Chapter 8 Chapter 8 National Feud?Party hate?Communist Party urges peaceful solution to incident

★Initial reaction: The majority opinion of the CCP leadership believed that the Xi’an Incident was a revolutionary action, Chiang Kai-shek should be dismissed and submitted to the people’s public trial, and only a thorough liquidation of him can open the way for the whole country to resist Japan ★Decision made after deliberation: The CCP resolutely abandoned the plan of "trialing Chiang Kai-shek", conditionally maintained Nanjing's orthodoxy, and insisted on resolving the incident in a peaceful manner.With the fundamental goal of the whole country resisting Japan, make the CCP the backbone of advocating a peaceful solution to the Xi'an Incident

★Stand firmly on the side of Xi'an: The CCP supports Zhang and Yang's revolutionary deeds.Prepare to jointly meet the military offensive launched by the pro-Japanese faction in Nanjing, and help Xi'an plan and carry out peace efforts The news of Chiang Kai-shek's detention spread to Baoan, a small county where the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is located, and there was joy. Yes, after Chiang Kai-shek openly betrayed the revolution in 1927, he crazily implemented fascist dictatorship and anti-communist policies, fought a civil war for 10 years, massacred countless communists and revolutionary people, and caused huge losses to the Chinese Communist Party; September 18 After the incident, Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance towards Japan caused a large area of ​​China to fall into the enemy's hands, and the Chinese nation was facing the crisis of genocide.Now, what a joyful thing it is to capture Chiang Kai-shek!

Therefore, public opinion both at home and abroad believe that it is really difficult for the CCP to let Chiang Kai-shek go! The Nanjing Nationalist Government also believed that only through the influence of the Soviet Union on the CCP could it be possible to release Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek himself knew that he had a bloody debt to the Communist Party, and he was afraid that the Communist Party would settle accounts with him.When he learned from Zhang Xueliang that Zhou Enlai, the representative of the Communist Party, had come to Xi'an, his face changed drastically, and he angrily reprimanded Zhang Xueliang: "Aren't you trying to kill me?!"

Zhang Xueliang was also worried that the CCP would oppose the release of Chiang, and he was mentally prepared to persuade the CCP. When the soldiers and civilians in the red base area heard the news that Chiang Kai-shek had been detained, their first reaction was: This is the opportunity to repay their hatred! The above-mentioned judgments made based on common sense made the attitude of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China towards the Xi’an Incident not only become the focus of close attention by all parties at home and abroad, but also directly related to the outcome of the Xi’an Incident and the purpose of Zhang and Yang in launching the Xi’an Incident Can it be achieved.

★Initial reaction: The majority opinion of the CCP leadership believed that the Xi’an Incident was a revolutionary action, Chiang Kai-shek should be dismissed and submitted to the people’s public trial, and only a thorough liquidation of him can open the way for the whole country to resist Japan The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China learned of the Xi'an Incident at about 8:00 am on December 12.At this time, Mao Zedong, who was accustomed to working at night, was still asleep.Zhu Zhiliang, a confidential translator of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China, translated several secret telegrams about Zhang, Yang and Jiang sent back from Xi’an by Liu Ding, the liaison representative of the Communist Party of China stationed in the Northeast Army, and handed them over to the chief of the department, Mao Zedong’s Secretary Ye Zilong.Ye Xun immediately went to Mao Zedong's residence to wake Mao up, and presented several translated manuscripts to Mao Zedong.

Soon after Mao Zedong read the telegram, other CCP leaders Zhou Enlai, Zhang Wentian, Bogu, Zhu De, Zhang Guotao, etc. came to Mao Zedong's cave one after another, circulated the content of the telegram, and discussed countermeasures.According to Zhang Guotao's recollection: Around noon on the morning of the 12th, in Mao Zedong's cave, we read an urgent telegram from Zhang Xueliang... This sudden telegram made us all very excited.Some people said: "Chiang Kai-shek also has today!" Some people said: "Zhang Xueliang did a good job!" Zhu De, who was usually gentle and didn't make many comments, said first: "Now what else to say, let's talk about that first." Let’s kill the guy.” At this time, Zhou Enlai, who had been back to the security for a few days, was relatively calm, and said: “This matter cannot be completely decided by us, it mainly depends on the attitudes of Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng.”

