Chapter 5 Chapter 04 Chinese Dream: Yellow River Clear Water——Yellow River Dam and Yellow River Immigrants
A small wooden boat is bumping on the turbulent Yellow River.A leaf boat.The water of the Yellow River is turbid and stagnantly flowing...
Standing on the small wooden boat crossing the Yellow River, Mao Zedong sighed deeply——
You can despise anyone, but you cannot despise the Yellow River.To despise the Yellow River is to despise our nation.
Comparing a big river with the dignity of a nation's existence, Mao Zedong undoubtedly endowed the big river with the power and charm of personality.The spirit of the Chinese nation is frozen in this great river at the feet of great men.When he said this, Mao Zedong was marching into Beiping - he had just defeated Chiang Kai-shek's millions of troops, but he said that he did not dare to despise the Yellow River...
The talented and generous Mao Zedong said many words in his life. He said that man will conquer the sky. He said that it is infinitely fun to fight against the sky. sky.But only facing the Yellow River, he said, dare not despise...
Zhou Enlai, who was on the same boat with him, certainly understood the leader's worries.They are about to create a nation.To build this country, we must face the governance of this mother river, which is also the great river of "China's worry".
So only two years later, Mao Zedong stood on the Yellow River embankment again.Looking at the torrential Yellow River water that was emptied by the turbid waves, Mao Zedong said again: "The affairs of the Yellow River must be done well."When saying this, Mao Zedong still spoke cautiously.It cannot be said that the first generation of leaders of the Republic, including Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, some of China's greatest contemporary figures, did not want to manage the affairs of the Yellow River well.The problem is that people's subjective wishes are sometimes quite weak in the face of the mighty power of nature.When Deng Zihui, Vice Premier of the State Council, announced to China and the world in the Huairen Hall in Zhongnanhai in the summer of 1955 that it would not be long before he could see the day in the lower reaches of the Yellow River that people have dreamed of for thousands of years—seeing the "Yellow River Clear", The more than 1,000 people's representatives who applauded like thunder, and even all Chinese people undoubtedly sincerely believe in and look forward to the "clearing of the Yellow River".
"The Yellow River is clear, and the sage comes out."
This is a folk song that is widely circulated among Chinese people.
It can be said that among the many dreams of the ancient Chinese nation, controlling the flooding of the Yellow River is the oldest dream that has lasted for thousands of years.Many peoples in the world have myths or legends about the early flood, such as the flood and Noah's Ark in the Bible. Many of these myths say that the flood destroyed human beings and only a few people survived.It is the story of "destruction" and "redemption".Moreover, these stories focus on the "salvation" and "redemption" of human beings.That is, the "survival" and "luck" of human beings.Floods are terrible but humans are lucky.It's almost a tribute to water, which has wreaked havoc on humanity.The Chinese nation is different. I am afraid that there is only one language in the world, Chinese-the word "disaster water" in it.As for the origin of this word, I believe that the "water" here undoubtedly refers to the Yellow River.
In the story of Nuwa mending the sky, it is said that "accumulate reed ash to stop sexual misconduct".
He also said, "When the lewd water dries up, Jizhou is flat."
The "kinky water" here is also the Yellow River.
Disaster water, lewd water, is a kind of "another name" for the Yellow River that we got from our ancient ancestors.
Because of this, the Yellow River is also known as the "harmful river" - so that there are words such as "yellow peril", "yellow disaster" and "yellow disaster" in our national language.What it condenses is a national complex that a nation is deeply afraid of the great river that raised her and harmed her.This kind of complex has such a long history and is engraved in the emotional memory of a nation...
Because of fear, but also because of helplessness, whoever can conquer the Yellow River is the hero worshiped by this nation.This is a kind of "Yellow River Complex" unique to this nation-the Yellow River is clear and the saints come out.
The history of China's dynasties began with a hero who ruled the Yellow River.
This yellow hero is Yu Dayu.
The story of Dayu's flood control happened in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.According to ancient books, Nuwa's mending the sky is related to the flooding of the Yellow River, while Gun and Yu's water control is a story of the Chinese ancestors who fought against the flood and wept ghosts and gods one after another. The flood did not wait for the emperor's order; the emperor ordered Zhu Rong to kill Gun in Yujiao. Gun revived Yu, and the emperor ordered Yu's soldiers to spread the soil and rule Kyushu." Dayu's father, Gun, was killed by the Emperor of Heaven at the foot of Yushan Mountain because he disgraced his mission, and Gun died. Not to be reconciled, the corpse was thrown in the wilderness and did not rot for three years, and people disemboweled it and gave birth to it.In the thirteenth year of Yu Zhihuang's rule, "passed through its gate three times without entering", and finally "cut the river and connected the four barbarians and nine states".
Because of Yu's meritorious service in water control, the people supported him as the co-lord, and established China's first dynasty - Xia.
This means that the reason why Yu was born an emperor and died a sacred thing all depends on his achievements in governing the Yellow River.The first emperor in Chinese history was born in the great feat of governing the Yellow River. From this, it is not difficult to imagine what an ideal monarch should be like in the minds of a nation with such a big river: even if he does nothing at all, as long as he can tame the river. An unruly Yellow River.So along the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge and along the banks of the Yellow River in the Central Plains, almost everywhere are covered with "sacred relics" of Dayu.And what best embodies Yu's miraculous demeanor and unique verve is the birth of the three schools of "man, ghost and god", known as "the natural danger of the Yellow River".
From the east of Tongguan, Shaanxi, the Yellow River flows between Zhongtiao Mountain and Xiaoshan Mountain. The two mountains are sandwiched. Turning sharply down the stone wall, he was suddenly blocked under a huge rocky mountain cliff.According to legend, the water of the Yellow River gathers here to form a large lake, and there are tortoise spirits in the lake making waves and endangering the people.When Dayu came here to control the water, he split the mountain with a huge axe, but the rock was hard and he couldn't split it, so he put his foot into the crack of the rock and kicked hard to the south.Then the sky fell apart, the river flowed eastward, the mountain peak was split into three parts, and three torrents rushed down thrillingly.The three stone islands split by Dayu are the "Human Gate", "Shenmen Gate" and "Ghost Gate".
Here is the dam site of the Sanmenxia Dam, which is called "the first dam of the Yellow River in thousands of miles" today.
When people built this magnificent dam in the 1950s, that is, when people thought they were starting a great historical feat that was "unprecedented", almost no one could have expected that in more than half a century since then The existence of this dam will so profoundly affect the fate of an ancient city hundreds of kilometers away from it.Affecting the fate of another city adjacent to this ancient city - and the fate of hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Shaanxi...
The ancient city is Xi'an.
Another city adjacent to this ancient city is Weinan.
