless wetland at the mouth of the Yellow River.Judging from their graceful gliding posture, it can be judged that a flock of swans has just landed.But swans are not the only guests here. Oriental white storks, red-crowned cranes, white-naped cranes, golden eagles, great bustards, kite eagles... all kinds of beautiful birds have settled in this wetland before swans.They came lightly, with gentle temperament and reserved manners. Even birds of prey like golden eagles and hawks restrained their arrogance in such a peaceful atmosphere.Regardless of whether they arrive early or late, each guards a piece of water, and there are few disputes with each other.They raised their long necks and walked on high legs. They are artists one by one, enjoying the beautiful scenery of the estuary.

It's so beautiful here.Look at the colors here, red, white, green, and yellow are divided into areas, weaving into a bright and huge carpet.The red ones are tamarisks, the white ones are reed flowers, the green ones are pastures, and the yellow ones are the mother river.This carpet of distinct colors, which is close to the sea, can breed touching feelings and make all the creatures here pure and friendly. This is indeed an auspicious place.Before the Yellow River entered the sea, she changed her aggressive temper and suddenly became gentle.Probably this is her nature, a pregnant mother will be gentle no matter what.She has seen a wider sea, which is a magical water world with no barriers, no limits, and endless.But the footsteps of the mother river are extremely heavy.Because this is a farewell, but also an investment. Before entering the sea, she will leave all the gifts she carried along the journey east to this land.

The estuary wetland is an area in the Yellow River Delta.On the huge fan-shaped land of the delta, there are many dikes and ditches criss-crossing. This is the memorial left to us by the repeated swings and diversions of the tail of the Yellow River.Some canals have become farmland or woods, and there is still a shallow water in some embankments.The dark green crops and forests drank the nutrient-rich water of the Yellow River, and the fish and shrimp in the pond became fat because of it.No matter how the vicissitudes of life change, only the Yellow River flows continuously.The Yellow River is the main artery of the delta, transporting her golden blood to every inch of land through ditches.

Dongying City in Shandong Province is a new city nourished by the water of the Yellow River.Dongying City is located in the north of Shandong Province, bordering Binzhou Jinan on the west, Zibo on the south, and the Bohai Sea on the east and north.The Yellow River flows into the sea from Dongying, and it also continuously expands the territory of Dongying.The new silted land added every year has made the per capita land in Dongying City much higher than that of inland provinces, and it is more than ten times the per capita land in the "Yangtze River Delta" and "Pearl River Delta".In fact, Dongying City has been on land for a very short time. It was still in the sea 150 years ago.The current Yellow River Delta takes Lijin [now Kenli] and Ninghai as the top of the fan, extending to the east of Tuhai River in the north and north of Zimaigou in the south. This huge fan-shaped area covers an area of ​​6,000 square kilometers.The ancient Yellow River Delta had a fan-shaped apex in Mengjin, Henan, north to Dagukou in Tianjin, and south to the Huaihe River entering the sea, with a total area of ​​about 250,000 square kilometers.Faced with each data, we have to sigh for the energy of the Yellow River: a big river has created a hot land, and this hot land has raised a nation. Of course, this nation should call this big river the mother river.

More than 100 kilometers away from the current mouth of the Yellow River, there is a small town called "Lijin", which was the coastline and the mouth of the sea a long time ago.Because of the profits from fishing and salt, this small remote town became rich in the world, and the famous Tiemenguan [equivalent to today's customs] is located here.This process has gone through more than 960 years, allowing this seaside town to accumulate amazing wealth. And Lijin has another name - "Phoenix City". Legend has it that this place is an auspicious place, and many phoenixes come to live here.It is conceivable that there should have been a wetland around Lijin back then, and the legendary phoenixes are the elegant birds we see now.The estuary at that time is now far away from the sea; the wetland at that time has now become fertile land.

There are many types of wetlands known as the "kidneys of the earth".Swamps, tidal flats, lakes, ponds, etc. are all wetlands, but the wetlands at the mouth of the Yellow River have their own unique features.Walking into the Yellow River Estuary Wetland Nature Reserve, we can see some unknown secrets of the temperate ecosystem.The most touching plant in this wetland is Suaeda salsa.This seemingly native plant is actually an "immigrant" from upstream.It is said that all the plants in the Yellow River Delta can be found in the upper reaches, but strangely, only Suaeda salsa is hard to find.Only the Yellow River can explain the mystery of this.The crimson Suaeda salsa is a pioneer plant in the wetland. Its short life has changed the nature of the water and soil, opening the prelude to the growth of plants in this swamp country.Suaeda pterygium is red like fire, and its life begins to end, and many lives that replace it appear one after another: horse tripper grass, tamarix... Countless plants take root and multiply here, weaving a dense green flourishing world.

Reed is known as the second forest and is one of the most precious plants in the wetland.In late autumn, snow-like reeds flutter over the vast wetlands.The Yellow River travels thousands of miles, and the river water will inevitably be polluted. These pollutants will concentrate and settle in the wetlands at the mouth of the sea, which will cause great harm. Not only will the wetlands not become an ecological system that is beneficial to human beings, they will also become a place of evil.Perhaps because of this, the Yellow River bred endless reeds, allowing them to purify water, absorb carbon dioxide, and release oxygen.Reed is also a good material for papermaking, a substitute for wood pulp, and can make high-quality paper.It is the admirable plant reed, with its silent work year after year, that guarantees the virtuous cycle of the wetland for a long time.

There is also a plant, the wild soybean, which grows among the bright plants of the wetlands-it seems to be of noble blood, and is more closely related to our human beings.Wild soybean is the close ancestor of cultivated soybean, which preserves extremely valuable genetic genes. It not only has high protein content in the fruit, but also is several times higher in resistance to salt and alkali and disease and insect pests than cultivated soybean.When its genetic advantage is transferred to cultivated soybeans, the quality and yield of our soybeans will have a great leap.Wild soybeans have long leaf tips and small pods, struggling to open up their own living space among the many wild plants in the wetland.It and reed are a pair of natural enemies.Relying on its large number of people and its tall and tall body, the reeds take up all the sunshine and rain, leaving only a piece of shade for the wild soybeans.The wild soybean had no choice but to climb up little by little until the vine reached the shoulders of the reed and stretched out its face to the bright sun.

