Chapter 13 Is the last chapter successful?Too much?With a long history, there are comments
★The ideal of jointly resisting foreign aggression that General Zhang and Yang pursued with their lives has finally come true.Chiang Kai-shek gave up the ten-year policy of suppressing the Communists and civil war, and pursued a new anti-Japanese policy.The heat wave of resisting Japanese aggression and saving the nation and saving the nation through war sweeps across China
★The cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party that generals Zhang and Yang had expected finally appeared: under the banner of the anti-Japanese national united front, the Kuomintang concentrated its strength and entered the frontal battlefield;The two major battlefields cooperated with each other and responded to each other, forming a pincer attack on the Japanese army.China's War of Resistance made important contributions to the victory of the National Liberation Movement and the World Anti-Fascist War
★The peaceful resolution of the Xi'an Incident became a pivotal moment in China's transition from a civil war to preparations for a war of resistance.Although that period of history has gradually faded away, that period of history is becoming clearer and clearer.We will find that the Xi'an incident is the conversion hub.The trajectory of China and the destiny of the nation have indeed begun to change, and we will admit that the history of modern China did turn around here in 1936, and the Xi'an Incident will eventually be recorded in the annals of the Chinese nation for thousands of years with its unique historical contribution.
Less than half a year after the end of the Xi'an Incident, Japan's full-scale war of aggression against China, marked by the July 7th Incident, broke out.Compared with the September 18th Incident six years ago, many of the historical backgrounds are the same. For example, the pretexts for the invasion were unprovoked provocations, and the means used were surprise attacks and undeclared wars.The difference is that before this incident, profound changes had taken place in China, that is, the Chinese Communist Party had proposed the anti-Japanese national united front policy, and under the influence and inspiration of this policy, the two generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched the The Xi'an Incident aimed at resisting Japan and saving the nation has also been resolved peacefully. The domestic conditions for the Kuomintang and the Communist Party to cooperate again and the whole country to resist foreign aggression have been basically met. back.However, during the Xi’an Incident, whether it was the continuation of the civil war to "suppress the Communists" or the serious struggle of uniting against Japan during the Xi'an Incident, finally prompted the Kuomintang and the Nanjing National Government, which was in the central position, to implement a major policy change, ending the decade-long The "suppression of communism" civil war, the implementation of a new policy of unity against foreign aggression.This difference caused the Chinese government to adopt a completely different attitude in the face of Japan's armed aggression.The Nanjing Nationalist Government, which has always pursued a policy of concessions to Japan, expressed its attitude very clearly this time: to fight the war with all its strength, and to survive with the war.It is better to be broken than to be destroyed. This clear challenge attitude not only swept away the humiliating image of China's foreign aggression since the Opium War, but also won the sympathy and support of most countries in the world. Later, it became the four major anti-fascist war allies and laid the foundation.
The historical contribution of the Xi’an Incident lies in the fact that it achieved an important historical turning point at the moment when the Chinese nation’s life and death were at stake, and laid a foundation for saving the Chinese nation from peril and realizing rejuvenation; The established national policy was changed to the line of striving for domestic peace, determined to resist foreign aggression, and rising to resist Japan; it prompted Chiang Kai-shek to abandon the idea of "suppressing the Communist Party" and agreed to start improving the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, initially forming the second Kuomintang-Communist cooperation.
The impact of the Xi'an Incident was far-reaching.After the Xi'an Incident, its important historical functions gradually emerged...
★The ideal of jointly resisting foreign aggression that General Zhang and Yang pursued with their lives has finally come true.Chiang Kai-shek gave up the ten-year policy of suppressing the Communists and civil war, and pursued a new anti-Japanese policy.The heat wave of resisting Japanese aggression and saving the nation and saving the nation through war sweeps across China
On the day of the July 7th Incident, Chiang Kai-shek was in Lushan.The scenery there is beautiful, refreshing and pleasant.Especially in summer, the morning is like early spring, the afternoon is like early summer, and the evening is like early autumn.At this time, Chiang Kai-shek no longer had these elegant moods, and the "urgent telegram" submitted by Nanjing reported everything that happened at Lugou Bridge in the suburb of Beiping.
Compared with the September 18th Incident six years ago, Chiang Kai-shek's attitude has changed 180 degrees.At that time, his order to Zhang Xueliang was: "Don't resist!" This time, he called Song Zheyuan on the same day: "Wanping City should stick to it and not retreat, and all must be mobilized." He wrote in his diary that day: The Marco Polo Bridge is provocative!Will he make me yield before I'm ready?Or is it difficult for Song Zheyuan to make North China independent?The Japanese have been challenged and are determined to take on the challenge. Now is the time!
Then, he sent an urgent telegram to He Yingqin, who presided over the Chuankang Army Consolidation Conference in Chongqing: Return to Beijing immediately. The chief of staff of the Joint Military Commission, the director of training, the chief of the military staff, the director of the general office of the military commission, and all the chiefs of the military agencies will form a meeting of the military command. , to determine the coping strategy.
He also sent urgent telegrams to Sun Lianzhong, commander-in-chief of the 26th Route Army, Pang Bingxun, commander of the 40th Army, and Gao Guizi, commander of the 85th Division, ordering them to lead their troops to assemble in Shijiazhuang.
On July 9, Chiang Kai-shek delivered a lengthy speech at the opening ceremony of the Lushan Summer Training Class, deploying the "National Building Movement" to launch a nationwide national salvation and revival.He pointed out: "What is the so-called nation-building training? In short, it is to train us how to contribute our ingenuity, life and freedom to the country as much as possible, how to use our blood and sweat to cultivate and enrich the power to save the country, so as to break through the imperialists. All the shackles imposed on us by unequal treaties have washed away all the shame and humiliation that the country has suffered in the past century, so that our country can become truly free, independent and strong. Training to survive the final battle."
In this speech, although Chiang Kai-shek pointed out the issue of Japan and his attitude towards the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the trained civil and military officials still felt refreshed and had a premonition that major changes would take place in the current situation.
Two days later, the Japanese government held a meeting of five ministers and made a decision to send troops to North China, and issued the "Statement on Sending Troops to North China" on the same day.This statement announced that Japan has implemented a war system and publicly declared that the Sino-Japanese war triggered by the Marco Polo Bridge Incident two days ago has become the beginning of Japan's full-scale war of aggression against China.