To be honest, due to the frequent flooding of the Yellow River, some people called it the "Hazardous River". Before the construction of the Sanmenxia Dam on the Yellow River, Shaanxi people had no memory of this aspect.From ancient times to the present, in the 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization, the Weihe River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River that flows through the territory of Shaanxi—the ancients also called Weishui——the Weihe River, together with other tributaries that flow into the Weihe River, are the blessings and benefits of Shaanxi people. River, Lee River.Hundreds of thousands of years of grace and grace have blessed the people of this land.What remains in the memory of Shaanxi people is the good memory of the Yellow River.This is because Shaanxi is located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and the floods of the Yellow River mainly occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, especially in Henan and Shandong.
It is related to the fact that the Yellow River is a blessed river in Shaanxi. It is this great river that gave birth to and created Xi'an, that is, ancient Chang'an, which has a glorious history as the capital of thirteen dynasties in Chinese feudal society.Moreover, almost every great monarch also left their great "sacred relics" of controlling the Yellow River and utilizing the Yellow River on this land.
This is the indissoluble bond between the Yellow River and this millennium capital of emperors.
It is also a glorious history of using the Yellow River to build water conservancy and water transportation.
The first great king, Qin Wang Yingzheng and the famous Zheng Guoqu.
Historians of later generations were quite emotional, saying that without Zheng Guoqu, Chinese history might need to be rewritten.This is because without Zheng Guoqu, the Qin Dynasty might not be as powerful in the future.Here history and all people's imaginations play a trick.Because the beginning of Zheng Guoqu was not a conscious administrative act of King Qin, but a political trick and conspiracy.The event took place in 246 BC [the first year of Qin Shihuang], when the Qixiong of Qin, Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Han were fighting for hegemony at the end of the Warring States Period.When Qin's national power was strong enough to annex its neighbor South Korea at any time, King Han Huan unfortunately adopted the so-called "tired Qin" strategy by his advisers in desperation.Zheng Guo, a famous South Korean water conservancy engineer, was sent to Qin as a spy, lobbying Qin to drill a large irrigation channel between the Jinghe River and the Luohe River [Beiluoshui, a tributary of the Weishui River].Based on King Han's wishful thinking, the state of Qin would be powerless to look east...
This year is the first year of King Qin Yingzheng.Qin State, which originally wanted to develop water conservancy, quickly adopted this attractive suggestion.And immediately recruited a lot of manpower and material resources, and appointed Zheng Guo to preside over and build this project.During the construction process, the conspiracy of "Tired Qin" in South Korea was revealed, and King Qin was furious and wanted to kill Zheng Guo.Zheng Guo said: "The first minister is the intermediary, but the success of the canal is also the benefit of Qin. The minister is the life of Han Yan for several years, and the merit of Qin's construction for thousands of years." It makes sense. At the same time, Qin State's water conservancy technology is still relatively backward, and Zheng State is also needed in terms of technology, so as always, it is still reused.After more than ten years of hard work, the whole canal was completed, known as Zheng Guoqu.
Zheng Guoqu's success, not only failed to "wear out Qin", but "strengthened Qin". Both "Historical Records" and "Hanshu" said: "The canal is filled with water [silt], irrigated [xi opera] more than 40,000 hectares of land, and the harvest is one per mu, so Guanzhong is a fertile field. In the year of no calamity, Qin became prosperous and powerful, and died and merged with the princes, so it was named Zheng Guoqu." One bell is six stones and four buckets, which is many times higher than the average yield of one stone and a half per mu in the middle reaches of the Yellow River at that time.Only more than ten years after Zheng Guoqu was completed, Qin Shihuang completed the unification of the six countries and established the first truly centralized Qin Empire in Chinese history.
For South Korea, this is probably the most failed "time" in the history of espionage in the world.
The Xianyang Palace of the Qin Empire was built on the bank of the Wei River, and Chang'an City of the Han Empire was also built on the bank of the Wei River.It's just that the city of Chang'an in the Han Dynasty has moved east from Xianyang to the northwest suburb of Xi'an.After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, it was considered that the Han Chang'an City was too humid, so it moved eastward from the north bank of the Weihe River to the south bank of the Weihe River.After the establishment of the Tang Empire, Tang Chang'an City was expanded on the basis of the Daxing City of the Sui Empire.
Located in the southeast of Chang'an City in the Han Dynasty, the two tributaries of the Wei River, the Chan River and the Bahe River, were two rivers in the suburbs of Chang'an City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou built Feng and Hao Erjing on both sides of the Fenghe River in the west of today's Xi'an.
The Feng River is also a tributary of the Wei River.
Historically, the so-called Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang dynasties, the most prosperous period in Chinese history, and the short-lived but very important Sui Dynasty, all had an extremely close relationship with the Wei River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River.What uncovered the secrets of the relationship between dynasties and rivers is that these dynasties or empires with their capital in Chang'an, in order to support the political and economic needs of their centralized imperial capital, all needed and relied on the Yellow River water transport.
The water transport of the Yellow River to Chang'an, the imperial capital, that is, from the Yellow River to the Wei River, and Sanmenxia in the middle reaches of the Yellow River became the main artery of water transport from east to west in ancient times.It is also the necessary route for grain transportation from east to west in ancient times.The so-called "water transport" mainly refers to the transfer of corn from various parts of the Kanto to meet the needs of the Guanzhong.This transportation channel was maintained from the Qin Dynasty to the end of the Tang Dynasty.In the Qin and Han dynasties, Guanzhong was the capital, and grain from the east of the Guandong was transported through the Weihe River.During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in order to solve the material supply problem in Chang'an, Kyoto, a large amount of rice millet from the southeast was also transported by water.During the heyday of Tang Xuanzong's reign, the largest water conservancy project was the construction of Guangyuntan, a water transport port.This port once played a pivotal role in Tang Chang'an's economic development. "Guangyuntan Inscription Preface" says: "In the ninth year of the Tianbao era of the Tang Dynasty, Wei Jian, the prefect of Shan County, asked to rule the Han and Sui Yunqu, and closed the gate to Chang'an to transport the Fu of Shandong. There was an edict to follow it. Jueba, Chan , merged with the Wei to the east, and joined the Wei at Yongfengcang; and dug a pool under the Wangchun Tower to gather boats. The pool was completed two years later, and the emperor came to Jiayan and named it Guangyun." After the completion of Guangyun Pool In that year, the volume of water transportation reached four million stones, which effectively consolidated the rule of the Li and Tang Dynasties.
A poem in the Tang Dynasty says: "There are Wu boats in the Qin land, and there are thousands of masts and Wei Qutou." It can be seen that the transportation of the Weihe River was quite busy at that time.