Cattails also compete with reeds for symbiosis.The advantage of cattail is 30 cm underwater, while the advantage of reed is above water.If the reeds cannot break through the chasing and interception of cattails underwater, they will have no chance to emerge from the water.Competition, containment, supplementation, and co-prosperity are the laws of survival here. Countless creatures have their own place under such laws, and they jointly build a wetland ecosystem and create a world where "the river is clear and the sea is clear, and the people come and go". According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 40 families and more than 160 species of wild plants at the mouth of the Yellow River. They not only filter harmful substances in the water, but also preserve the last samples of the original plants for us.These plants are at the forefront of the wetland and are the basic factors that determine the virtuous cycle of the wetland. They are the ideal home for 1543 kinds of wild animals and 283 kinds of birds.The first-class state-protected birds that are particularly picky about the environment and food—the Oriental white crane has become a resident bird here. The world's rare saunders use this place as a breeding ground. The wetland has also become the northernmost limit for red-crowned cranes to winter. Some rare birds Human beings have come here from Australia, the Arctic and other places to make their homes.This is a free world, but also a paradise full of vitality.In the wetland, we often see some big birds accompanying each other, they are as quiet and comfortable as old people with ample food and clothing; there are also passionate and impulsive birds, sometimes soaring up, sometimes swooping low, they are some passionate young people.

The Yellow River Mouth Wetland is the youngest child of the Yellow River, but this child is growing up.Now, Dongying City has implemented strict protection and control over the wetland at the estuary, so that this new land can keep its original state as much as possible.The wetland will continue to push into the sea, and it will expand its territory at a rate of 0.39 km to 1.6 km into the sea every year. After many years, the original wetland will become our soil again—by ​​then we will delineate a new one. Its boundaries will be determined by the breath of the great river: only the great river is the real master of this land.

The place where the phoenix flies must be the most auspicious and happiest place in the world.The day when the phoenix flies away and never returns is the day when we lose this blessed land. The big birds of various colors coming here are the phoenix in our hearts. To protect the Yellow River, it is even more important to protect the wetlands in the Yellow River Delta.In recent years, Shandong Province has attached great importance to the study of the ecological environment of the Yellow River Delta, rationally planned the development and construction of the Delta, and established the National Nature Reserve of the Yellow River Delta near the mouth of the sea.Now the reserve has become an important migratory transit point for Northeast Asian birds, and some birds are still wintering and breeding here.Birds are attracted by the wetlands, but successive years of drought and water shortage threaten the existence of the wetlands. This is a big problem facing Dongying City.In the dry and water-scarce season when water is as expensive as oil, Dongying City would rather save an acre of land from watering, but also ensure the water storage needs of the wetlands.This huge sacrifice has brought about the well-being of the wetland. All the big river estuaries in the world have a problem of soil salinization.When the river is full of water, the salinization may be covered up, and once it encounters a dry season or drought, the surface will be immediately covered with white.The situation at the mouth of the Yellow River is no exception. The land just above the sea cannot be greened for many years.But afforestation is an effective measure to compete with the sea for land. Without afforestation, the land cannot be turned into arable land.People in Dongying have a set of special methods of planting trees and grass, but the cost is expensive. The annual cost of maintaining a tree is several or ten times that of the inland areas.Even so, Dongying City at the mouth of the sea is getting greener day by day. In order to ensure the water supply of wetlands, Dongying City and Shengli Oilfield continue to carry out water-saving campaigns, and water-saving has become a conscious action of Hekou people.Dongying City promotes drought-tolerant crops, builds water-saving projects, reduces urban landscape water use, feeds lawns, and vigorously promotes measures such as sprinkler irrigation and drench irrigation to leave enough fresh water for wetlands.Shengli Oilfield used to be a major user of water in the estuary area, and the injection of oil wells consumed a large amount of water from the Yellow River.Now, after technical transformation, the utilization of backwater has reached more than 90%.At the same time, the oil field has also effectively controlled oil production pollution, making Hekou truly an ideal place where "the river is clear and the sea is clean, and the people return home". Before 1976, "Qingshuigou" was an old course left by the Yellow River after it diverted its course in the delta.After the Yellow River found another way to enter the sea, "Qingshuigou" became an inconspicuous stream.Probably no one could have imagined at that time that this small ditch would one day become the flow path of a big river into the sea again. In October 1968, a scientific expedition team of more than 100 people entered the estuary wasteland.One month later, the first map of the flow of the Yellow River into the sea in history was completed.The drawing of this picture made the names of 18 ditches on the wasteland of Haikou, such as "Bandit Ditch", "Xiangliu Ditch", "Torch Ditch [the fisherman lost