The Nanjing National Government responded on the same day and carried out military deployment.At this time, the war reserves that China could use for national defense could only supply ammunition for 20 divisions for three months, and food and fodder for only 500,000 people and 100,000 horses for one month.The cannons in each fortress have not yet been fully installed. Although there are 200 aircraft available for front-line operations, quite a few of them are poor in performance and lack spare parts. Lack of preparation.
In order to ensure the needs of the war, Chiang Kai-shek took three emergency measures for the comprehensive war of resistance: (1) organize the combat troops, the front line is 100 divisions; the reserve army is 80 divisions. , Legion, etc. (2) Store the ammunition that can be used for 6 months in two-thirds of the north of the Yangtze River and one-third of the south of the Yangtze River.If the arsenal is destroyed, arms will be purchased from France and Belgium and transported back to China via Hong Kong and Vietnam. (3) Prepare 100 reserve soldiers, 500,000 horses and 6 months of rations.
According to Chiang Kai-shek's instructions, the Nanjing National Government quickly issued an order for the general mobilization of the army and an order for military requisition.The national army was deployed in a unified manner, and relevant troops from Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangsu provinces were mobilized to assemble along the Longhai and Pinghan Roads, and the trains on the Pinghan, Longhai, and Jinpu railway lines were requisitioned.At the same time, Song Zheyuan was strictly ordered: Do not abandon Lugouqiao and Wanping City, even if negotiations are needed to ease the tension, preparations for the War of Resistance must be made.If the 29th Army needs ammunition and supplies, Nanjing can supply them in a steady stream.They also started to set up a camp in Shijiazhuang, and set up a front-line headquarters in Baoding to prepare for an all-out resistance.
On July 17, Chiang Kai-shek delivered the famous "last-minute" speech in Lushan, publicly declaring to China and foreign countries the determination of the Nanjing Nationalist Government and himself to resist the war.Chiang Kai-shek said:
The Fifth National Congress of the year before last, my diplomatic report said: "Peace has not reached the period of fundamental despair, never give up peace; sacrifice has not reached the last moment, never sacrifice lightly." Following the explanation of the "last moment" at the Third Plenum in February this year , fully expressing our love for peace. Since we are a weak country, if we come to the last moment, we can only fight for the lives of the whole nation in order to survive the country.At that time, we will not be allowed to compromise halfway.It must be understood that the condition for a midway compromise is the condition for the entire surrender and total annihilation.The whole nation must understand the meaning of the so-called "last moment". When the last moment comes, we can only win the final victory by sacrificing to the end, fighting to the end, and only with the determination to "sacrifice to the end".
From the experience of this incident, I know that people are deliberately seeking my urgent needs, and that peace is no longer easy to obtain. If we want to be safe and sound, we can only let other people's (Japanese) troops enter and leave our country without restrictions, while our own troops Instead, we have to endure restrictions and cannot freely station in our own land; or people shoot at the Chinese army, and we cannot return the guns.In other words, man is the knife and I am the fish!We are approaching this most terrestrial misery.This is unbearable for any nation with a little personality in the world.It has been six years since our four northeastern provinces fell, and with the Tanggu Agreement, the place of conflict is now the Marco Polo Bridge at the gate of Peiping.If the Marco Polo Bridge can be oppressed and occupied by others, then our century-old capital, Beiping, the political and cultural center of the north, and the important military town, will become Shenyang's second!If today's Beiping becomes the old Shenyang; today's Jicha will also become the old four eastern provinces.If Beiping can be turned into Shenyang, why can't Nanjing be turned into Beiping!Therefore, the deduction of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident is a matter of concern to the entire country of China. Whether this matter can be ended is the last moment.
In case it really comes to the inevitable last moment, of course we have only sacrifice, only resistance!But our attitude is only to fight, not to seek war; fighting is a last resort and a last resort.We, the people of the whole country, must trust that the government is already in the process of preparation, because we are a weak country, and because we support peace as our national policy, we must not seek war; To take up the historical responsibilities left to us by our ancestors, so when we have to, we cannot refuse to fight.As for after the war has started, because we are a weak country, there is no chance of compromise. If we give up our land and sovereignty, we will be the sinners of the Chinese nation through the ages!At that time, we can only fight for the life of the nation and seek our final victory.
Whether the Marco Polo Bridge incident will not expand into a Sino-Japanese war depends entirely on the attitude of the Japanese government. The key to the extinction of hope for peace depends entirely on the actions of the Japanese army. One second before peace is hopeless, we still hope for peace, hope Find a solution to Lu's affairs through peaceful diplomatic methods.However, our position has four obvious points: (1) Any settlement shall not infringe upon China's sovereignty and territorial integrity; (2) The administrative organization of Hebei-Chahar shall not allow any illegal changes; (3) Local officials sent by the central government , such as Song Zheyuan, chairman of the Hebei-Chahar Political Affairs Committee, etc., cannot be replaced at any request; (4) The area where the 29th Army is currently stationed cannot be subject to any restrictions.These four positions are the minimum for a weak country’s diplomacy. If the other party can still put himself in the position of the Eastern nation and make a long-term plan, and does not want to bring the relationship between the two countries to the last juncture, and does not want to cause eternal hatred between China and Japan from generation to generation, it will be a problem for us. The minimum position should not be ignored.
We want peace, not peace; we are ready for war, not war.We know that the situation in the whole country after the war, is to sacrifice to the end, and there is no reason to escape by chance. If the war starts, there will be no distinction between the north and the south, and no distinction between the old and the young. No matter who you are, everyone has the responsibility to defend the land and resist the war. Everyone should be determined to sacrifice everything.Therefore, the government must be particularly cautious in the face of such a major event; the people of the whole country must also be serious and calm, and prepare for self-defense.
If Chiang Kai-shek left some leeway for China and Japan to go to war in the above-mentioned conversation, one month later, in the "Statement of the Nationalist Government on the Current Situation between China and Japan", he clearly announced to the world: China is Japan's endless war. Forced by aggression, it has been compelled to practice self-defense against violence.