The history of water transportation in the Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties shows that the capitals of these dynasties are all in Guanzhong, which is the political and economic center of the country.However, the economic area at that time was quite far away from Guanzhong.Whether it is in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, if the grain in these areas is to be transported to the capital, the Yellow River must be used.That is to say, since Qin Shihuang, when the grain was transshipped from the Kanto, the grain transporting ships had already passed through Sanmenxia.
After the Tang Dynasty, Chang'an lost its status as the capital, and the Weihe water transport declined rapidly.
It has been thousands of years since Sanmenxia once again had a close relationship with Guanzhong.This time, it was neither for the need of water transportation for Guanzhong, nor for irrigating the fertile fields in Guanzhong like Qin Shihuang built the Zhengguo Canal.Its main purpose is to "cure the flood damage of the Yellow River".This is a problem for later generations caused by Dayu's incomplete work.Although Dayu said that he "drew the mountains and cut roads" and even "dragged the Nine Rivers" with his "uncanny workmanship", he is respected as "sacred" by later generations.But Dayu still cannot be regarded as a "saint" because he failed to make the "Yellow River clear".
The ideal of "clear water in the Yellow River" can only be an ideal in the 5,000-year history of civilization of the Chinese nation.
The Yellow River is still carrying a large amount of silt and flowing like it has been for ages, and it is tyrannical and indiscriminate in its lust.Even in the Xia Dynasty founded by Yu himself, the "Shanghou Mingzhi [Yellow] River" recorded in ancient documents has already recorded the flooding of the Yellow River.The capital city of the Shang Dynasty after the Xia Dynasty moved repeatedly, which may also be related to the flooding of the Yellow River.In the fifth year of Zhou Dingwang, that is, in 602 BC, the Yellow River flooded for the first time in written records. From 1938, when the Kuomintang opened the Huayuankou, the Yellow River collapsed for a total of 1,590 years in 2,540 years. times, twenty major diversions.On average, there are two breaches in three years, and a major diversion in a century.In Kaifeng in the Song Dynasty, the prosperous metropolis of Bianliang, Tokyo, was also submerged under seven meters of loess due to the diversion of the Yellow River...
But the Yellow River not only gave birth to our first ancestor, the Yellow Emperor, gave birth to the first dynasty Xia, gave birth to the first emperor Dayu, but also gave us a piece of yellow land, a yellow river, and even our inborn Yellow skin, yellow race; in addition, because of the Yellow River, the oldest totem worship of our Chinese nation was born: the dragon.Our nation also calls itself "the descendants of the dragon", and the lyrics are: In the ancient east there was a dragon, and its name was the Yellow River...
The Yellow River gave birth to the 5,000-year history of civilization of the Chinese nation.Just as the Nile River gave birth to the ancient Egyptian civilization, the Ganges gave birth to the ancient Indian civilization, and the Euphrates and Tigris rivers gave birth to the ancient Babylonian civilization, the yellow-skinned and yellow-race Chinese also have an innate love for his mother river and his life. The river of love, the Yellow River, is full of infatuated love and almost worshipful awe.
Perhaps there is no nation in the world that has such complicated feelings for a river, such a love-hate relationship, such attachment and admiration to her, and such an effort to change her!This kind of emotion is a kind of "Yellow River complex" flowing in the blood of the descendants of the dragon.
After the Song Dynasty, the political center moved eastward, and the Northern Song Dynasty established Daliang as its capital, so there was no need to transport grain from the Jianghuai River to Guanzhong. Sanmenxia, as the main artery of east-west water transportation, gradually lost its importance.However, the Yellow River flood also began to directly threaten Kyoto at this time.In order to control the thicker Yellow River silt and keep the prosperous metropolis of Bianliang, Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty once invented the "Munjiang Dragon", which shuttled back and forth on the surface of the Yellow River, stirred up the accumulated sand, and dredged the river.But that was just a dream.
It is none other than Yuan Shikai who has brought Sanmenxia back to the eyes of the world because of his yellow robe.At this time, from the second half of the 19th century, Western learning spread eastward, and Chinese people learned new science and technology from the West. In the past, the use of the Yellow River was limited to water transportation or canal irrigation. At this time, it also developed into building reservoirs to collect and store floodwaters , power generation, irrigation as one of the comprehensive development and utilization. When the Republic of China was established in 1912, some water conservancy experts suggested to Yuan Shikai, then President of the Republic of China, to intercept the Yellow River at Sanmenxia to eradicate floods.Yuan Shikai probably also wanted to make a difference on the issue of Yellow River control and establish a long-term success, so he established a Yellow River control agency, and the Sanmenxia Reservoir Project was his main idea for Yellow River control.But unfortunately, Yuan Shikai, who was dressed in a yellow robe, soon ruined himself, and also ruined the cause of governing the yellow...
After Yuan Shikai, another person who wanted to make a big fuss about governing the Yellow River was Chiang Kai-shek.
In 1938, in order to resist the Japanese invasion, the Kuomintang government dug up Huayuankou for a "water attack", which caused a huge disaster in one fell swoop.This move caused a major diversion of the Yellow River, which affected an area of 54,000 square kilometers, affected 12.5 million people, and killed 890,000 people.As a result, there are thousands of miles of red fields, starvation everywhere, broken city walls, and devastation everywhere.Unbelievably, the instigator of the Huayuankou breach, the "dictator" Chiang Kai-shek, whom thousands of people refer to, seems to be unable to escape this "Yellow River complex".Just before and after he dug the embankment of the Yellow River, before and after he committed this heinous scandal, in 1935 and 1946, the dictatorship Chiang Kai-shek successively hired the Norwegian Anlisen and the American Raymond in the name of the National Government. Bard and other foreign experts surveyed the Yellow River twice.After An Lisen surveyed the Tongguan-Mengjin section of the main stream of the Yellow River on the spot, he submitted a report to the Kuomintang government saying: "In terms of terrain, Sanmenxia is an excellent reservoir site." flood.According to historical records, this Norwegian was the first foreigner to propose the construction of the Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Project in the modern water conservancy history of China.
Coincidentally with An Lisen, the first Chinese who also has a soft spot for building a flood storage reservoir in Sanmenxia is Li Yizhi.This famous water conservancy expert in modern China was the chairman and chief engineer of the Yellow Committee of the Nationalist Government.In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang regime was the most prosperous period, and water conservancy was being built in a prosperous age. During this period, the Kuomintang government's Yellow River Control Project made a lot of noise for a while.With the enthusiasm of saving the country and helping the people, Li Yizhi painstakingly surveyed the Yellow River, drew sketches, and ambitiously wanted to make a big splash.However, governing the Yellow River must pass through Shandong and Henan. Han Fuju, a warlord in Shandong, and Shi Yousan in Henan are only focused on collecting the people's fat and anointing to expand local power. At this time, Chiang Kai-shek is also busy encircling and suppressing the Red Army. No one's mind is really devoted to governing the Yellow River.Li Yizhi's ambition is not rewarded, he has no way to serve the country, and he sighs to himself that life is not at the right time facing the surging Yellow River...