a flashlight here]", "Tian Shui Ditch", the first It was recorded in the territory of the Yellow River Delta for the first time. There are far more than these 18 ditches in the Yellow River Delta. Some ditches have been recorded long ago, such as Shenxian Ditch, Zhimai Ditch, Guangli Ditch, Caoqiao Ditch, etc.; Branches, and these river branches may disappear at any time.These are the footprints left by the Yellow River wandering freely in the mouth of the sea since 1855.In this fan-shaped depression of more than 6,000 square kilometers, those raised ditches and beams were once the meridians of the Yellow River. They not only divert the river water, moisten the land, but also send the Yellow River safely into the sea.Over the years, the Yellow River has silted up land for us in the process of changing its flow path.There is a rule in this process, that is: the Yellow River wanders east and west when it enters a new flow path, and the water flow is often scattered without a main channel; soon, the wandering and scattered water flow will automatically belong to several streams, and the strong streams will eventually merge. It is a single stream; at this time, there is a relatively good river channel, but the sedimentation soon makes the river channel curved, and the curved channel will cause small crevasses, and these crevasses will turn the main channel into many small rivers ;The sand accumulation in the lower reaches of the small river increases, and the point where the breach exits will move upward, and the state of wandering and disorder will appear again at the upward moving point.Once this process is cycled, the Yellow River will be diverted once.The maintenance time of each diversion will not be too long, more than ten or twenty years is relatively long, and most of them will guarantee the smoothness of three to five years.Because of the delta's economic development, but also because of the oil here, the need to stabilize the flow of the river into the sea is imminent.After repeated exploration and analysis, everyone's eyes slowly fell on an old course of the Yellow River, which is Qingshuigou. The names of "Qingshuigou" and "Tianshuigou" both show people's good wishes for the Yellow River.On the big beach, how much people look forward to fresh water without the smell of alkali. No matter how poor the quality of this fresh water is, it is sweet water; on the old course of the overflowing Yellow River, it is even more difficult to find clean water.Before the Yellow River diverted to Qingshuigou, the water here was indeed clear, which is somewhat puzzling.However, after understanding the history of Qingshuigou, there is no doubt about it. Qingshuigou is a depression between Shenxiangou and Tianshuigou. Like other rivers, this is also the footprint left by the Yellow River entering the sea. After the Yellow River diverted from Shenxiangou and Tianshuigou, the elevation on both sides gradually increased. Qingshuigou is in the embrace of the two rivers. , The remaining Yellow River water slowly precipitated the sediment and turned into a beautiful river ditch. Why did Qingshuigou finally become the channel of the big river into the sea?The Qingshuigou flow path is expected to run for 9-12 years. Why is it that the river can still be safely sent to the sea after more than 20 years?With these questions in mind, we have to study the modern Yellow River Delta. The Yellow River Delta is the last piece of land that the Yellow River traverses before entering the sea.The big rivers run in the middle and upper reaches, taking advantage of the topographical drop of deep ravines and gullies. When they reach the mouth of the sea, the topographical drop gradually decreases. Coupled with the dodging of the sea water, the sediment carried by the big river must be unloaded at the mouth.The estuary is unobstructed, and the sediment is easy to discharge, so it is naturally impossible for the upper reaches to overflow.But how can the estuary be kept open?Keeping the flow unobstructed and unloading the sediment is a pair of sharp contradictions. If the sediment accumulates a lot, the water flow will naturally be blocked. If the blockage reaches a certain level, the big river will change its course by itself and choose a flow path that is more suitable for entering the sea.For thousands of years, the Yellow River has been rolling forward in the process of self-selection and self-denial at its estuary.Regarding river governance, historically, most of them were limited to the river section above the Lijin Ninghai at the apex of the delta [that is, the "fan handle" of the fan-shaped delta].The Yellow River is below Ninghai, on the fan-shaped plain from the mouth of Taoer River in the north to the mouth of Zimaigou in the south, basically in a state of free swing.Due to the need for reclamation, and because the economic development of the estuary area accelerated after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the free swinging peak of the original Yellow River has greatly affected the pace of economy and construction.It is imperative to move the peak of the Yellow River swing down.In recent years, under human intervention, the peak of the Yellow River swing has moved to the vicinity of Kenli Yuwa.The distance between the apex and the mouth of the sea is shortened, and the area affected by the overflow of the Yellow River is reduced, but the intensity of the disaster caused by the breach will be greater.Therefore, river governance is no longer just a matter above the apex. When it comes to river governance, we first think of Dayu.The story of Dayu's river control has been passed down orally for thousands of years, but the authenticity of his river control has left future generations with doubts. However, the story of Dayu's water control has left a specific and practical river control strategy: "Guide to dredge the river." stagnation".This principle, which has been highly respected by river rulers of all ages, was created by Dayu after summing up the