On August 7, Chiang Kai-shek turned the above-mentioned determination of the war of resistance into action. On this day, he convened the party, government and military dignitaries of the Nanjing Nationalist Government to hold the Supreme National Defense Conference in Nanjing, and made two important decisions: 1. "China implements a comprehensive war of resistance"; 2. , China's war of resistance against Japan "adopts the strategy of protracted attrition".Two days later, when the Hongqiao Airport incident occurred in Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek announced that China would now wage a war of resistance against Japan.
Two days later, on August 11, the Central Political Committee of the Kuomintang passed the "Regulations on the National Defense Supreme Conference". The meeting was declared.The chairman of the National Defense Supreme Council is the chairman of the Military Commission, and the vice-chairman is the chairman of the Central Political Council.Members include: "heads of all aspects of the central party, government and military", whose duties are mainly divided into four items: (1) Decisions on national defense policies; (2) Decisions on national defense funds; (3) Decisions on general national mobilization; ) Decisions on other important matters related to national defense.
The promulgation of the "Regulations on the National Defense Supreme Conference" gave Chiang Kai-shek great power. He can "do not follow the usual procedures and use orders as cheap measures" for all matters of the party, government and army.On the second day after the meeting, according to Chiang Kai-shek’s proposal, the Nanjing Nationalist Government held another National Defense Conference, and decided that the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government should be the supreme command of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek would be the Grand Marshal of the Army, Navy and Air Force, Cheng Qian would be the Chief of Staff, and Bai Chongxi would be the Deputy Chief of Staff.The Military Commission added a secretary office, with Zhang Qun as the secretary-general and Chen Bulei as the deputy secretary-general.In addition, six departments of military order, military administration, finance, economy, propaganda, and training were established to take charge of related matters.Since then, the KMT's political conference was suspended, and the newly established Supreme National Defense Council and the National Defense Council replaced the KMT Central Political Conference to perform functions such as planning the national policy of the War of Resistance.
After improving the political organizational structure of the Anti-Japanese War, a series of military deployments also began. On August 15, Chiang Kai-shek issued a general mobilization order to the whole country for the War of Resistance.
On the 20th, the Military Commission of the Nanjing National Government issued a combat guidance plan, the Chinese army's combat order and combat guidelines, and made a comprehensive deployment of the war of resistance.This deployment highlights three points: 1. "Concentrate North China with one department, deploy overlapping equipment, fortify multiple lines, and pay special attention to sticking to the east of Pingsui Road"; base areas"; three, "garrison the coastal areas of South China with the minimum force".According to this strategic point, the initial army combat order of the Anti-Japanese War was as follows:
The first war zone, which governs the northern section of the Pinghan and Jinpu roads, is composed of the 1st, 2nd, and 14th group armies, and the commander is Cheng Qian (later concurrently held by Chiang Kai-shek);
The second war zone, which governs the Jin, Cha, and Sui areas, is composed of the 6th and 7th armies and the 1st cavalry army, and the commander is Yan Xishan;
The 3rd theater, under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, is composed of the 8th, 9th, 10th, and 15th armies, and the commander-in-chief is Feng Yuxiang (later concurrently held by Chiang Kai-shek);
The 4th Theater, which governs the Fujian and Guangdong regions, is composed of the 4th and 12th Army Groups, and the commander-in-chief He Yingqin;
The 5th theater, governing the Shandong area, was formed into the 5th Army, with Chiang Kai-shek as the commander (later succeeded by Li Zongren).
For the above-mentioned five major theaters (including the troops formed subsequently), the Kuomintang government troops put 2 million people into combat.In terms of the army, before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, there were 49 armies, 182 divisions, 46 independent infantry brigades, 9 cavalry divisions, and 20 independent cavalry regiments, with a total strength of more than 1.7 million people.After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, another 300,000 troops from Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan and other local factions were reorganized into the anti-Japanese military sequence.
In terms of the navy, there were 100 ships before the war, including 2 cruisers, 3 destroyers, 16 gunboats, 13 inland river gunboats, 8 torpedo boats and transport ships, and about 3,800 marines.All ships are organized into 4 fleets.The 1st Fleet is the Coastal Fleet, the 2nd Fleet is the Yangtze River Fleet, both headquartered in Shanghai; the 3rd Fleet is the Northeast Navy, with its headquarters in Weihaiwei; the 4th Fleet is the Guangdong Navy, with its headquarters in Guangzhou.At this time, the Chinese navy was still relatively backward. Most of them were old ships left over from the Qing Dynasty, with backward equipment and weak firepower, which were not enough to compete with Japan's modern fleet.
As for the Air Force, there are 251 reconnaissance planes, 212 fighter jets, and 257 bombers, all of which are imported from abroad.
To fight against the powerful Japanese army, the number of troops is important, but the most important thing is that the combat effectiveness of the army must be strong.In order to reorganize this large and fragmented army into an army with strong combat effectiveness, Chiang Kai-shek began to adjust the army from the beginning of 1936, and planned to organize 60 adjustment divisions in 1938.The adjusted organizational structure of the division is: 10,923 officers and soldiers, more than 3,800 rifles, 328 light and heavy machine guns, 46 various artillery and mortars, and 243 grenade launchers.When the Anti-Japanese War broke out, 50 infantry divisions had been adjusted.
Among the reorganized troops with strong combat effectiveness, Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army, Guangdong and Guangxi's Guangxi Clan, and North China's Song Zheyuan's troops accounted for a large share.Relying on the wealth of the Northeast, the Northeast Army not only purchased weapons from abroad, but also had a huge arsenal in Shenyang, and could manufacture weapons to equip itself. Therefore, the equipment of the Northeast Army was excellent at that time, but the fatal weakness of the Northeast Army was the poor quality of officers. This greatly reduces its equipment advantage.After the Xi'an Incident, Chiang Kai-shek reorganized this army and sent all of them to the front line of the Anti-Japanese War, and he also had this consideration.
Ministries such as Chen Jitang in Guangdong, Li Zongren in Guangxi, Long Yun in Yunnan, and Song Zheyuan in Jicha have been semi-independent for a long time. Fearing Chiang Kai-shek's civil war policy in the past, they spared no expense in raising funds to buy weapons and equipment. Troops, so these troops also have combat effectiveness.