At this time, the hometown people found him.
Li Yizhi is a native of Mahu Township, Pucheng County, Shaanxi Province. General Yang Hucheng, his Pucheng fellow, is in charge of Shaanxi at this time, and he was the chairman of Shaanxi Province of the Kuomintang at that time. In 1929, a severe drought occurred in Guanzhong, Shaanxi, and people died of hunger everywhere.It is urgent to divert Jing Jing for irrigation...General Yang Hucheng knew Li Yizhi's water conservancy talent and genius very well. Through the help of Mr. Yu Youren, who is also from Shaanxi, he kindly invited Li Yizhi to return to Shaanxi, and sent a special person to Henan to invite Li Yizhi back , and immediately appointed him as the Director of the Construction Department of the Shaanxi Provincial Government.Mr. Li Yizhi learned that his hometown was in dire straits, the people of Li were in dire straits, and tens of thousands died of starvation. Since he failed to serve the country, he wanted to benefit his hometown. His eternal responsibility.Under his personal leadership, the canal broke ground in December 1930. Thousands of migrant workers worked hard. It took nearly two years to finally complete the current Jinghui Canal. In June 1932, water was released to irrigate the fields, with a water diversion of 16 cubic meters per second, which can irrigate 600,000 mu of land.
In addition to Jinghui Canal, Li Yizhi also contributed to Shaanxi Luohui Canal and Weihui Canal, which are still in Fengze Township.More than half a century after the death of Li Yizhi, the trickling water is still nourishing the fertile fields in Guanzhong...
History is emotional.
History is thought-provoking.
Three famous Shaanxi people in modern Chinese history, Yu Youren, Yang Hucheng, and Li Yizhi, met in a special historical time and space, and completed a water conservancy project that would benefit the people of Guanzhong, Shaanxi for generations to come, and wrote a good story about water conservancy.
And over two thousand years, in Shaanxi, on the homeland of the ancient Qin State, Zheng Guo, who was sent as a "spy" by the King of Han at that time, met Zheng Guo and Li Yizhi because of Zheng Guoqu, who shined in the history. In the blue sky...
Zheng Guo didn't say it, Zheng Guo completed Zheng Guoqu's long-cherished wish.Qin Shihuang used this to strengthen Qin and completed the great cause of sweeping Liuhe and unifying China. Zheng Guo died without regret.But Li Yizhi is different.What Li Yizhi embraces is not the dream of strengthening the Qin Dynasty but the dream of strengthening the country. He wants to realize his dream of eradicating the flood of the Yellow River. For him, controlling the Yellow River is his ambition to slay the dragon.Li Yizhi's long-cherished wish was not fulfilled before his ambition of slaying the dragon was fulfilled, and eventually became depressed and became ill, and unfortunately died of illness.Before his death, this great water conservancy expert in modern Chinese history was hated for failing to cure the Yellow River!
Of course, Li Yizhi never imagined that the dam site he proposed would be paid for by the Communists twenty-three years after his death—Li Yizhi died in 1938 when Chiang Kai-shek dug the Huayuankou Levee, and the Sanmenxia Dam was completed in 1961. All the reality.Of course, what he never imagined in his dreams was that the completion of the Sanmenxia Dam would affect his beloved Guanzhong Fertile Fields, his beloved hometown, the 800-mile Qin Dynasty where his youthful blood and blood flowed. Sichuan, brought about a profound disaster that was almost debilitating—hundreds of thousands of people in his hometown suffered from displacement and poverty and misery for three generations...
Li Yizhi is from Mahu Township, Pucheng County, Shaanxi Province.
In the middle of the 1990s, when I went to interview immigrants from the Sanmenxia Reservoir for the Sanmenxia Reservoir Dam—the immigrant named "Sanmenxia Shaanxi Reservoir Area Immigrants", which is what I call the "Yellow River Immigrants", I visited Mr. Li Yizhi His hometown, Mahu Township, Pucheng County.When I got here, I realized what kind of place it is. "Mahu", although there is a beautiful word "lake", is a famous dryland that makes farmers in the Qin Dynasty turn pale when they talk about it.There is a folk song circulating in Shaanxi: "Longshan Mahu, the widow died of thirst." The folk song summed up in one sentence that this place with the word "lake" is precisely the most water-deficient place in Shaanxi.The local farmers told me that there have been nine droughts in ten years, and the water source is extremely scarce. Even if the well is more than 100 meters deep, there is no bucket of viscous yellow water.To buy water, you have to cross the county border to the neighboring Baishui County to buy water, a round trip of more than 20 miles.To carry water, you have to go to the nearest Heluo River, and the round trip is still more than 20 miles away.The water bought or picked up over twenty miles across the mountains is more precious than gold. It is the water of life. If people can't drink enough, the thirst of the land is even more conceivable.I wonder why the "widow died of thirst" in this folk song, why is it the widow who died of thirst?
People say that because the widow has no man to buy or carry water for her.
Longshan Mahu, "Longshan" is located in Baishui County, Shaanxi, which is closely adjacent to Pucheng.From folk songs, we know that Longshan in Baishui County and Mahu in Pucheng County are a famous dry plain, a loess area with high slopes and gullies.Who would have thought that the most famous water conservancy expert in modern China came out of this dry plain where widows could die of thirst!Back in the past, when Li Yizhi bid farewell to his hometown at the beginning of the last century, set foot on the land of Germany for further studies, and chose to major in water conservancy, the young Li Yizhi probably had in his heart the dry land of his hometown, which would kill widows from thirst. the thirsty land of...
I shall speak later of this thirsty land.
Because once in my life the thrill of my soul happened here.The misery stories of the Yellow River immigrants that have never been thought of, seen or heard before happened here.But I have to declare in advance that although I have not seen Mr. Li Yizhi's report on choosing a site to build a reservoir in Sanmenxia, the suffering of the people in my hometown must have nothing to do with Mr. Li Yizhi. guilty.Because the concepts of reservoir and reservoir are different.The Norwegians Anlisen and Li Yizhi proposed to build a "flood storage reservoir" in Sanmenxia, that is, a "flood storage reservoir". The purpose is only to control the flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. After that, the Sanmenxia Reservoir, which was hailed as the greatest project of the Chinese people in the 1950s, was actually built. The difference is almost worlds apart!