"Chiang Kai-shek was detained in Xi'an!" The news immediately spread to all units of the Red Army, and the entire security and even northern Shaanxi became a sea of ​​joy. He Qinghua, Mao Zedong's guard, recalled: "I was so happy that I almost jumped up. Chiang Kai-shek, a scoundrel who brought disaster to the country and the people, also became a prisoner on such a day.... A few of our guards were immersed in a joyous atmosphere, surrounded by the fire on the ground. There was a lot of yelling, some said that Chiang Kai-shek should be locked up. Some said, why should he be locked up? Just kill him! Some said, no, that’s too cheap. We should tie him up and parade him in a tall hat. All the villages in the border region must be visited..."

Zhou Enlai's wife, Deng Yingchao, and comrades from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China happily ran into the courtyard, singing and dancing. Like many comrades, she "thought that the Party Central Committee must advocate the killing of Chiang Kai-shek to avenge thousands of martyrs who died, The Chinese revolution removed the biggest stumbling block." Li Weihan recalled: "When we heard the news in Dingbian, we were ecstatic. We immediately held a mass meeting in the temple, presided over by Gao Gang, and widely publicized it. The crowd shouted: Shoot Chiang Kai-shek! After the meeting, we called the Party Central Committee It reflects the wishes of the masses."

American reporter Edgar Snow, who was interviewing in Bao'an at this time, wrote: "The news of Chiang Kai-shek's arrest spread to Bao'an, and Bao'an held a mass meeting. Mao Zedong and some other leaders of the CCP attended the meeting and spoke. A resolution was passed at the meeting—to call for a public trial of Chiang Kai-shek." Li De, the military adviser of the Red Army sent by the Communist International to the CCP, recalled: "I also participated in this rally. Mao Zedong first spoke at the meeting. After him, as far as I recall, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai spoke... The main content of the speech was: liquidation The time has come for the public trial of Chiang Kai-shek, the traitor who betrayed the interests of the Chinese nation. Only by liquidating him can the road be opened for the whole nation to resist Japan; the Nanjing National Government must be asked to immediately stop all civil wars, especially the civil war against the Red Army, and immediately stop the attack on the Communist Party. Persecution; a meeting must be held to discuss the establishment of general Zhang Xueliang, the commander-in-chief of the Northeast Army, the chairman of Shaanxi Province (the chairman of the Shaanxi Provincial Government at that time was already held by Shao Lizi—Editor’s Note), General Yang Hucheng, the commander-in-chief of the 17th Route Army of the Kuomintang, representatives of the Communist Party and representatives of the anti-Japanese organizations in the Kuomintang area The talks of the coalition government I participated in; the entire nation and all armed forces in the country must be mobilized to oppose Japan and its accomplices in the Kuomintang."

The above descriptions are only some superficial situations on the day of security at the location of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In fact, on the day when they learned of the Xi’an Incident, Mao Zedong and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China not only analyzed the nature of the incident and how to deal with it, but also quickly deployed a large number of contingency preparations. After receiving Zhang Xueliang's telegram, members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee quickly circulated the telegram, analyzed the situation, and studied and adopted corresponding contingency measures.