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army led by the Communist Party of China, although its equipment is backward, its generals' command strategy, mutual cooperation spirit, and fighting spirit of officers and soldiers are incomparable to the Kuomintang government army.Therefore, after the start of the war, the Red Army also accepted to be reorganized into three divisions with nearly 50,000 people, becoming one of the highest political quality and most combat effectiveness in the National Revolutionary Army sequence.
The determination of the Nanjing Nationalist Government and Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan inspired the entire Chinese people.
On the second day after the July 7th Incident broke out, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued "Electricity for the Japanese Army to Attack Lugou Bridge", which clearly pointed out: "Pingjin is in danger! North China is in danger! The Chinese nation is in danger! Only the nation's resistance war is our way out! We demand immediate Give the attacking Japanese army a resolute counterattack and immediately prepare to deal with new major incidents. The whole country should immediately give up any hope and estimation of peace with the Japanese invaders." "We should praise and support Feng Zhi'an's heroic resistance! We should Praise and support the determination of the North China authorities to live and die with the country! We ask General Song Zheyuan to immediately mobilize the entire 29th Army to go to the front to fight! We ask the Nanjing Central Government to immediately and effectively assist the 29th Army, and immediately open up the national patriotic movement to promote the courage of the War of Resistance, and immediately Mobilize the whole country's sea, army and air force to prepare for the battle, immediately eliminate the traitors and traitors lurking in the country, and all Japanese spies, and consolidate the rear. We ask the people of the whole country to use all their strength to support the sacred war of freedom against Japan!"
On the same day, seven generals of the Red Army, including Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, He Long, Lin Biao, Liu Bocheng, and Xu Xiangqian, called Chiang Kai-shek and asked the Nanjing Nationalist Government to implement a nationwide mobilization to defend Pingjin, defend North China, and regain lost ground.The general of the Red Army also volunteered: "Serve the country and deal with the enemy to achieve the goal of protecting the country."
A week later, Mao Zedong and Zhu De issued an order to Peng Dehuai and other Red Army generals: prepare within ten days and stand by to fight against Japan.Red Army generals from all walks of life immediately gathered at the Red Army headquarters in Yunyang Town, Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province, to discuss the reorganization of the Red Army, and began preparations for going to the front line.
All political parties, mass organizations, and celebrities across the country, including representatives of Chinese and overseas Chinese, all threw themselves into the torrent of supporting and supporting the War of Resistance. On August 18, the National Salvation Federation of All walks of life issued an emergency declaration, approving that the Nanjing National Government instructed the Hebei-Chahar authorities to "not accept any conditions, not allow a step back, and be prepared to sacrifice if necessary"; urged the Hebei-Chahar authorities , We must realize that Fengtai is also our territory, and we must regain the lost land in exchange for stability like General Fu Zuoyi guarded Suiyuan. This is a glorious history, and the people will never forget it; For the firm belief of the "Bingfang", we call on "all compatriots in the whole country to unite! Fight for the survival of the nation! Fight for the peace of East Asia! Fight for the civilization of mankind!"
★The cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party that generals Zhang and Yang had expected finally appeared: under the banner of the anti-Japanese national united front, the Kuomintang concentrated its strength and entered the frontal battlefield;The two major battlefields cooperated with each other and responded to each other, forming a pincer attack on the Japanese army.China's War of Resistance made important contributions to the victory of the National Liberation Movement and the World Anti-Fascist War
Since Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" anti-communist massacre incident in the spring of 1927, which led to the breakdown of the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party have been enemies of each other for ten years.Chiang's "suppression of bandits" for ten years exhausted the country's power, not only failed to eliminate the Communist Party, but also gradually strengthened the anti-Chiang forces within the Kuomintang, from the Fujian Incident and the Guangdong-Guangdong Incident in the south to the local power factions in the north plotting again and again When Chiang was overthrown, the Chiang dictatorship appeared in danger many times.
Chiang Kai-shek did not learn the lesson of the national power weakened by the civil war, and stubbornly insisted on his wrong policy. This gave foreign enemies an opportunity to covet, and in fact "encouraged" Japan's ambition to invade China. Japan aimed at the internal chaos in China and used September 1 The Eighth Incident became the starting point, starting its 14-year brutal aggression against China, and occupied a large area of China's territory in the 6 years before the full-scale war of aggression against China.
The Communist Party can't bear it, the people can't bear it, and even the patriots inside the Kuomintang can't bear it.
It was against this historical background that the Xi'an Incident took place.The Xi'an Incident finally made Chiang Kai-shek realize that civil war has no future, especially civil war with the Communist Party.The Nanjing Nationalist Government and Chiang himself had only one political way out, which was to raise the banner of anti-Japanese and save the nation from peril, so as to win the trust of the Chinese people.
The Anti-Japanese War enabled the Kuomintang and the Communist Party to find common ground, a common language, and a common pursuit.This is a political legacy brought to Chiang Kai-shek by the Xi'an Incident. Because Chiang Kai-shek promised to resist Japan in Xi'an, he brought together various political forces with the anti-Japanese as the main axis, and restored Chiang Kai-shek's prestige to a certain extent. The policy of "safety at home before fighting against foreign countries" is difficult to sustain, and even Chiang Kai-shek himself will be abandoned by the people.The resistance against Japan also gave the Kuomintang and the Communist Party a political basis for their cooperation again.After the Xi'an Incident, the Communist Party asked Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang to honor the political commitments made in the Xi'an Incident and to start a political dialogue with Nanjing. The negotiations continued until the outbreak of the All-out War of Resistance, and the KMT and the Communist Party finally formally reached a cooperation agreement.
Chiang Kai-shek was able to quickly reach a cooperation agreement with the Communist Party, and it was also the political reality that Japan launched an all-out war of aggression against China that forced Chiang Kai-shek to make a choice.At that time, Chiang Kai-shek's position retreated many times around several major issues such as personnel after the Red Army was reorganized into the National Revolutionary Army, resulting in repeated negotiations.After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang and the Nanjing National Government were eager to seek the Red Army led by the Communist Party of China to send troops to the battlefield, and only then agreed and reached a package of cooperation agreements with the Communist Party of China.It was marked by the agreement reached between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party on August 19, 1937 (Nanjing agreed to reorganize the Red Army into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army, set up a general headquarters with three divisions under its jurisdiction, and appointed Zhu De as the commander-in-chief and Peng Dehuai as the deputy commander-in-chief Nanjing does not send a chief of staff or director of the Political Department. All positions in the army, including "deputies at all levels, from deputy division commander to deputy platoon leader", are assigned by the CCP itself. Nanjing only assigns 3 divisions and each of the Eighth Route Army headquarters. Send 1 liaison staff).In fact, the second cooperation between the KMT and the Communist Party was not formally formed until this time.