After An Lisen and others, four Americans took a plane from December 1946 to January 1947 to inspect the whole picture of the Yellow River Basin, and then proposed a strategy for controlling the Yellow River to the Nanjing Nationalist Government.Americans believe that the primary task of building reservoirs is to control sediment and flood control in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, not to generate electricity. This understanding of the Americans can be said to be "the same as what a hero sees" with An Lisen and Li Yizhi.The first is flood control, flood storage, and flood prevention.It's not power generation, nor is it the so-called "shipping" that some people came up with later - in ancient times, it was "water transportation" through Sanmenxia.The Americans further argued that they believed that the construction of power storage in Sanmenxia would inundate the farmland above Tongguan, Shaanxi, which would cause too much damage and would be irreparable in the future.If there must be a goal of quick success and quick profit, building a power bank in Sanmenxia to generate electricity, then they suggested that the national government relocate the dam site to Bali Hutong, 100 kilometers below Sanmenxia, so as to avoid flooding the millions of mu of fertile land in Shaanxi.
It should be said that this is indeed a scientific suggestion and plan.
This is the first time since the establishment of the government of the Republic of China and since Yuan Shikai that someone has denied the choice of Sanmenxia to build a reservoir dam.It is also the first time that someone has seriously raised the issue of the Yellow River sediment—this fatal sediment issue that will indeed affect the fate of the Sanmenxia Dam in the future.
Just six years later, the Soviets came.
The Soviets and the Americans seem to be born to be enemies.They are fighting for supremacy in space and aerospace, and nuclear weapons. At this time, they are fighting for hegemony over the purely technical issue of building a water conservancy dam on the Yellow River in China.But at this time, China has already "changed the world."In the early 1950s in China, the Americans retreated to a corner of Taiwan Island following the defeat of the Kuomintang government, and retreated behind the heavy curtain of the ongoing historical drama in China.The United States, which belongs to imperialism, has no right to speak in mainland China, while the "great ally, the Soviet Union" [Vice Premier Deng Zihui's report] is willing to assist China in the construction of the Sanmenxia Project. In May 1952, Soviet experts Gerry Kolovich, Vagolin and others took a wooden boat down the river from Tongguan, Shaanxi, and came to the Sanmenxia Gorge, which is said to have been split by the axe of Xia Emperor Dayu in the 21st century BC.Dating back to the early days of the prehistoric times, Dayu, who once made the ax and the axe, had to use his strength to split the hard stone and the excellent rock bed, which attracted the eyes of the two Soviets. .After a long time, the two Soviets sighed: The Yellow River is so great!Such a good hydropower station dam site is really rare in the world, and a high dam can be built!
The idea of building a high dam was thus proposed and affirmed by the Soviets.
The idea of building a high dam was born in such a shocking way.
What about the sediment problem?
The Soviets hardly bothered to think about it.
Dayu failed to make the Yellow River clear.Nevertheless, after Yu left many "sacred relics" in many places on the Yellow River, including the natural danger Sanmenxia, he finally became an ideal "sacred king" for the Chinese.Chiang Kai-shek was inconceivably vacillating between destroying the Yellow River and governing the Yellow River.Not to mention Yuan Shikai, treating Huang was just a short-lived dream to him.But the image of Yu at least contains the ideal of a nation. For five thousand years, generation after generation of Chinese people have been chanting "the Yellow River is clear, and the sage comes out", and sighed helplessly for thousands of years...
History has bestowed this glory and dream on the young leaders of the first generation of the Republic.
Mao Zedong, a great man of a generation, once said that we must dare to think, dare to speak, dare to do, and do a great cause that no one has done before.The Yellow River Sanmenxia water conservancy project finally broke ground in 1957 after the Chinese dreamed of it for more than half a century.History has written this page.
The entry about "Sanmenxia" in the "New Knowledge Dictionary" published in 1958 just explained such a glory and dream——
In the comprehensive planning of eradicating the floods of the Yellow River and developing the water conservancy of the Yellow River, it is planned to build the largest and most important comprehensive project of flood control, power generation and irrigation here.The Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Project officially started on April 13, 1957.The dam under construction is 110 meters high, 121 meters wide at the bottom, 32 meters wide at the top, and 839 meters long at the top.After completion, a reservoir with an area of 3,500 square kilometers and a volume of 64.7 billion cubic meters will be created, which can not only control the floods flowing down the middle and upper reaches, make the river water in the lower reaches basically clear, and basically eliminate the floods in the lower reaches, but also generate 6 billion yuan of electricity every year. More than 40 million mu of farmland in Henan, Shandong, Hebei and other provinces have been irrigated.The lower reaches, which have always been unnavigable, can also sail 500-ton ships on the 790-kilometer-long river between Mangshan and Haikou.
The storage capacity described here is 64.7 billion cubic meters, and the annual power generation capacity is 6 billion kWh, etc., which are exactly the scale and benefits that can be achieved according to the normal high water level of 360 meters designed by Soviet experts.However, it should be said that this blueprint has become a permanent blueprint, a mirage sealed on paper.Until the end of the 20th century, until the 21st century, there will not be a charming dream that will appear on the land of China...
History will forever remember this day——
On July 18, 1955, Zhongnanhai Huairen Hall.
More than 1,000 people's representatives listened to the "Report on the Comprehensive Plan for Cure Yellow River Water Damage and Develop Yellow River Water Conservancy" made by Deng Zihui, Vice Premier of the State Council.Vice Premier Deng Zihui solemnly announced to the world and the whole Chinese people——
In just 6 years, after the completion of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, the water in the lower reaches of the Yellow River will basically become clear.All the representatives present here and the people of the whole country, it won't be long before we can see the day that the people have dreamed of for thousands of years-seeing the "Yellow River Clear".
As soon as Deng Zihui finished speaking, there was a tsunami of applause in Huairen Hall.The deputies to the Second National People's Congress of the first session raised their arms like a forest, and unanimously passed the report.Everyone felt that they were standing at a new beginning in the history of Chinese civilization.Indeed, this is unusual.The National People's Congress, the country's highest authority, passed a large-scale water conservancy project only twice in the history of the Republic for more than half a century: Sanmenxia and Three Gorges.
Sanmenxia is the first dam of the Yellow River, and the Three Gorges is the first dam of the Yangtze River.These are two truly great rivers on the Chinese map.The management and development of big rivers have extraordinary significance to China's national economy and people's livelihood, while the significance of the Yellow River to the Chinese nation is incomparable even to the Yangtze River; because it has been a "harmful river" since ancient times.It is China's mother river, and it is also China's confidant.
Another fact is enough to show that the first generation of leaders of New China attached great importance to the governance of the Yellow River.At the beginning of the birth of the Republic, a lot of waste is waiting to be done.The First National People's Congress passed the Constitution of the Republic, and the Second National People's Congress passed this plan for harnessing the Yellow River.