First, quickly reply to Zhang and Yang, advising Zhang Xueliang to detain Chiang Kai-shek in his own guard battalion, strictly prevent him from buying subordinates, and especially proposed that Chiang Kai-shek should not be handed over to other troops for custody. Second, immediately call the Comintern to report the incident.From 12:00 noon to 24:00 that night, three telegrams were sent to the Comintern. The first two telegrams mainly relayed the calls from Zhang Xueliang and Liu Ding and the eight propositions of Zhang and Yang. The third telegram proposed the following plan: (1) A committee composed of Zhang, Yang, and Zhou Enlai presides over the grand plan. Within half a month, an Anti-Japanese National Salvation Congress will be held in Xi’an. The Nanjing side will be presided over by Lin Sen, Kong Xiangxi, and Feng Yuxiang. Wait for the establishment of a national defense government and prevent pro-Japanese factions from colluding with Japan Invaded Shanghai and Nanjing; (2) Fight for all Chiang's troops to resist Japan; (3) With the Red Army, the Northeast Army, the 17th Route Army, and the Jin Army as the mainstays, organize the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces and strive to join the Central Army in Jinsui to defend against Japanese attacks on North China. This plan shows: (1) It is expected that Xi'an will become the political center of the national anti-Japanese war. Nanjing has overthrown Chiang Kai-shek, and the dragons have no leader. The anti-Japanese factions will gather in Xi'an to establish a new national defense government; Unite and fight against Japan together; (3) Did not mention how to deal with Chiang Kai-shek. In this telegram, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China also asked the Communist International to support the position and actions of the Communist Party of China, "especially: (1) to support us in world public opinion; (2) to win the support of the Chinese revolutionary government and revolutionary army from Britain, France, and the United States; (3) The Soviet Union provided great assistance to China." Third, call Liu Shaoqi, who is in charge of the Northern Bureau of the CCP in Pingjin, and inform him of the news that Jiang was detained by Zhang and Yang in Xi'an, and at the same time put forward the party's attitude towards the incident and the tasks it faced.The telegram pointed out: The CCP supports the revolutionary actions of Zhang and Yang. The tasks facing the party are: to separate Chiang Kai-shek from the Nanjing National Government, win over the anti-Japanese faction in Nanjing and other local regimes, stabilize the CC faction and the Whampoa faction, and promote the European and American factions and the veteran factions. , and specifically proposed to win over Song Ziwen, Sun Ke, Kong Xiangxi, Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng, etc.; as for Chiang Kai-shek, he proposed to expose his crimes of surrendering externally, suppressing the people internally, and forcing his subordinates to persist in the civil war, and called on the people and national salvation leaders to submit to Nanjing. A request to explicitly remove Chiang Kai-shek and hand him over to the people for trial. The document on the day of the incident reflected the attitude of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China towards the incident, and reflected the understanding and attitude of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China towards various factions in Nanjing at that time.Later facts showed that it was difficult to separate Chiang Kai-shek from the Nanjing National Government at that time.Because after 10 years of civil war and multiple struggles among various factions within the Kuomintang, Chiang Kai-shek has firmly controlled the Nanjing National Government, integrating party, government, and military powers into one body.At that time, Nanjing was in an orthodox position and was recognized internationally.Demanding the removal and public trial of Chiang Kai-shek at this time is indeed a repetition and wavering of the policy of "force Chiang to resist Japan". Fourth, conduct military deployment.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China agreed with Zhang and Yang's request and decided to send part of the Red Army to Huan County and Xifeng Township in the east of Longdong to strictly prevent Jiang's army from attacking from the west road; another part of the Red Army was sent south to Xianyang and Lantian to support the Northeast Army, 17 The Route Army resisted the attack of the Jiang Army on the East Route.At the same time, the Red Army regiments were notified of Chiang Kai-shek's detention, so that the regiments were ready to respond and act on standby. In the early morning of the 13th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Politburo Standing Committee to focus on the Xi'an Incident.At this time, the heads of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China were scattered in various places. Liu Shaoqi presided over the work of the Northern Bureau of the Communist Party of China in the Pingjin area; Chen Yun, Wang Ming, and Kang Sheng served in the Moscow Communist Party delegation to the Communist International; Peng Dehuai, Wang Jiaxiang, and Ren Bishi worked in the front headquarters of the Red Army in the Ganning area .Therefore, only Zhang Wentian, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Bo Gu, Zhu De, Kai Feng, Zhang Guotao, Lin Biao and others attended this meeting. The meeting was chaired by Zhang Wentian.According to the internal party practice formed since the Zunyi Meeting, Mao Zedong first made a report, then discussed it, and finally Mao Zedong made a conclusion. In his speech, Mao Zedong raised a question that must be answered first, that is, what attitude did the CCP take towards the Xi'an Incident.He said: "What is our attitude towards this incident? Should we support it, be neutral, or oppose it? It should be clearly affirmed, without hesitation." He asserted: "This incident is revolutionary, anti-Japanese and anti-traitor. Both its actions and its program have positive meanings. It does not have any imperialist