After the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was officially formed, the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China issued an order on August 25 to reorganize the Red Army into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army, appointing Zhu De as the commander-in-chief, Peng Dehuai as the deputy commander-in-chief (later renamed the chief and deputy commander-in-chief), and Ye Jianying as the commander-in-chief. Chief of Staff, Zuo Quan as Deputy Chief of Staff, Ren Bishi as Director of the Political Department, and Deng Xiaoping as Deputy Director of the Political Department.On the same day, Zhu De and Peng Dehuai issued a telegram on their inauguration, announcing to both China and foreign countries: According to the order of Chairman Jiang of the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government, the Red Army was changed to the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army. "De and others are willing to support Chairman Jiang with all sincerity, follow the friendly forces of the whole country, serve the battlefield, vow to drive away the Japanese invaders, recover lost land, and fight to the end for China's independence, freedom and happiness."
According to the agreement between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, on October 2, the Military Commission of the Nanjing Nationalist Government also announced that the Red Army guerrillas in 13 regions in 8 southern provinces would be reorganized into the New Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army (hereinafter referred to as the New Fourth Army).The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China immediately appointed Ye Ting as the commander of the army, and Xiang Ying as the deputy commander of the army, with 4 detachments under its jurisdiction, a total of 10,300 people.
So far, in the anti-Japanese sequence of the Chinese army, there are two people's anti-Japanese armed forces directly led by the CCP.The Kuomintang and the Communist Party began a new period of unity and cooperation in resisting Japan.
According to the combat deployment approved by the Nanjing Nationalist Government and the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the Kuomintang army assumed the task of resisting the enemy on the frontal battlefield, while the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army, which were reorganized from the Red Army, gradually took on the task of opening up the battlefield behind the enemy and developing the battlefield while fighting the Japanese army head-on. Missions of guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines.The entire process of the War of Resistance Against Japan was determined by the fact that the national conflict between China and Japan became the main contradiction in Chinese society. Although there were two anti-Japanese lines and two leaderships in the Anti-Japanese War, the two anti-Japanese battlefields, the front and the enemy’s rear, always had inherent mutual conflicts. Cooperative, interdependent strategic relationship.
After the Sino-Japanese Battle of Wuhan in October 1938, the extensive development of anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare in the enemy's rear battlefield contained most of the troops of the Japanese invaders, preventing the Japanese invaders from using all their forces on the frontal battlefield; We must always fight in two strategic directions, which also created favorable conditions for the development of anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare in the enemy's rear and the development and persistence of anti-Japanese base areas in the enemy's rear.Until the outbreak of the Pacific War at the end of 1941, the Chinese Anti-Japanese Battlefield formed by the two major wars had been independently resisting and pinning down the powerful Japanese aggression war machine, which was actually a powerful contribution to the just cause of international anti-fascism. support and contribute.With the outbreak of the Pacific War, the joint declaration of war against Japan by Britain, the United States, and China, and the establishment of the World Anti-Fascist Alliance, although Japan temporarily took the initiative by means of surprise attacks at the beginning, it soon lost its position and fell into a strategic defensive position.
However, even after the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Chinese battlefield—the frontal battlefield undertaken by the Kuomintang army and the battlefield behind enemy lines undertaken by the Communist Party’s Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army—had far exceeded the sum of Japanese troops invested in the Pacific battlefield.If the Kwantung Army, which maintains the mission of ensuring the occupation of Northeast China, is included in the statistics, then around December 1941, China had a total of 35 divisions fighting against the Japanese army, reaching 1.38 million people, accounting for 65% of the total number of Japanese troops.By December 1943, 39 divisions of the Japanese army were still fighting against the battlefield in China, with about 1.28 million people, accounting for 55% of the total number of Japanese divisions.In 1941 and 1942, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army alone fought more than 40,000 times, killing and wounding more than 270,000 Japanese and puppet troops.
★The peaceful resolution of the Xi'an Incident became a pivotal moment in China's transition from a civil war to preparations for a war of resistance.Although that period of history has gradually faded away.But that history is becoming clearer.We will find that with the Xi'an Incident as a turning point, the trajectory of China and the destiny of the nation have indeed begun to change.And we will also admit that the history of modern China did turn around here in 1936, and the Xi'an Incident will eventually be recorded in the annals of the Chinese nation for thousands of years with its unique historical contribution
The eight-year war of resistance was extremely tragic, and the Chinese people paid huge national sacrifices.As an important member of the International Anti-Fascist Allies and the main belligerent to the victory over Japan against Fascism, China has made eternal and indelible historical contributions to the victory of the International Anti-Fascist War and to the cause of peace and justice for mankind.
Let us freeze the history in this period of harvesting the fruits of victory:
On August 15, 1945, the Japanese government announced its unconditional surrender.
On September 2, 1945, Admiral Xu Yongchang, Minister of the Military Commission of the Nanjing National Government, boarded the USS Missouri battleship moored in Tokyo Bay as a representative of China, and participated in this unprecedented event together with representatives of eight other anti-fascist allies. The formal acceptance of the surrender ceremony of Japan.
At 8:30 in the morning, members of the signing delegation of the nine allied countries participating in the war against Japan, accompanied by the representative of the United States, the host of the signing ceremony, climbed up the stairs one by one on the upper deck of the USS Missouri. China was the first to fight against Japanese aggression and fought the longest, thus earning this honor.Following him were representatives of Great Britain, the Soviet Union, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, and New Zealand.They wore military uniforms of different styles and colors, and all kinds of medals and ribbons on them. Red, gold, brown, olive and other colors were dazzling, and also reflected the festive atmosphere on the deck of Missouri.
According to the requirements of the anti-fascist allies, the defeated Japanese representatives were placed in front of the surrender table and stood silently for 5 minutes waiting for the surrender.
Afterwards, the surrender signing ceremony officially began.