It should be said that this is a challenge from a great nation to a great river, and the mighty force of nature faces the great personality condensed by the strongest national soul.However, it is quite difficult to conquer the unruly Yellow River. The young republic can tighten its belt and accumulate the national power and financial resources that have been eroded by the war since the end of the Qing Dynasty. The painful reality of not acknowledging.China is lagging behind, and backward China wants to manage the most difficult river in the world.Ambition and embarrassment, enthusiasm and cruelty, courage and restraint, dreams and reality... all kinds of tastes are intertwined in the heart of a rising young giant.It requires external force.The nascent regime based on self-reliance needs to rely on technologically advanced countries.The "great ally, the Soviet Union" outside the region extended a helping hand.At that time, it was the honeymoon period of Sino-Soviet relations, the period of Sino-Soviet friendship, and the era when hundreds of millions of Chinese even women and children would call the Soviets "Big Brother of the Soviet Union". "Big Brother" generously aided in the construction of 156 engineering projects in China, and among these 156 projects, Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Project on the Yellow River is the only water conservancy project.The Leningrad Design Institute, the most authoritative scientific institution in the Soviet Union, undertook the design of the Sanmenxia Dam and hydropower station.Kololyov, the leader of the Soviet expert group, said impassionedly when answering the concerns raised by his Chinese counterparts about the excessive losses caused by the inundation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir:
“为了解决防洪问题，想找一个既不迁移人口，而又能保证调节洪水的水库，这是不能实现的幻想、空想，没有必要去研究！……为了调节洪水所必需的库容，都是用淹没换来的。”——
这就是著名的、后来确实影响到三门峡工程命运的“用淹没换取库容”的观点。这个观点日后要接受历史的严厉评判！
中国专家们没有沉默。
他们是炎黄子孙，懂得土地对农民、对于国计民生的重要性。对他们来说，柯洛略夫用带有卷舌音吐出来的“用淹没换取库容”的一连串俄语实在太沉重了！它意味着什么？它意味着三门峡水库正常高水位360米高程【指水平线以上的水位高度】，淹没农田325万亩，淹没区域移民87万人！这个数字对于五十年代的中国不是一个小数字！假如淹没的土地是贫瘠的或荒芜的也罢，偏偏它淹没的大部分是中国最好的土地之一。是除珠江三角洲、长江三角洲、胶东半岛以外，号称八百里秦川粮仓的富庶的关中平原沃野！水利学家张光斗愤然而伤心地说：“中国固然需要电，也不能以一个西瓜去换一个芝麻。”青年技术员温善章先后致书水利部和国务院，提出三门峡水利枢纽应按低水位、少淹没、多排沙的思想设计，水库正常高水位335米高程足矣……在其后召开的专家讨论会上，温善章、叶永毅等颇有远虑地预言道：
关中平原土地资源宝贵，将来可能比动力还缺乏。
对于要剜去其大片肥田沃土的陕西，陕西省的反应自然强烈。当时，朱德、李富春、薄一波等中央领导人到陕视察，陕西省领导直面进谏，陈情与诉说三门峡库区淹没损失太大，应降低水库正常高水位。陕西列举了两个数据：陕西省耕地的85%是山地，平原只有1000多万亩。陕西人口密度平均每平方千米为82人，而淹没的平原高产区人口密度为每平方千米200人。“用迁移70万~80万人口的代价，换来一个寿命只有50~70年的拦洪库，群众很难通过。”陕西领导人委屈地说，“另外，水库回水末端泥沙淤积将逐渐向上游延伸，西安的重工业基地将泡松泡软，甚至威胁到西安的安全……”——
威胁西安！
不少人的确倒抽一口冷气。
1958年4月，当三门峡大坝正在修建期间，周恩来总理亲自主持召开了三门峡水库现场会议。对西安这座对于中国以及世界而言意义非凡的闻名于世的古都，没有谁能够或敢于承担起毁坏它和破坏它的责任。周恩来最后在总结发言中确定一条原则：确保西安，确保下游。
实际上，这是一个悖论式的命题。
想要确保的西安和想要确保的下游本身就是一对矛盾。