background, and is entirely on the standpoint of resisting Japan and opposing 'suppressing bandits'. Therefore, the Chinese Communist Party should support the incident." Mao Zedong also analyzed Chiang Kai-shek.He said: Although Chiang Kai-shek's recent position is in the middle, he is still on the Japanese side when it comes to "suppressing the Communist Party".This incident had a great impact, breaking the previous situation of being completely controlled by Chiang Kai-shek, and it may cause his subordinates to divide and transfer to Xi'an. At the same time, it is also expected that his direct descendants Hu Zongnan and Liu Zhi will attack Tongguan. Based on this judgment, Mao Zedong's initial idea was: "Lead the whole country with Xi'an as the center, influence the whole country, convene a national salvation conference, and establish an organization that is essentially a government and is called the Anti-Japanese Aid Committee in name." He emphatically stated: "We Mao Zedong’s political slogan: Convene the National Salvation Congress. Other slogans are subordinate to this slogan, which is the central link.” Regarding the disposal of Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong proposed: “Demand that Chiang Kai-shek be removed and handed over to the people for public trial” and believed: “The Jiang's removal will benefit from every aspect." Then, Zhou Enlai spoke.He believed that although Chiang Kai-shek was detained, the military power in Nanjing remained the same. Once Xi'an was attacked and a large-scale civil war broke out, "Japan will carry out a coup in Nanjing and increase its troops in the coastal areas."In order to prevent Japan from turning Nanjing into a puppet government, we should not oppose Nanjing politically.It is necessary to stabilize and win over the Whampoa faction, the CC faction, the veteran faction, and the European and American faction, and encourage them to support the Xi'an Incident and unite in the resistance against Japan. Specifically, we must win over Lin Sen, Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi, Sun Ke, and Feng Yuxiang, and isolate He Yingqin; Mobilize the masses, unite the anti-Japanese forces of the three parties in the northwest, and turn Xi'an into the center of the anti-Japanese war; unite Yan Xishan and Liu Xiang under the slogan of anti-Japanese and aid Sui, these are our two wings, and further unite with the Guangxi faction in the southwest to create an anti-Japanese war against East China. The 7 provinces in the southeast are the forces of Nanjing, and this is what we want to fight for, and we want to win them to resist Japan.As for whether to kill or release Chiang, it depends on the attitudes of Zhang and Yang, because it is not easy for us to decide since Jiang is in their hands. Afterwards, Zhang Wentian, who was "in charge" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at that time, made an important speech.He believes that on the issue of anti-Japanese, the main contradiction is the contradiction between the anti-Japanese faction and the "national compromise faction" (represented by Chiang Kai-shek).The Xi'an Incident initiated by Zhang and Yang "was the beginning of an action to expose the National Compromisers".Zhang Wentian proposed: The basic policy for handling the incident is: "Transfer the local anti-Japanese united front to the national anti-Japanese united front."He foresees that our party's work will also undergo a transformation, "to legally enter the political arena." On the issue of political power, Zhang Wentian put forward more clearly than Zhou Enlai: We "do not adopt the policy of confrontation with Nanjing. We do not organize the way of confrontation with Nanjing (actually the form of political power)".He believes that Zhang and Yang's slogan of "reorganizing the Nanjing National Government is not bad", and our correct strategy should be "taking resistance against Japan as the highest banner", "defensive in the military and offensive in politics", and "mobilize the masses to intimidate Nanjing". ", in order to facilitate the reorganization of the Nanjing National Government.As for the disposal of Chiang Kai-shek, "should strive for it as much as possible, and isolate it from division." Afterwards, these claims of Zhang Wentian proved to be correct. After the incident, domestic and foreign reactions were strong and complicated.He Yingqin, Minister of Military and Political Affairs of the Nanjing Nationalist Government, and other pro-Japanese factions strongly advocated the "crusade" against Zhang and Yang; the pro-British and American factions advocated a peaceful solution in order to save Chiang's life; the local powerful factions were worried about triggering a larger civil war, and most of them did not say anything to Zhang and Yang. support, and almost unanimously demanded the restoration of Chiang's freedom; the international response was also inconsistent, Japan tried its best to provoke China to expand the civil war, and was elated when it learned that Nanjing had decided to attack. He believed that he could cooperate with the Communist Party to deal with Japan; the Soviet Union vigorously attacked Zhang and Yang in order to "clean up" its suspicion of meddling in the incident, but also hoped that the incident would be resolved peacefully.All these circumstances prompted the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to consider how to treat and deal with the complicated situation after the incident with extreme prudence, formulate appropriate measures, and guide the current situation to develop in a direction that is beneficial to the interests of the nation. At this meeting, there were still 9 people who spoke, and only Zhang Guotao spoke the most fiercely.He said: "In the sense of the Xi'an incident, the first is anti-Chiang, and the second is anti-Japanese. Is the civil strife inevitable? This is inevitable, and it is only a matter of size." "Therefore, overthrow the Nanjing National Government and establish an anti-Japanese war." The government should discuss how to achieve this." After everyone's discussion, Mao Zedong made a conclusion.He pointed out that we are now in a