The Japanese representative signed the instrument of surrender first.Japanese Foreign Minister Shigemitsu Aoi signed the instrument of surrender on behalf of the Japanese emperor and government, and Army Chief of Staff Yoshijiro Umezu on behalf of the Japanese army base.
Allied Commander MacArthur and the representatives of the nine victorious countries, in the order of the Allied Command and the United States, China, Britain, the Soviet Union, Australia, Canada, France, and the Netherlands, signed the surrender letter on behalf of their own countries to accept Japan's surrender .
After the signing ceremony, Chinese representative Xu Yongchang delivered a victory speech to reporters.He said: "Today is a day for everyone to reflect! Every country represented here can look back on the past. If its conscience tells it that it has made mistakes, it should bravely admit its mistakes and repent!"
It seems that General Xu Yongchang's words are far-sighted and pointed.61 years have passed after the war, and some people in Japan, including individual politicians, have not seriously reflected on the disasters that Japanese fascists launched the war of aggression to the people of the world, and the crimes committed by Japanese fascists against human justice.
On September 9 of this year, the surrender ceremony of the Chinese theater was also held at the former site of the Nanjing Central Military Academy.He Yingqin, as the representative of Chiang Kai-shek, the supreme commander of the Chinese theater, accepted the surrender of Neiji Okamura, the representative of the Japanese invaders.On the same day, China read to Neiji Okamura the Order No. 1 of the General Command of the Chinese Theater Command.The order stated: From this day on, the Japanese army, navy and air force in China, Taiwan, An (Vietnam) and areas north of latitude 16 degrees north and south are all under the command of the Chinese Army General Headquarters and are not allowed to accept any leadership from the Japanese government.The "China Dispatch Force" headquarters of the Japanese invaders and the Japanese military headquarters at all levels in the Chinese theater ceased to exist, and were replaced by the General Liaison Department and local liaison departments for Japanese officers and soldiers in the Chinese theater.The mission of the Liaison Department for Japanese Soldiers in the Chinese Theater of Rehabilitation was to execute or communicate the orders of the Chinese Army General Headquarters, and to handle all aftermath affairs after the surrender of the Japanese army. It was not allowed to issue any orders on its own.
The Chinese order was issued in accordance with the surrender order of the Supreme Command of the Allied Forces.Not long before that, on August 17, MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, had issued the Surrender Order No. 1: All Japanese troops in the Republic of China, Taiwan, and Vietnam north of 16 degrees north latitude should surrender to Chairman Chiang Kai-shek of China.
On October 25, Japan returned the sovereignty of Taiwan to China. On that day, the last Japanese Governor of Taiwan, Toshiyoshi Ando, formally surrendered to Chen Yi, the first Chief Executive of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China, on behalf of the Japanese military authorities stationed in Taiwan.At this point, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands, which had been occupied by Japan for half a century, finally returned to the embrace of the motherland, and the shame and humiliation suffered by the Chinese nation during the Sino-Japanese War of 1895-1995 were finally wiped out.