但在当时，这又是一个比较折衷和比较中庸的方略。它既保留了一部分苏联专家的意见，又兼顾国情进行了一定范围的修正。愿望是良好的。处于上游的西安必须确保；处于下游的河南、山东等易受黄河泛滥威胁的省份地区也必须确保。然而，这的确又是一对矛盾。当洪水来犯时，蓄水位达不到一定高度，下游灾情得不到控制；而蓄水位过高时，黄河水阻在了中游地区【就整个黄河流域而言，陕西位于中游】，不说淹没关中平原大片肥田沃土，即使很想确保的西安也难确保。人类常常面临两难之境，“熊掌与鱼”的命题之所以成为永恒其意义恐怕就在于此。
但这还不是尴尬的全部。
更大的尴尬来自黄河本身——这条流经中国腹地，流经大半个中国，因它而诞生了中华民族，也因它而使中华民族历尽磨难的大河。这是一条世界上最古怪的河流。史称“黄河斗水，泥居其七”，即从黄河里舀起一斗水，水三分，泥七分，其含沙量居世界河流之首。有资料表明，每立方水的多年平均含沙量，埃及的尼罗河是1公斤，苏联的阿姆河是4公斤，美国的科罗拉多河10公斤。这些都是世界上著名的含沙量大的河流。而黄河在河南省陕县竟达34公斤！更形象的一种说法，黄河年平均输沙量为16亿吨，如果用载重4吨的卡车运送，需要每天出动110万辆车拉一年；假如将这些泥沙堆成高和宽各一米的土墙，可绕地球赤道27周！
苏联境内没有这样一条河。他们也没有过一个民族同一条河流亘古搏斗的悲壮史。世界上也没有任何一个民族对一条河的感情如此复杂，炽热的爱和炽热的恨，炽热的崇拜和炽热的恐惧。它既孕育了一个民族，又祸害着一个民族。在千百万年的历史中持续不断地考验着这个民族的承受力，也持续不断地激发着这个民族的智慧与活力。黄河，以其雄浑的自然伟力和桀骜不驯的怪僻性格向一个智慧民族提出了挑战，这个民族从来也没有放弃过对它的征服，尽管历史记载的是太多的失败；当然，也记录了一个民族不屈不挠的雄魂……
苏联专家肯定不理解这条河，同样也不理解这条河与这个民族的这种“生死冤家”一样复杂而奇特的关系。但在当时的历史背景下，苏联专家的意见却不可能完全不听。三门峡大坝从开始动工的1957年到基本完工的1960年，在它的施工过程中，几经争论，从最初苏联专家提出的360米高程降至350米，再降至335米——而最后的实际运用，一般只按305米到300米运用。用一个形象的比喻，从360米降至335米，其高度大约八九层楼房高；而从335米再降至305米，又大约十一二层楼房高。这样，水库实际运用比当初苏联人的设计“矮”下去了将近二十层楼房高！
但黄河水确实清了。
1960年9月14日18时55分，黄河生命史上一个重要时刻到来了。
三门峡水库开始蓄水，一天之后，一个平静的绿色人工湖出现在了古老的中原大地上。当时，数以万计的人看到了这个奇迹，“黄河水清”再也不是梦想。人们欢呼雀跃，热泪盈眶。“黄河水清”，当然，也被大肆地宣传报道……
从上流而来的泥沙淤在库里，下游河床经过冲刷，浊水渐渐变清——自古以来，中华上下五千年，中国人从来不敢梦想的奇迹，就这样在共和国成立十年后得以实现。被后世尊为“神圣”的大禹也没有做到的事情，被这一代中国人做到了。“黄河清”，实实在在地出现在了人们眼前……
倘若黄河水继续清下去，那句中国最古老的谚语，“跳进黄河也洗不清”，怕是此后要从中国人的语汇中消失了吧？——变清了的黄河水又该怎样去改写此后的中国历史？人们还会将“黄袍”加身的皇帝视为尊贵？还会将紫禁城的“黄色”琉璃瓦的皇宫视为神圣？还会将每个中国人生命的结束说成是“赴黄泉”？就连我们的始祖轩辕黄帝、我们的黄色皮肤、我们最古老的图腾“龙”，后世的中国人恐怕也会感到陌生和无法解释……
人一生中能够有一次奇遇，人的两眼能够有一次看见“圣迹”一般的神圣景象，那么，此情此景就会终生难忘，永久地刀刻在你的记忆中。
这个“圣景”被一个叫张昌让的当年还十分年轻的理工大学生有幸撞上了。张昌让在时隔几十年后写给我的一封信中回忆了当时的情景。他说，那是1961年冬，在西安冶金建筑学院读大学的他从西安回山西运城老家。车到黄河古渡口风陵渡。此时呈现在他眼前的一幅人间美景即使在三十五年后、写信给我的时候仍旧激动不已。那是一幅你无法想象的壮观而美丽的景象。与山西芮城隔河相望的陕西潼关一带，已呈一眼望不到边的一片汪洋大海！“水色湛蓝，波浪不兴，潼关城已尽被淹没。未拆除的西城门楼孤露水面，如汪洋中的一座水中楼阁，景色甚美！”
没有人会在这样的美景面前无动于衷。
但是，这样的美景却只为人们存在了不过七天七夜。
我为此曾查阅了有关资料和专程采访了事件发生时亲历此事和亲睹此景的潼关老人。七天七夜的概念就是老人们讲给我听的。我这才知道，年轻大学生看到的美景，实际上是三门峡大坝的第二次蓄水。时间是1961年2月9日，最高蓄水位332.58米。请记住，记住这个“332.58米”！因为这个“332.58米”的高程，是三门峡大坝绝无仅有的历史上最高蓄水位。从此以后，建成后的三门峡大坝再也没有达到过这样的高程。
“332.58米”，被永远尘封在了人们的记忆中。
“332.58米”，也只能作为万里黄河第一坝的三门峡大坝曾经有过的“历史记录”，永远尘封在历史档案里……
老潼关人那时候很兴奋，他们毕竟平生头一回看见万古如斯流淌在家门口的混浊的黄河水变清了。潼关县移民干部张虎亭告诉我说，当年他曾有过一次乘坐着拖轮，犁开碧波荡漾的黄河水游历赏玩的难忘经历。那时候，整个潼关城真的变成了一片碧绿的湖水，想要发展航运事业的陕西航海俱乐部喜洋洋地奔着这片湖泽而来，搬迁到了潼关新城。而潼关县本身的航运队此时当然也喜出望外，他们请为移民搬迁、为盘查清库而劳苦功高的移民干部们乘船旅游一番。能够乘坐二三十人的拖轮汽船响着汽笛嘟嘟发动起来，仅仅一个多小时，拖轮就把他们从潼关老县城的南街带到了山西的黄河古渡风陵渡，不可思议地转眼间就从南岸到了北岸，不可思议地转眼间两只脚就踏上了山西的土地！
但好景不长。
短短六七天以后——他们告诉我说，顶多也就是七天七夜——南迁二十多公里的老潼关新城居民出来一看，怎么，绿汪汪的黄河水咋就下去了？gone?水哪儿去了？ “清流”哪儿去了？老潼关人诧异万分地扶老携幼前去探访，探访突然有了、又突然没了的一片湖，想要去看个究竟。
这一群人出了北门放眼望去，这一看一下惊出一身冷汗。不得了，真的是不得了！潼关老城几乎被泥沙全部覆盖！泥沙有多厚多深？最典型的就是，原先横跨陕西潼关到山西的铁路大桥，虽然因为修建三门峡水库这时已经被拆毁，但桥拆了，可桥墩还在。然而现在，人们找不到桥墩了！再仔细看去，才发现原来四五米高的铁路大桥的桥墩已经被泥沙抹平了！
老潼关人都倒抽一口冷气：“这么厉害！”