failure of his father Gun to "contain and block the water".Later generations Wang Jing, Jia Lu and others all have references.Pan Jixun's idea of ​​"building embankments to restrain water and attack sand with water" further developed Dayu's thought of river control. For more than 20 years after 1855, the Yellow River estuary was mostly used to control the water, and the folk fences were low and short, and overflows occurred every year. The early estuaries were basically not treated. The general situation depends on the face of the Yellow River. Some repairs are made in small places, and sometimes they are not even bothered to do repairs.This situation stems from the current situation of the estuary: the estuary was full of wasteland at that time, no one cultivated it, and no one cultivated it. Individual river drivers did not need others to worry about safety. They were very familiar with the nature of the river and knew when to enter and when to withdraw. , They shuttled like fish in the arms of the Yellow River.As the coastline goes east, the land presents a more and more charming prospect. 65% of the vegetation is easy to attract people's attention. Even if the government does not advocate it, the enthusiasm from the people will make this virgin land very hot.The pace of people entering the estuary exceeded Dahe's expectations. Before she was ready to welcome her, hundreds of thousands or even millions of people had already settled down beside her.These people, who are more impatient than the big river, inserted the plowshares into the hinterland of the big river before they dug their houses.Maybe Dahe's wish is not only to create land, but also to make forests. This may be her deep memory of the Loess Plateau, and it is the desire in her heart.Now, large tracts of trees have been cut down, the masterpiece of the river has been cut to pieces, and the newly conceived land has been disembowelled.This made Mother River extremely sad. She broke down again angrily. In 1947, Huayuankou was blocked and the Yellow River returned to its old course in Shandong.After the Yellow River reaches the mouth of the sea, it branches into Tianshuigou, Shenxiangou and Songchunronggou.Later, Song Chunrong Ditch was almost full of water, and all the river water flowed into the sea from Tianshui Ditch and Shenxian Ditch.The two rivers entering the sea are slowly approaching at a place called "Xiaokouzi". The nearest point is less than 100 meters, and there is a certain water level difference between the two rivers.This has attracted people's attention. If a diversion river is dug to introduce the water from Tianshuigou into Shenxiangou, the Tianshuigou separating the large and small "isolated islands" will dry up, and the two islands will naturally be connected as one, which is very important for flood control and production. Bring great convenience.The people of Hekou made a quick move to connect the two rivers, realizing the first artificial diversion.After the man-made diversion, Shenxiangou lived up to expectations, and the erosion of the river course was strengthened. For a while, the flood control of the estuary breathed a sigh of relief. Man-made diversions failed to bring long-term peace to the estuary. A few years later, the ability of the river to scour the channel gradually disappeared, and the river course rose, causing the estuary to become more and more silted up. As a result, some small river ditches above the estuary also had serious siltation. , the small branch river below the "Luojiawu" had a new branch, and the mainstream flowed into the sea from the new branch river, and the water level rose naturally. , the Yellow River diverted from the Diaokou River into the sea. How long can the Diaokou River last?After Diaokou River, which river will Dahe choose to enter the sea?This is a question that people in Hekou must think about. The fact that "Xiaokouzi" was diverted is in front of us, and the experience and lessons should not be ignored. The people of Hekou should sum up.They saw their own power to control the river, but compared with the big river, this power was still insignificant.As long as Dahe sneezes, people will be frightened.Only when the river is stabilized can everyone's life be easier. The diversion to Diaokou River is not the result of people's deliberation, it is a choice made in haste.A long time ago, Diaokou River used to be a flow path of a big river, but it was abandoned by the big river after a few years.Now it seems that this river course is still not ideal. The terrain below the "Luo's house" is open, high, with dense vegetation and loose water flow; further forward, there is a high ridge of clay soil, which is difficult to wash down the river, so there is no relatively complete river channel at the entrance to the sea. Sediment is easy to accumulate.Within a few years, the river channel began to sway, and many small highlands were formed on both sides of the river channel and in the center of the river. The river bed was one or two meters above the ground, and small water could hardly pass through.The estuary is silted up, and the water level rises naturally. The rising water level of the estuary not only affects the estuary, but its energy can affect the Lijin River section 100 kilometers away, let alone the nearby oil fields.Dahe is not satisfied with this river course anymore, and the people in Hekou are even more dissatisfied with this river course. Is it possible to find a river course that is acceptable to all people?After changing its course nine times, the river finally reached a compromise with the people and entered the sea from Qingshuigou. Qingshuigou is 27 kilometers from the interception point to the sea estuary.It is not difficult to let the big river pass through the 27 kilometers of waterway safely, but the difficulty is to let her pass through it for a long time.Nowadays, the river embankment is not tall enough, and the embankment obviously does not meet the flood standard. The embankment must be rebuilt