Since the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Kwantung Army had surrendered to the commander-in-chief of the Soviet Far East Army on August 17 of the same year, the puppet "Manchukuo" supported by the Kwantung Army had also perished, and the sovereignty of the Northeast had returned to the hands of the Chinese people.
Knowing the good news that the War of Resistance Against Japan was finally won, Zhang Xueliang, who had lost his freedom for many years, could not conceal his excitement and joy. He wrote in his diary on September 18th: "The weather is very clear today. This year is very different from previous years. I虽然还不能自由地走上我的故土，可是我的故乡是在压迫之下而得到了自由。虽然故乡的老乡们，受到了日寇的奴化，可是14年的教训，使得多少老乡们改换他们的头脑，促成了他们自发的精神，我衷心期待着解放了的故土，焕然一新。”
胜利的一天到来是多么的来之不易！中华民族又是付出多少难以计数的巨大代价！
为了抗日战争的胜利，自九一八事变以来，中国军民伤亡总数达3500万以上，直接经济损失超过1000亿美元，间接经济损失5000亿美元。但中国人民以惨重民族牺牲换来的胜利日，终于成为中国近代以来从国势日渐衰微而走向重新振兴的转折点，张杨两将军理当笑慰，一抒胸中块垒。
虽然为了这一神圣抗战的发动，为了胜利到来的这一天，张学良、杨虎城两位民族英雄失去了个人自由。然而，中国历史后来的发展却使他们得偿企盼中华不惧和不受外侮的夙愿，更使他们希望中华强盛有日的愿景渐趋实现。
在历史的年轮进入21世纪的时候，昔日积贫积弱的中国已经面貌为之一新。在中国共产党的领导下，尤其是改革开放以来中国经济保持了20多年的平稳快速增长，到2005年年底GDP总量已跨入世界前4名，中国的发展模式及成就举世瞩目，世人惊羡。
这期间，中共对于西安事变有着重要影响的3个历史人物，毛泽东、周恩来、朱德都于1976年逝世。
作为西安事变首要角色的国民党总裁蒋介石退居台湾后也于1975年逝于台北。
而作为西安事变两发动者之一的杨虎城将军则以身殉道，于1949年新中国成立前夕被蒋介石杀害，因而他虽曾感受过抗战胜利和新中国即将浴火重生的喜悦，却无法亲眼目睹新中国的诞生，亲身感受中国怎样在共产党领导下实现腾飞……
西安事变的核心人物张学良将军却虽历经磨难而终享长寿，活到101岁，于2001年10月15日在美国夏威夷走完了他漫长的人生旅程。因而，他有机会看到抗战的胜利，看到新中国的成立，看到中国一步步走向繁荣，一步步迎来盛世。
看到祖国大陆在中国共产党领导下出现如此翻天覆地的变化，看到强大的中国人民正逐步奔向小康，张学良感到由衷的高兴，他从未后悔自己半个多世纪前作出的与共产党结成“三位一体”、发动西安事变这一历史选择。他虽然在西安事变后长期失去自由达54年，但爱国情怀却始终如一、坚如当初。
张学良将军在恢复自由前夕，终于打破沉默，接受了日本NHK电视台记者的采访，当回答记者就西安事变和两岸关系的提问时，他坦承：如果时光倒流，我还是那样做。接着，他应台湾著名电视节目制作人凌峰的邀请，为祖国大陆中央电视台专题节目题写了“神州风采”亲笔手书；还为祝贺他90岁寿辰写来贺信、拍来贺电的杨虎城长子、全国政协常委杨拯民，辽宁大学教授、“张学良暨东北军史研究会”会长张德良及副会长周毅等亲笔题写了“爱人如己”的题词，并为国民党元老邵力子的孙女邵黎黎书写了亲笔复信。
1991年6月，曾任国家铁道部部长、全国人大常务委员会副委员长的吕正操，前往美国探望自己东北军时的老上级张学良，在探望时张学良再次重申自己愿意为祖国的和平统一尽力。他说：“在我看大陆与台湾的统一是必然的，两岸不能这样长期下去，台湾与大陆总有一天会统一，这只是一个时间问题。”张学良还说：“我过去就是做这件事的，我愿保存我这个身份，到那一天会用得上的，我虽然90多岁了，但是天假之年，还有用得着我的地方，我很愿意尽力。作为一个中国人，我愿为中国出力。”
1992年9月10日下午，张学良愉快地接受了祖国大陆4家新闻媒体——《人民日报》、中央电视台、中央人民广播电台、《参考消息报》的联合采访。在海基会有关人士的陪同下，来自祖国内地的记者们走进位于台北阳明山北投复兴3路的张学良公馆。记者开宗明义地表示：祖国大陆最关心张学良的两件事，一是身体情况如何，二是对祖国统一的看法。张学良回答说，他的生活很简单，没有什么大病，就是脚有些疼，是骨刺，一碰就疼。他与夫人赵一荻“平时散散步，活动活动，有时外出兜兜风，玩玩，偶尔看看电视”。当谈到对和平统一祖国的前景时，张学良说：“我看时机到了就一定会统一。历史上我是从来都赞成统一的一个人，国家当然要统一。我为统一奔走得也很多了，现在老了，没有这个力量了。”
当记者询问他对国共两党有无可能实现第三次合作的看法时，张学良表示：我祝合作成功。“现在老了，在政治上也没什么了。我能帮忙，我很愿意尽我的力量，鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。我愿意中国统一，年轻时到现在，我这个人过去的事都摆着呢，凡是为国家、为人民的事情，我都很愿意帮忙”。
张学良还谈到了对两岸关系的看法。他说：“对于两岸的关系，我觉得头一个要把敌意取消了，这是最要紧的，问题很多，也很复杂。我也不愿意谈政治敏感问题，慢慢来，我想还是往好的方面发展。我看乐观方面多。”
1993年四五月间，适逢中国花卉协会在北京联合主办第3届中国花卉博览会，时任世界兰蕙交流协会荣誉会长的张学良，在台北为该博览会撰写了贺词，托率团赴大陆的世界兰蕙交流协会会长黄秀球先生带到北京。张学良还将自己培育了20多年的一盆名叫“爱国号”的兰花，一并带回北京，送给了时任中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席的江泽民。他在贺信中还写道：
兰艺自中国渡海，传至东瀛，进而又扩及世界园艺之林，国人应如何发扬它的幽光，以为复兴中华文化之一助，当有赖有心人士之共同努力。
人们终于明白，张学良以兰花回赠祖国，其意殷殷涵蕴着他对实现中华民族文化复兴的期盼之情。
对于张学良、杨虎城两位为中华民族做出如此巨大历史贡献的民族英雄，中国共产党和中国人民也从来没有忘记过他们。