与老潼关人有着相似经历的还有陕西朝邑县、华阴县、大荔县，这几个县就是日后被称为“三门峡陕西库区”的地方。其中，朝邑县因修建三门峡水库而从陕西省的版图上消失了，整县制地被撤销合并到了大荔县。朝邑县一个县成为了“库区”，而大荔县与华阴县的部分乡镇也成为了“库区”。据老朝邑的居民回忆说，大水淹了七天七夜后，朝邑县城淤积起来的泥沙也足足有几米深！
朝邑人也倒吸一口冷气，说：“这么厉害！”
这么厉害的就是泥沙的淤积。
但最厉害的淤积和最厉害的灾难却还不在这里，而是在三门峡水库本身和它上游的关中平原以及古城西安……
然而，“谁也没有想到，黄河三门峡水库的兴建会威胁百里之外的关中平原”【中央电视台1990年6月20日专题片《黄河三门峡》解说词】。
从1960年9月到1962年3月，三门峡水库首次蓄水拦沙运用。三门峡水库蓄水仅一年半，从上流而来的泥沙淤积在库区里达15.3亿吨，93%的泥沙“只进不出”淤在库里。原来设计在330米高位的时候，库容为59.5亿立方米，到六二年的这个时候仅剩22亿立方米。淤积之严重是人们始料不及的，人们开始忧心忡忡，照这样下去，要不了多长时间，这座“黄河第一坝”就会淤废……
以仅仅清澈了六七天的库区水色湖光，付出的太沉重的代价是耗尽无数人力财力建成的三门峡水库几乎淤废！宣传中可以“通航”，“可以在邙山到海口间790公里长的河道上，行驶500吨轮船”的人造航道，也以这种几乎是“神圣的荒诞”的方式仅仅存在了六七天以后，永远消失在了地平线以外。滑稽的就是那些想要在这个航道中捕捞打鱼的单位和人们。乘兴而来，却败兴而归。原本想要在家门口养鱼的华阴水产学校撤销了。原本想要在这里航海的陕西省航海俱乐部也偃旗息鼓地回去了。而只高兴了六七天的潼关县航运队这时也只能垂头丧气搬迁出了他们盼望中的这个“港口”……
说起来这些还都是些小事情。
比起后面要发生的巨大灾难，这些还都是些不足挂齿的太小的小事情。历史完全可以忽略不计，人们也完全可以权当从来没有发生过。说心里话，在我检索过的全部有关三门峡水库大坝的资料中，压根儿就没有过这方面的只言片语；而当我在潼关，在大荔，在我所接触的移民和移民干部们讲给我的这些听起来像是“历史掌故”的事情时，我所有的感受便是“忍俊不禁”。
太有趣。
也太滑稽。
这些水产学校，这些航运，这些航海。
淤废了三门峡水库不得了，但比淤废了水库更要命的是，淤积的严重后果是河水倒流，向上游漫溢，即所谓“回水”。陕西境内的渭河形成“拦门沙”，泥沙不再按它千古以来的自然法则向下游流淌，潼关河床因此抬高4.5米。渭河变成悬河，一旦决堤，洪水将首当其冲直泻古城西安！
这才是最可怕的事情。
预感中最可怕的情形不期然降临了。
周恩来总理夜不能寐了。他坦然告诉人们，这样下去，淹了关中，也救不了下游……
人类的智慧仿佛在此枯竭了。难题便是，关中要保，下游要救。三门峡水库绝不能淤废！于是就有了三门峡水库的两次“大手术”，也于是便有了三门峡水库运用方针的改变——三十多年后的1994年隆冬，当我为我们陕西几十万黄河三门峡移民寻找他们痛苦和不幸的源头时，我来到了三门峡水库。当我站在96米高的混凝土筑成的宏伟大坝上时，如果不是耳边尚能依稀听到的移民的嘤嘤泣诉，如果不是眼前尚还晃动着移民们那些被苦难折磨的痛苦的脸庞、那些老泪纵横的脸庞，我必须承认，这座闻名于世的黄河三门峡大坝给予我感情上的冲击，的确是“壮观和壮丽”。它的确是人类的一个伟岸的和伟大的作品。
站在这座黄河大坝上，呈现在你眼前的是一座烟波浩渺，水清如碧，两岸峰峦倒映，水天相接的偌大人工湖。放眼望去，但见凶猛的黄河水，在此被拦腰斩断，大坝左端底部的8个泄水孔和右岸山崖下的两个隧洞，喷泄着浊流泥沙，黄雾弥漫，水声如雷，景色十分瑰丽壮观。但这已经是两次“大手术”后的三门峡大坝了。三门峡水利枢纽局的一位总工程师告诉我说，两次“大手术”增加的便是泄洪洞和泄洪孔，主要是要将淤在库底的泥沙冲刷出去。毫无疑问，这都是些补救措施。也毫无疑问，两次“大手术”肯定又投入了巨资和巨大的人力物力……
三门峡水库没有淤废，且安然地走过了半个世纪。然而，当我们赞叹中华民族这一令世人惊叹的非凡智慧和奇迹时，却不能不同时承认，三门峡水库与水利工程，是一个留有遗憾的人类作品。
黄河惩罚了人类对它的轻慢和好大喜功，投入数以万计人力和数亿财力建成的三门峡水库其运用远没有达到苏联专家的360米高程，也没有达到“保守”一点的中国专家的335米高程。对它的实际运用，在以后的若干年里，在建成后投入使用的近半个世纪里，实际上都被迫采取了“限制”或“控制”。一般按305米至300米运用，最高的春灌水位也只达到324米。
但如此一来，问题又出现了。
陕西境内的所谓的“三门峡库区”，在洪水淹没七天七夜后，洪水退后，实际上已经不再是“库区”。也就是说，不再是库区淹没区。库区土地在短暂的淹没后又露出了地面。土地还是土地。原先预计中的一片水泊泽国实际上仍旧是陆地。准确地说，陕西境内的百万亩良田实际被淹没只有很短一段时间。 ——
但为修三门峡水库而迁走的移民呢？
一个新的问题，一个因为水利建设而引发的移民问题，悲痛而悄然地出现了。土地和移民，在此后的若干年里，从上世纪五十年代到八十年代，成为了陕西省政府的心头之痛。
为了修建中国有史以来最伟大和最宏伟的高坝大坝，上世纪五十年代，1956年秋，陕西首批远迁宁夏的青壮年先遣队5208人上路了。这是一个下雨的日子。应当说，也是一个天在落泪的日子。以后，三十八年以后，当已经老去的先遣队员们坐在我的面前，他们说了一句仿佛带有谶语意味的话。他们说：“我们走的那天下着雨，奇怪得很，在我们的记忆里，凡是和移民有关的重要日子都下雨。华山脚下共青团誓师那天下雨。第一批到宁夏移民先遣队走的那天下雨。多年后，我们返回库区的那天，还下雨……”
这似乎就是个不祥的预兆。
从1956年到1958年远迁宁夏的有三万多陕西移民。
移民大批迁移的1958年、1959年，正值极“左”思潮泛滥的大跃进时期。移民经费的补偿标准几经变动，愈变愈低。由于补偿标准过低，土地国家既没有征用，也没有给予补偿费，靠土地赖以生存的农民一下子失去了自己祖祖辈辈在关中的肥田沃土，遂陷入贫困而不可自拔的境地。大跃进时代人们头昏脑热刮起的共产风、无视农民的土地利益，终至埋下了数十万移民几十年贫困的不幸种子。这枚苦果，是当时热衷于“放卫星”的极“左”路线的执行者们始料未及的……
从1959年秋到1960年三门峡水库蓄水前，又有15万多移民迁出库区。水库蓄水后，又将黄渭洛河沿岸回水影响的近9万人后靠安置。至此，三门峡陕西库区共移民28万多人。与陕西隔河相望的山西省移民4700多人。此外，7万多河南人也离开了他们生养栖息的土地。
库区淹没涉及陕西省的潼关、华阴、华县、朝