or strengthened to ensure that the peak flow of the flood, which has never happened in a century, can pass through.For this reason, the people of Hekou planned the process of diverting Qingshuigou: first excavate to divert the river, and then build flood control dikes. This is a complex and huge project, requiring dozens of kilometers of dams to be built, and a frightening amount of earthwork to be excavated. Only tens of thousands of cubic meters of soft materials and stones are needed for the closure of the big river.Not only that, but also clear the original willow forest of more than ten kilometers in Qingshuigou.This is time-consuming and laborious work. Although the original willow forest is not high, it has well-developed branches and tendrils, which will naturally affect the flow of floods into the sea.General trees can be cut down, but the willows here do not eat this.After the head is cut off, there is also the tail, in addition to the tail and the root, as long as there is a chance, willow buds will grow from the cut stump.The people of Hekou, who have deep feelings for plants, had to cut down all the willow forests.They used methods such as skinning, burying, and burning to completely wipe out the willow forest in the river. In the spring of 1969, people were excitedly preparing for the closure of the river, and an exciting news came: a high-quality oil field was discovered near Qingshuigou, and the closure project had to be postponed.Seven or eight years later, the closure of the "Luo's house" was finally implemented and succeeded, and the torrential Yellow River finally flowed into Qingshuigou.Of course, the river flowing into Qingshuigou can't be as clear as people imagined. For several years, it is still mixed with mud and sand, and the turbid waves are rolling. Anyone who understands the natural swing of the tail of the Yellow River knows that Qingshuigou will not travel along the river for too long, and Qingshuigou will inevitably look north for an exit to the sea.However, the stable flow of Qingshuigou has enabled the social and economic development of the delta area in an all-round way. Many designs and plans are based on this stable river channel for 33 years.In particular, the existence of the Shengli Oilfield does not allow the Yellow River to move northward.In order to keep the flow path of Qingshuigou stable for a long time, it is necessary to pay attention to the research on the current situation of the flow path since it was filled with water. The study found that there are three factors that determine the situation at the mouth of the Yellow River: one is water, one is sand, and the other is sea.There has long been a saying in history that "big water produces good rivers", that is to say, high water can wash out a good river channel, and a good river channel naturally has a deep channel. The wish of "big water" is not easy to realize, but every year there is always one or several periods of big water flowing through the mouth of the Yellow River, which can cut down the river channel and take away the sediment deposited in the river channel.This requires that the large and small waters be separated, and the "small water" choose another route to enter the sea.After the diversion, it is necessary to observe the accumulation of sediment in the sea area of ​​the estuary. If the sediment cannot be dispersed in the sea area of ​​the estuary in time, manual dredging and evacuation methods must be adopted to keep the estuary at a relatively low level.In this way, it is possible to maintain sufficient flood discharge and sediment discharge capacity at the sea estuary and achieve the purpose of stabilizing the flow path of Qingshuigou.In the following years, the river affairs department and Dongying City took appropriate measures to address the problems existing in the Qingshuigou flow path, and took a series of effective measures such as dredging sand and dredging, so that this flow path into the sea has been maintained until now. Qingshuigou has been running the river for 33 years. Compared with the beginning of the diversion, the estuary area has undergone unimaginable changes.Dongying, an oil city, was born here. Not only will it firmly occupy this geomantic treasure, but it will also become the rising star of the last big river delta in the East. "Hazardous work" is not a dangerous type of work, nor is it a dangerous worker. "Dangerous work" is a unique protection project of the Yellow River.We can't find "dangerous workers" on the straight embankments in the wide river channel. Most of the "dangerous workers" are built at the bend of the big river and on the narrow river channel. It has a history of more than 2,000 years to build embankments in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, followed by "dangerous workers", which also has a history of more than 2,000 years.The history of the "dangerous work" at the estuary is much shorter. It was built successively after 1855. The reason why "dangerous work" is called "dangerous work" is because the project is built in a dangerous place where accidents frequently occur.In fact, there have been major accidents in many "dangerous industries".It is possible to count every breach of the Yellow River in the lower reaches of the sea, which is really a terrible number.From 1855 to 1938 alone, there were 34 vintages at the estuary, and each year had as few as one or two, as many as five or six, or even a dozen times.There are often multiple breach points in a large breach, and the severe disaster that the breach will bring to the people of Haikou can be imagined.The construction of "dangerous engineering" has become inevitable. There are tragic stories in almost every "dangerous work". The "dangerous worker" embodies the blood and tears of Hekou people. People in the Yellow River never dared to mention the word "dangerous workers". This word is the scab on the wound of the Hekou people, and the wound will hurt even if it is mentioned.But if you want to know "dangerous