全国解放前，中共曾多次做出营救他们的努力。1946年1月，国共两党刚一达成协议，宣布停战、和平建国，周恩来即代表中共中央向蒋介石提出释放张学良和杨虎城的要求，蒋表面表示同意，但却给张学良开出了一个恢复自由的三个条件：一是承认西安事变是上了共产党的当；二是要交出九一八事变时蒋介石给张下的不抵抗电报；三是释放后必须出洋。张学良没有同意这些条件，因而张之恢复自由也就自然作罢。至于杨虎城将军所受到的迫害更甚，诚如他对蒋之“睚眦必报”的判断。蒋对杨虎城与张学良发动西安事变使其“丧失”所谓领袖尊严始终耿耿于怀，甚至将发动反人民内战终致失败的“原因”也记在张、杨两将军账上。而因杨虎城较张学良年长，蒋便认为张学良是受了中共与杨虎城的“蛊惑”。因而对杨将军恨之入骨，对回国请缨抗日的杨将军报以长期羁押，且待遇更恶，更不肯让杨将军重获自由而“放虎归山”。
1949年1月，蒋介石再次宣布“引退”，由李宗仁执行总统权力，与中共进行和谈，寄希望于“划江而治”。中国共产党抓住这一机会，再次做了营救张学良、杨虎城的努力。李宗仁当即同意，并下令立即释放张学良、杨虎城，但南京国民政府国防部保密局对李宗仁的命令根本置之不理，旨在恢复两将军自由的努力再度落空。而8个月后，杨虎城将军即被蒋介石下令秘密杀害。此后，在南京国民政府已陷入穷途末路的形势下，中共加快了营救张学良的步伐，此时，蒋介石的嫡系张群在昆明被扣，毛泽东、周恩来遂决定用张群换回张学良。遗憾的是这一命令还未传到昆明，张群已被卢汉“义释”离滇，毛、周只能为失去这一营救张学良的天赐良机而仰天长叹。
中华人民共和国成立后，对依然失去自由的张学良，中共中央仍通过各种管道与张学良建立联系。1961年年底，一封由周恩来亲笔书写的密信，几经周折被送到张学良手中，张学良展念此信，上面赫然写着16个大字：“为国珍重，善自养心；前途有望，后会有期。”这封密信虽然只有短短数语，但却寄托着中共对张学良这位“老朋友”的关心与期待。
1975年12月20日，周恩来在离世前十几天，又专门找来时任中共中央台湾工作办公室主任的罗青长，再三嘱托他：“不要忘了台湾的朋友。”
2000年6月，已寓居美国的张学良将军迎来了自己的百岁华诞，时任中共中央总书记、国家主席的江泽民特意发去贺电向他热情祝贺。随同贺电送达美国的还有一盆插满100朵玫瑰与200朵康乃馨的花篮。当日，时任中共中央政治局常委、全国政协主席的李瑞环也向张学良先生和赵一荻女士发去了贺电。两名党和国家主要领导人，共同为一名德高望重的长者祝寿，这在中共历史上也是不多见的。
2005年9月3日，在纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利60周年大会上，中共中央总书记、国家主席胡锦涛发表重要讲话，高度评价了西安事变及张学良、杨虎城两将军的历史贡献。pointed out:
1931年九一八事变是中国抗日战争的起点，中国人民不屈不挠的局部抗战揭开了世界反法西斯战争的序幕……在中国共产党救亡图存、全民抗战的号召下，一二九运动促进了中华民族的觉醒，标志着中国人民抗日救亡民主运动新高潮的到来。张学良、杨虎城将军发动的西安事变及其和平解决，为推动国共两党实现第二次合作、团结抗战起到了重要作用。1937年七七事变成为世界反法西斯战争在东方的爆发点，中国的全民族抗战开辟了世界第一个大规模反法西斯战场。
矗立于北京郊区卢沟桥畔的中国人民抗日战争纪念馆，在其馆藏陈列中从来没有忽视张、杨两将军发动西安事变对实现举国抗日所做出的历史贡献。该馆就这段历史的总结性史实陈述如下：
西安事变的和平解决，成为中国由内战转向准备抗战的时局转换的枢纽，中国共产党倡导的抗日民族统一战线得以初步形成。南京国民政府当局终于逐步转变了长期以来在“攘外必先安内”的错误政策下对日妥协退让的懦弱行为，开始准备抗战。中国共产党在西安事变的和平解决中发挥了关键作用，中国共产党不计前嫌，出于民族大义支持蒋介石国民党一致抗战，毅然决定与国民党实行第二次合作，充分体现了中国共产党民族利益至上的宽广胸怀。西安事变和平解决之后，内战在事实上大体上停止下来了，国共关系得到迅速发展，从而开始了国内和平的新时期，中国得以集中精力准备全面抗战。
2006年初冬，在西安事变70周年前夕，由有关方面发起举行了“西安事变”70周年学术研讨会。共有来自祖国内地、港澳台地区和海外的百余位学者聚会西安，讨论研究这一重大事件，纪念张学良、杨虎城两将军的历史贡献。
人们注意到，就在这次研讨会上海峡两岸的史学学者们对西安事变的评价更加客观和趋于一致。有学者指出：“长期以来，关于这个对中国历史和世界历史造成重大影响的历史事件，海峡两岸的研究者倾向于采用不同的研究视角。但是目前，大家已经渐渐超出党派意识而从民族的高度来研究，两岸学者的诸多认识'已经趋于一致'”。学者们还认为“然而今天的情况不同了，评判西安事变是历史问题，学术问题，不是政治问题”。“围绕'西安事变'的探讨应该秉承研究历史的精神，有一分证据，说一分话。”
时隔西安事变发生及和平解决70年之后，老红军黄华作为一名当时在红军总部所属后方司令部参与机要的历史目击者的身份，也以自己的亲身感悟对70年前发生的这场惊天事变作出了如下评价：
西安事变是在中国共产党倡导的抗日民族统一战线政策的影响下发生的。张学良、杨虎城在发动事变时并没有预先告诉中共，但在事变发生之后连夜告知了中共中央。西安事变得以和平解决是中共和张学良、杨虎城达成一致见解和共同努力的结果。西安事变的和平解决，成为当时面临民族危机的中国时局的转折点。在谈到张学良为什么要在事变和平解决之后坚持送蒋回南京，作出明显牺牲自己的抉择时，黄华还认为：
张学良这一行动，绝不是鲁莽之举，也不是意气用事。他之所以这样做，是因为他深谙蒋介石的秉性，深知蒋介石会认为张、杨举行兵谏是犯上作乱，损坏了他最高惟我独尊的形象，罪莫大焉，因而十艮之入骨。张学良踏上送蒋返宁和束身归罪的道路，主动接受军法审判、承担起全部责任，给了蒋介石以维护领袖尊严、挽回面子和下台阶的机会，从而避免了内战的爆发。张学良此举是从大局出发，意在牺牲自己，保护他人。从后来的历史发展看，张学良的行动确实起到了这一重要作用。为中华民族的团结抗日作出了伟大的贡献。
时光荏苒、斗转星移，距离西安事变发生及和平解决，时光长河转眼即流逝过70有年。在70年后中华民族已然度过20世纪30年代那段民族危亡之秋、国势艰危时刻，以中国人民抗日战争的伟大胜利为转折走上中华民族复兴之路并已卓然有成之际。重新审视西安事变，评价张学良、杨虎城两将军的为转换艰危时局、发动举国抗日，拯救民族危亡所做出的历史贡献，当然也会更加清晰和全面。诚如中共中央政治局常委、全国政协主席贾庆林在《西安事变七十周年纪念大会》上的讲话中所指出：
西安事变是中国20世纪具有重大意义的历史事件。在国家、民族危难的紧要关头，在中国共产党抗日民族统一战线政策的影响和全国人民抗日救亡运动的感召下，张学良、杨虎城两位将军出于民族大义和爱国赤诚，毅然于1936年12月12日在西安发动兵谏，要求蒋介石停止内战，联共抗日。经过中国共产党和张学良、杨虎城两位将军以及国民党内主张抗日的力量和社会各界的共同努力，西安事变获得和平解决，从而基本结束了十年内战的局面，为促成以国共合作为基础的抗日民族统一战线和全面抗战创造了重要历史条件。张学良、杨虎城也因他们崇高的爱国义举，被誉为“有大功于抗战事业”的中华民族的“千古功臣”。
是的，那段历史已渐渐远去，但那段历史却越来越清晰。
今天，当年发动“西安事变”的要角、主角和配角们业已相继退出历史的舞台，但物是物非史家终有公论，千秋毁誉丹青自有评说，这不会以某人或某几个人的意志为转移。
而当我们重新审视20世纪中国前进发展的历史轨迹时，只要是尊重历史事实避免偏见障目，人们就会发现以西安事变为转换枢纽，中国的轨迹、民族的命运的确开始转变；而我们也就会承认：1936年近代中国的历史确曾在这里转弯，西安事变也终将以独特的历史贡献载人中华民族的千秋史页，而凡为中国发展、民族振兴做出过杰出贡献的人们，人民和历史也将永远记住他们。
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