work", they will first tell you about "dangerous work" in Wangzhuang. Wangzhuang "Zhan Gong" is known as "the first risk in the lower reaches of the Yellow River". It is located at the bend of the Yellow River, where the river almost turns at a right angle.The long Wangzhuang "dangerous work" does not look unusual from a distance, but when you get closer, you can see the stone piles and stone dams inlaid on the embankment in turn.Stone stacks and stone dams have different shapes, including wild goose wings, fish scales, grinding discs and crescent moons.When the torrent hits, the stone stacks stretching towards the center of the river are like door panels and giant oars, diverting the water rushing towards the embankment into the center of the river, which not only reduces the erosion of the curved dam by the river, but also The flow velocity in the center of the river is increased, which is very beneficial to the incision of the river channel.However, Dashui is not willing to be manipulated by the stone piles, and always wants to break free from the giant hands of the stone piles, and rushes desperately towards the embankment. This creates nest-shaped ring roads around the stone piles, which divert the water flowing from the stone piles. Slow down again.The slowed water flow does little damage to the levee.In case of flood, the peak head will crash into the "dangerous worker" desperately, and the stone stack and stone dam will hold the torrent in their arms, like a mother comforting a child, and let the furious water head turn back to the center of the river as much as possible.Standing on the embankment, we saw the vortex created by the flood water crashing against the stone stacks, and felt the embankment trembling under our feet.The big river that was appeased by stone stacks and stone dams still seemed unsteady, and her roars just turned into rumbling moans. When the Yellow River encounters warm weather in the upstream and cold weather in the downstream, ice floods will inevitably break out in the narrow river at the mouth of the downstream.If attention had been paid to the construction of the "dangerous works" earlier, and if the "dangerous works" of Wangzhuang had not been built with straw but instead of stone dams, perhaps it would have escaped the breach in 1947.But the breach still happened. The "dangerous worker" in Wangzhuang was washed away by the flood to open a 100-meter-long hole, and the Yellow River immediately flooded the nearby fields and villages.The government was too busy with the war to attend to the affairs of the Yellow River. It took four or five months for the breach to be closed before hastily closing the breach. Wangzhuang's "dangerous work" is a headache. After the founding of New China, it broke down again in 1951 before it had time to come up with a countermeasure for rectification.This disaster was an ice flood breach. The sharp ice pierced into the land and houses along the river, and its damage was no less severe than that of the flood. One month later, the construction of Wangzhuang Lingxun breach blocking restoration project started.According to the plan, it is necessary to build a permeable dam in front of the entrance to slow down the flow.However, the permeable dam is buried deep in the sandy bottom, and migrant workers need to descend into the freezing water in early spring.In order to close the blockage smoothly, none of the migrant workers backed down and went into the water one after another.A month later, the plugging project was successfully closed. Wang Zhuang Lingjue seemed to give He people a warning, but this warning did not attract people's attention. Four years later, a bigger disaster was staged again.However, this time the Yellow River moved the Lingjue point to the "dangerous work" in Wuzhuang above Wangzhuang. In the modern Yellow River Delta, the 30-kilometer river course from Mawan "Zhangong" to Wangzhuang "Zhangong" is a famous "narrow alley" in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The ice is stuck, blocking the river, and breaking the ice is imminent. This is the reason why there are many "dangerous works" in this section of the river.Wuzhuang "Zhangong" is 25 kilometers away from Wangzhuang "Zanggong". The breach in 1955 is strange to say. The ice was first blocked in Wangzhuang "Zanggong", and everyone's eyes were fixed on Wangzhuang "Zanggong" , this is not the first time to be in danger here.After a day of ice blocking, there was no accident in Wangzhuang's "dangerous work", but Wuzhuang's "dangerous work" in the upper section broke due to the rising water level of the river. Speaking of Wuzhuang's "dangerous work", we have to mention the breach in 1921.At that time, an American company was in charge of the block restoration project. They knew little about the nature of the Yellow River, and did not conduct a detailed study of the breach. They just threw rocks into the embankment as a routine, and then built a stone wall on top.The smooth stone wall looks like a bridge, and the locals call it "Yangqiao". Most of the "Yangqiao" is built in the water without cement pointing joints, and the stone joints naturally become hidden dangers.After a long time, water seeps out from the gaps between the stones and enters the earth dam. Once the water level rises and the water pressure increases, the permeable part will expand into a hole, and the hole will break out when it reaches the outside of the dam.This time the breach started from the "Yangqiao" seepage, and eventually formed a loophole and developed into a breach.On the day of the breach, rescuers loaded the adobe into a small boat, and then sank the small boat into the entrance of the cave, but it was sucked away by the flood in an instant, and then filled with soil and straw in a large boat, but failed to stay in the water.At midnight, the dam leak finally turned into a big breach.Any interception at this time will not help, and the rescuers had to turn their targets to the village.There are many breaches in Wuzhuang's "dangerous work", and the torrent converges a few miles away, just enclosing the three villages of Wuzhuang, Situ, and Zhangpanma, making the three villages an isolated island in the water.The rescue headquarters quickly made a decision: send party members and cadres into the village, organize the masses to block the street entrance, prevent water from entering the village, and rush to build rafts to deal with accidents; pay attention to the defense of the siphon main canal of the Beiliujiajia River to prevent the river from invading eastward; Reinforce the moat embankment of Lijin City to ensure the safety of the county; adjust ships to rescue the trapped people. The massacre caused serious damage to Lijin, Zhanhua and other counties. 80 people were killed and more than 1.7 million people were affected.This time Ling Jue made the Yellow River people's alarm bells ring, and they dare not slack off in the slightest. Among the existing 19 "dangerous works", Lao Hegong will also introduce you to a place called "Mawan Dangerous Works". "Mawan Dangerous Works", like Wangzhuang and Wuzhuang "dangerous workers", has dangerous river regimes and bends, and is a key area of ​​ice-blocked water in previous Lingjue.However, the river affairs department had already prepared for this "dangerous work" in this section. It raised the embankment in 1947, and later built five gable dam foundations between the north and south dam heads. Although there were many dangers in Beibatou, the crisis was finally turned into safety after emergency repairs.After liberation, "Mawan Dangerous Works" has been renovated many times, and has reached a very high standard of flood resistance. There are also Wangjiayuan and Changzhuang "dangerous workers" worth mentioning.These two "dangerous workers" used to build dams with straw, and they had many accidents before liberation.After liberation, with the improvement of the level of river control, these two sections of "dangerous works" were successively changed to rock dams or brick dams, and the dam body was also heightened and reinforced accordingly, and no breaches occurred. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, people in the Yellow River had to turn their attention to the section of the river from Boxing Mawan to Lijin Wangzhuang in the face of repeated breaches of "dangerous workers".This narrow river has breached dozens of times in the past hundred years, and more than half of them are Lingjue, and the two big Lingjue happened here.It is necessary to urgently resolve the recurrence of the breach here, and of course the long-term peace of the downstream estuary must also be taken into consideration.The Yellow River breach has existed since ancient times. To eradicate the danger of the breach, it is necessary to find a countermeasure that meets the geographical conditions of this section.In the past, some river families used the method of cutting bends and cutting branches to make the river straight and increase the shear force of the river scour, so that the river could not be resolved, but this method had no obvious effect on ice floods.How to adopt a method of both flood prevention and bullying prevention is a problem that Xinhe people must seriously consider. The management of the Yellow River at its estuary requires consideration of several important factors, the most important of which is the Shengli Oilfield.Oil is of great significance to the newly born new China, and other industrial and agricultural production must give way to it, let alone the Yellow River.Judging from the situation at that time, even if oil wells were drilled in the course of the Yellow River, the Yellow River would have to be diverted. In 1963, hard-working oil workers drilled the first oil well in Shengtuo on the south bank of the Yellow River. The news is exciting, but the oil well is right in the embrace of the Yellow River, and whether it can produce normally depends on the Yellow River.Of course, it is impossible for the oil people to hand over the power to the Yellow River. They will be the masters for the Yellow River once.The oil people asked the river affairs department to ensure that the south bank of the Yellow River does not breach, which is the policy of "protecting the south but not protecting the north".This is a strategic need.From the standpoint at the time, this request was not unreasonable, but it hurt the people of the Yellow River. The old Yellow River people know that it is difficult to ensure that the Yellow River will not breach in any location, especially in the ice flood.Because Lingjue is really a disaster that cannot be avoided by humans.To this end, the river affairs department formulated a plan to "ensure embankments on the south bank and temporarily divert floods on the north bank" according to the instructions of the superior.In the event of ice flood, the river affairs department asked troops to pull explosives to the dam, ready to blow up the dam at any time and divert the flood to the north bank.In the following three years, the army's explosives were brought to the dam every year, and the people on the north bank of the Yellow River were worried every year. Although the village had built a high platform to avoid water, it was really uncomfortable to live in suspense. Year after year, the plan of "protecting the south but not the north" is becoming more and more untenable.This plan has an Achilles' heel, that is, it regards oil as more important than life.多少石油的价值才能跟北岸利津、沾化、滨县20多万人民的生命等量齐观呢？幸好1968年，在黄河北岸也发现了大油田，南北都要保，逼着黄河人做出新的决策。 决策来源于实地考察。勘察队经过反复勘测后，最初提出从五庄顺褚官河接潮河至沾化入海的方案。这个方案确实避开了现在黄河南北两岸的油田，而且入海距离较短，却忽略了潮河、徒骇河淤堵的现状。过去，黄河经潮河、徒骇河入海多年，两河河口及河口周边地区已被黄河泥沙淤堵抬高，如遇内涝，水无排泄之口，必淹及黄河堤坝。堤坝不保，黄河自然决口。方案没有得到领导支持。勘察人员陷入了深思：凌汛决口，说到底就是麻湾到王庄河道太窄，只要给她足够宽的河道，冰凌即使不能顺利入海，也不至于阻塞于一两处“险工”；冰不成坝，就有泄水的通路，这样就可避免决口。此想法以几百字的“黄河南岸展宽”建议附在了新方案后面，正是这个建议，牵出了南展工程的大决策。这项历时8年的宏大工程，横跨博兴、垦利两县，涉及一百多万平方公里土地。工程完工后，平均展宽河道3.5公里，如果黄河能把这么宽的河道注满水，这里就是一个湖区了。按黄河最高流量计算，黄河也不可能将这个大渠灌满，除非展渠堵了入海口，变成封口的湖。 这是黄河人的大手笔，这来自于黄河人的眼界和气量，这样的工程在旧中国是无法想象的。打开工程用料记录册，我们可以看到如下记载：累计修做土方3189万立方米，石方7.89万立方米，耗钢材2216吨，木材6000立方米，水泥……这是一串长长的惊人数字，在这些数字背后包含了一个更惊人的用工数字。上个世纪60年代初，人民还没有解决温饱问题，在机械化程度极低的情况下，修建这样的大工程，其难度有多大不言自明。 南展工程像人们在窄河道上撒开的一张大网，二十多年来，连一条小鱼也没逮到，更别说黄河这条大鱼。这项耗资巨大，费时、费力的大“险工”，从上个世纪70年代末建成至今，却一次也没有使用过。是黄河变乖了，还是她故意放松人们的警惕，择机再来一场更大的洪决？人们不得不重新审视这项工程，审视当初的选择。 以现在的自然条件来看，这项工程显得有些多余。从工程动工修建的第二年，黄河就隔三差五地断流，此后的28年里，黄河有22个年头出现断流，累计断流1079天，5000立方米/秒以上的流量少见，10000立方米/秒的流量几乎不见，20000立方米/秒的流量基本就是传说了。用30年的时间给这项工程下一个断语也许太匆忙，但对于挤在窄小土台上的六七万展区人民来说，30年就太漫长了。因为修建南展工程，他们不计个人得失，服从国家大局，安心住在政府为他们修的“村台”上，可“村台”的状况到底怎样呢？这还要从开始建南展工程说起。 南展工程把黄河南岸的许多村庄都圈在里面，政府将村子搬迁到展渠之外，因为新村址离黄河较近，为防黄河决口，把房屋院子建于高台上，这就是所谓的“村台”。修建“村台”费工费料，每人按45平方米建设，即使这个低标准，最终也没能如数完成。几米高的土台，看上去像一个个碉堡，生活不方便不说，还极大地限制了农民的经济发展。几十年来，展区人口不断增长，而“村台”还是当时的规模。村民住在狭窄的土台上，粮食、牲畜、柴草等都无处堆放，更别说拖拉机和农机具了。展区农民早有回迁之意，但大多数村民又担心展渠内的安全，胆子大的冒险回去建房。可胆子再大也知道黄河的厉害，大坝里零零散散的房屋，实际都是简易房，只能仓储，不能居住。没有安居，何谈乐业。几代人同住一个“村台”，比城里人住的楼房还拥挤。“村台”地处洼地，一遇大雨，“村台”就会被困水中。村民的居住生活条件极差，而公共设施也好不了多少。在展区“村台”居住的村子，因为条件限制，没有足够大的高台建学校或医院，十几个村才有一个学校，几十个村才有一个卫生院。所谓的学校也只有几间房屋。学校需要操场，可上哪里找这么大的高台做操场呢？展区人民的生活严重落后于时代了，这是东营市的一块心病。这心病到了非解决不可的时候了。这一年，东营市终于有了一个关于黄河南展区的总体设计，包括解决展区居住条件在内的一系列规划相继出台。按照此规划，黄河南展区3年内全部完成“村台”拓展工程，还要建设顺堤新村、“三网”绿化工程和黄河生态防护林，此工程建成后，展区人民的生活将得到根本改变。 黄河人知道，数十年来凌汛没有发生，不等于凌汛从此绝迹。黄河的淤、根本性一天未改，她在下游决口的危险就存在一天，几十年的平安，对于黄河来说只是瞬间休眠，等她从休眠中睁开双眼，她还会精神百倍地发动各种决溢事件，让人们措手不及。回顾过去的各种应急工程，大都治标不治本，着眼长远，使母亲河永久平安才是黄河人的当务之急。河口挖沙降河以及建水库蓄水的方法成效显著，保持一个适当的河位高程，配合分洪蓄水，黄河凌决、洪决有可能避免。 可黄河的变数很多，促使黄河多变的因素更是多种多样。黄河的变数表现出来的就是流量变化，这是个难以把握的现象。近百年的流量变化规律，对下一个百年的流量变化能有多大参考价值？黄河复回山东故道后，入海口最大流量没超过13000立方米/秒。可谁能保证将来有一天她不会超过这个数字，如果有百年一遇的洪水，如果流量超过20000立方米/秒或更大，我们仍然会担心南展工程，因为它仍然是一处“险工”。 打开黄河三角洲腹地地图，我们会发现一些以“屋子”命名的村庄，如“张家屋子”、“李家屋子”等。这些“屋子”里的主人都是赶黄河人的后代，他们是这片三角洲真正的主人，他们见证了黄河口成长和变迁的历史。 黄河口每年都有新淤地，这些淤地被当地人称为“大洼”。而去“大洼”开荒种地叫“下洼”，这种顺着黄河跑的开垦活动被称为“赶黄河”。最初，“赶黄河”的人都是附近村民，早出晚归，当天来回，顶多带一顿午饭，带一葫芦凉水。但大河年年向海里推进，新淤地一再向东扩展，路远了，靠双脚走一个来回，劳力累人不说，时间也耗不起。只好就地取材，搭一个屋子栖身。开始的屋子极其简陋，状如看瓜棚，四根木棍支起个芦苇顶，只能避雨露，不能挡风寒。时间长了，“屋子”有所改善，有了苇箔围墙，有了一扇柳枝结成的门。这样的屋子可以维持赶河人的简单生活，住在这种屋子里的人叫“跑趟户”。他们的家离屋子不会很远，活忙就住下，活少就来回跑，庄稼人有的是力气。还有一些赶河人，家离河滩地远，有些还是从外县、外省来赶河的新户，需要常住，这些人叫“常住户”。“常住户”的屋子稍微好一些，至少有苇箔围墙，房顶也厚实，芦苇编的门箔也密集。但还不是真正的房子，因为他们随时都要跟着黄河走，临时观念比较重，能简单就简单，他们的目的是来种地，不是来享受。我曾经去过一个赶河人的家，所有的器物都非常简单，简单到原始的程度。他的碗是一个大贝壳，筷子是一对带节的芦苇，捡来的木棒上面铺上芦苇和苇絮就成了一张床。柳木墩子是他的椅子，没有饭桌，碗筷都摆在沙地上。有一个底面平稳的葫芦立在沙地上，看它露出的壶嘴，才知道里面装了茶壶。原来赶河人喜欢喝茶，没有保温设备，茶水很快就凉透，赶河人把茶壶放入葫芦，再用苇絮塞紧，一壶茶就可以喝到天黑也不凉了。这个家没有院墙，没有大门，甚至连一道篱笆也没有，屋子的门大部分时间也都敞着，没人来偷，也没什么可偷。 人总是跟不上黄河的脚步，黄河又东进了。可一些人不愿意再跟着黄河跑了，因为他们老了，他们没有能力再去开荒，他们要留下来，过相对安稳的日子。他们要建一处稍好些的屋子。 通常的屋子，有基、墙、檐、顶等构件，但这里早期的屋子只是取“屋子”之意，却无“屋子”之形，与真正意义的“屋子”相去甚远。在内地，建房子是家庭的大工程。在这片除了荒草就是野藤的荒滩上，没有石头做基石，没有木料做门板，没有瓦片盖房顶，更谈不上石灰水泥了。建筑材料奇缺，建一座房子谈何容易。可肌肠辘辘的一家老小，不能总风餐露宿。黄河口风大气寒，对付海风和寒冷的办法只有穴地而居。找一个地势相对高的地方，挖一个方形窖坑，顶盖芦苇挡风避雨，地铺芦絮隔潮保暖，不管怎么说，这也算一处屋子了。河口水位极浅，即使在高岗处，挖不到两米也会泛水。咸腥的海水在屋子里到处结碱。能在这样的屋子里坚持多久？无人考证，但一代代赶河人都要先住这样的屋子，才能慢慢住上像样的房子。这样的屋子一定给赶河人留下了抹不掉的记忆，日后人口增多，形成村落时，还不忘用屋子给村子命名。地图上的韩家屋子、罗家屋子、张家屋子等村子，一定是以韩、罗、张等姓先民垦荒发展而来的村子。 在以土地为命根的中国农民眼里，黄河口逐年增多的淤地，不仅吸引了周边农民来赶黄河闯天下，也是历代统治者安抚灾民垦荒屯田的最佳选择。明朝不是第一个倡导移民的朝代，但明朝的移民政策对民众很优厚：“民众垦田，免赋三年，给钞二十锭，以备农具。”明洪武二年，朱元璋下令将人多地少的山西人迁往“土地宜桑枣，民少而遗地利”的“宽乡”山东。清代效法前朝，实行劝垦政策，“不征田赋”，或给“工本之资”，不论当地或外来人员，只要报垦，就发给“领单”、“验单”，象征性地收点税，鼓励百姓垦荒。 山东的“宽乡”在哪里？显然是黄河三角洲。这里不仅可以让统治者安贫抚困，更是发展生产、休养生息的试验田。因为这里有黄河创造的沃野平原，又有黄河水的灌溉，只要黄河不决口，十拿九稳都有好收成。以免除赋税徭役为前提，加上给农具、种子和耕牛等优厚条件，当然能打动一部分人的心。明洪武年间，就有近百万移民分8次移出山西，仅在山东就有60多个县接收过移民。到底有多少移民进入黄河三角洲，并无确切的统计，从利津的农户变迁，可以看出当时移民的力度。明洪武二年到永乐前期，仅三四十年的时间，全县农户由原来的8256户增加到21200户，土地的增加更是惊人，从明初到万历九年【1581年】，额地【在册的土地】由37500亩猛增到464000亩，另有垦荒升科额地85600亩，使农业生产和国民经济空前发展。 这种大移民自然不可能得到所有人的响应，大部分富裕人家更不愿成为移民。哪一个衣食无忧的人愿意去开垦荒地，重吃创业之苦呢？就算一般人家或贫困户，也不会心甘情愿地移民他乡，这就是故土难离。为了让“宽乡”政策得到实施，明政府必须采取一些严厉措施了。他们强制移民上路，为防止移民路上逃亡，把他们反绑双手，再用一根绳子串连起来。要大小便时，先要解开双手——也许时间长了，“解手”就成了一个大小便的代名词；而长期反绑的手，则成了我们倒背手走路的习惯。 强制手段只能短暂解决移民难的问题，而移民是一个持续性的政策，尤其是黄河三角洲一带更需要移民。黄河入海口本来就地多人少，原有的土地需要耕种，新增的荒地也需要开垦。因为连年战乱，明末清初的黄河口，又见人烟稀少、狐兔野游的景象。康熙时期，政府招募垦荒者，允许无业流民开垦无主荒地，并发给开垦执照，所垦之地，可以成为其祖业，永为所有。康熙十年后，又放宽垦荒纳税年限，最长可达10年免税。还以赏官为条件，鼓励商贾大户投资垦荒。乾隆二年，实行“滩荒下地免去升科”的办法，此后，滨河海口一带荒地逐步得到垦种。光绪二十八年，山东成立垦务专局，专事垦荒事务。光绪三十一年，利津县首次在盐窝设立垦务管理机构“勘丈局”，“按仁、义、礼、智、信五路清丈”河口新淤地，并分给移民开垦。 大规模进入黄河三角洲的移民，是有组织的赶黄河。他们在这片河滩上一落脚，就要适应跟着黄河跑的习惯，否则就很难在这里扎下根。黄河不断地向东方推进，移民也就不断地跟她东行。赶黄河类似赶海，所不同的是，赶海得到的是鱼虾，赶黄河收获的是土地。在中国农民眼里，鱼虾当然无法跟土地比，土地不仅保证人的衣食无忧，还是身份的象征。没有土地不会被尊重，而土地越多，越有社会地位。这是中国几千年来亘古不变的法则。黄河口的土地非常容易得到，也极易开垦，可真正愿意赶黄河的人还是寥寥无几。说到底，赶黄河不是件容易事。 赶黄河的不利因素很多。首先是重整家业的艰难，舍旧家，建新家，新家要从零开始，这其中的难处想必人人皆知。其次是他乡非故乡，一方水土养一方人，这是千年不变的定理；从山西到山东，不仅离开了吕梁和太行的人文故土，还改换了生态和气候。多风的海滨，潮湿的洼地，让生活在黄河中游的人无法适应。入海口的这方水土并不养人，不但不养人，一些体弱多病者还有可能把小命搭上。克服了这诸多不利因素，还有一个令人恐惧的河决无法克服。这是让人却步的根本原因。黄河决口的事，听听都让人毛骨悚然，更别说亲历。可移民黄河口，过着赶河人的日子，也就陷进了黄河决口的险境中。黄河决口是三天两头发生的事，其后果不言自明。但移民还是不断从内地拥来。 据史料记载，最早移民黄河三角洲的朝代是宋朝。大约在宋哲宗【1086年】年间，到元末明初，有了一次大的移民潮。此时进入黄河三角洲的移民大都定居在利津和垦利一带。据统计，利津县北宋镇102个村庄中有71个是明洪武年间从山西洪洞、河北枣强迁来的。三角洲上流传至今的民谣“问我祖先在何处？山西洪洞大槐树”、“要问祖上在哪边？本是直隶枣强县”便是最好的证明。定居在荒滩上的赶河人由少变多，集为村落，就以最早定居者的姓氏作为村名，王庄、张家、宋家、刘家等等就是由此而来。有些村名还会有一些附加成分，如张家窝棚【初到利津时多年住窝棚】、簸箕刘家【以编簸箕为业】等。这些姓氏就像一棵树，把根扎于大河岸边的黄土，朝着阳光和大海伸展枝杈。 在移民潮的带动下，山东各县也有一些贫困户逃荒到黄河三角洲，他们在利津和垦利等地定居下来，慢慢成了赶黄河的老户。这些逃荒人来自三角洲周边的滨州、博兴、高青、桓台、临淄、淄川、章丘等，这些县离黄河三角洲都不算太远，逃荒人的祖辈很可能就是更早的赶河人，因为在更远的年代，是黄河造就了上述各县的土地。在这些赶河人心里，黄河并没有那么凶险，即使遇上洪决之事，也有应对之策。 三角洲的第二次赶河潮仍然是以官方组织为主，流民自愿加入为辅的移民潮。黄河自1855年在河南铜瓦厢决口重新从利津入海以来，以垦利渔洼为顶点，形成了2000多平方公里的现代黄河三角洲。一些因天灾人祸失去土地的贫民无奈来到河口开荒糊口，而政府也把此处作为新移民点，设“淤荒设治筹备处”，专事黄河口移民和开垦荒地事宜。1935年，黄河在山东鄄城决口，淹及菏泽、郓城等15县，250万人受灾。山东政府将4200多人迁到黄河三角洲，并把这些灾民按每组200人分成八大组，在现在的永安镇周围建村，一村、五村、七村等以序数命名的村名就此诞生。从此，“八大组”成了响当当的名字，沿用至今。“八大组”名下有许多村庄，十八户、二十一户等村，是以当时建村时户数多少命名；六百步、一千二等村则是以土地的长度命名。地处滩涂的一千二村，因凌汛被围，消息传出时，竟被传为一千二百个村庄被淹，弄得上下异常紧张。 有一种赶河人就不那么受欢迎。这些赶河人的居住地叫二十师、二十七师。看地名就知道这是一些部队驻地，这些地方确实驻过部队，他们是山东军阀韩复榘的下属。当年，韩复榘一眼就看上了黄河三角洲这块膏腴之地，为解决军队给养不足，派兵到黄河口跑马圈地，并以等级分给下属耕种。原来的垦荒户面对军人的刀枪，也只能打掉牙往肚里咽。 赶黄河的人并不都是为了逃荒，还有一些人是为了发财。他们因这里的盐而来，也因盐成了巨贾富商。“齐有渠展之盐”记于《管子·地数》。渠展，是指河流入海的滩涂，这里的渠展是指以宁海为中心的区域。这个渠展之盐非同小可，它不仅造就了一大批富商，还成了齐国的重要经济支柱，并使齐国一举成为春秋五霸之一。从这个意义上讲，赶黄河就有开疆拓土打天下的味道，这也就是日后山东人敢打敢冲、闯关东、下江南的精神渊源。但盐商富自“灶户”，“灶户”早期创业的艰难，是他们的子孙无法想象的。以煮盐为业的户为“灶户”，“灶户”又有“官灶”、“民灶”之分。明人王悦在《威海赋》里这样描述煮盐之状：“盐之所产，于海之洼，潮波既退，男女如麻。区分畦列，刮土爬沙，漉水煎卤，锅灶参差。凝霜叠雪，积屯盈家。”可见，煮盐的活儿并不轻松。明中后期，晒盐法由福建传入，“灶户”的工作又有了新的变化。清代诗人张铨的《竹枝词》写道：“老屋荒村破晓忙，编来揸席满盐场。”“风雪三更共一灯，农家妇女快搓绳。明朝挑向盐船去，沽酒烹鱼得未曾。” 起早贪黑的“民灶”确实