new stage of historical transformation, with many roads and difficulties ahead.In order to win over the masses, we did not speak easily about the Xi'an Incident.We are not opposing Chiang Kai-shek head-on, but specifically pointing out Chiang Kai-shek's personal mistakes and not juxtaposing opposing Chiang Kai-shek with resisting Japan.The banner of resisting Japan and aiding Sui should be highlighted. This conclusion shows that due to the sudden occurrence of the incident and insufficient grasp of the situation in all aspects, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has not yet made a final decision on the specific policy to deal with the Xi'an Incident. Do it" fully illustrates this point. This conclusion also shows that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has reached a consensus on the understanding of the nature of the Xi'an Incident and military contingency preparations.As for how to deal with Chiang Kai-shek and whether to establish a new anti-Japanese regime, there are still different understandings. At this time, among the masses of the people in the base areas and the vast number of Red Army commanders and fighters, including the Party Central Committee, it was the majority opinion to advocate "trial Jiang" and "eliminate Chiang".Liu Ying, Zhang Wentian's wife, recalled: "When the news of Zhang and Yang's capture of Chiang Kai-shek was transmitted to Baoan through radio waves, needless to say, the hearts of the people were very happy. He said that Chiang Kai-shek's "a hundred deaths are not enough to atone for his crimes" and demanded that Chiang Kai-shek be handed over to the people for a public trial and ruling, expressing the intuition of ordinary cadres and party members when they heard that Zhang and Yang launched the Xi'an Incident reaction." As members of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang, Zhang and Yang resolutely remonstrated against Chiang Kai-shek, which not only surprised Mao Zedong and other senior leaders of the Communist Party of China, but also gave Mao Zedong and others a new understanding of Chiang Kai-shek's dominance and influence. and made a bold estimate of possible divisions within the Nanjing Nationalist Government.Mao Zedong began to think that "overthrowing Chiang" might be more helpful in winning over the anti-Japanese faction and centrists in the Kuomintang and the Nanjing Nationalist Government, which is quite natural.At this meeting, although Mao Zedong put forward the idea of ​​"trialing Jiang" and "removing Chiang" politically, he also largely accepted Zhang Wentian and Zhou Enlai's opinion of "not opposing Nanjing". In the following days of external propaganda and liaison work, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China actually adopted two policies for the Xi'an Incident: one is to insist on "Xi'an as the center" and the idea of ​​"examining Chiang"; The Nanjing National Government's position and practice. The following examples can confirm the above position of the CPC Central Committee: First, on the day the meeting ended, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai sent two consecutive telegrams to Zhang Xueliang. The first letter was issued at noon that day, and put forward 4 points: "(A) It is especially important to place heavy troops in Tongguan, Fengxiang, Pingliang, and Tongguan. Strictly reject Fan Songfu. (B) Call on the people of Xi'an and Northwest to stand up and support righteous deeds, as well as the whole country. Brother and others believe that the Xi'an Uprising can surely develop its victory only if all actions are based on the people. (c) It is advisable to arrest or expel the fascists in the army, pursue a broad and in-depth political mobilization of the entire army, and send a message to all officers and soldiers Announcing the crime of traitorous and remnant people of the Chiang family, and uniting the entire army politically, this book is one of the most urgent tasks. The Red Army will cooperate with the brothers to resolutely destroy it from its side." The second telegram was sent in the afternoon of the same day. It also put forward two suggestions: A. The Henan Group under the command of Liu Zhi has a great possibility of occupying Tongguan. refuse.B. In order to occupy the two strategic points of Lanzhou and Hanzhong and to isolate the Jiang army in Gansu as the second division, it is proposed that: (1) All Yu troops consolidate Lanzhou City and strictly prevent the attack of Mao Bingwen and the Northwest Supplementary Brigade. (2) The two armies of the elder brother Wang Dong and the cavalry army concentrated on the Pingliang and Huining lines, pressed the Jiang army on the line to Longnan, refused to stop Hu, Zeng, Guan, and Mao from going south, and handed over the defense of Haiyuan and Guyuan to the Red Army. (3) The main force of the Red Army marched into the Hai and Gu areas, followed by a forceful part of the Hu army in the Yuwang area, and cooperated with the brother armies in Jingning and Pingliang to take the opportunity to eliminate Hu and others who were attacking south.If Hu et al. do not move in their current positions, it would be best to press them into Ningxia. (4) Shang Liu Fucheng transferred the 15th to 20th regiments of the Sichuan Army to occupy Hanzhong. The information revealed in these two telegrams is: the CCP intends to cooperate with Zhang and Yang to defend Xi'an with armed forces and build Xi'an into a solid political center. As one of the most urgent tasks, the officers and soldiers announced that Jiang's crime of betraying the country and remnants of the people" reflects that the thinking of "trial Jiang" has not changed. Second, on the 14th, in the name of 10 Red Army generals including Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Zhang Guotao, Peng Dehuai, He Long, Xiao Ke, Lin Biao, Xu Haidong, and Xu Qianqian, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng again, announcing the three points of the CCP regarding the current situation. Course of action: (1) Immediately announce the composition of the Northwest Anti-Japanese and Aid Suizhou Allied Army, and appoint Zhang Xueliang as the commander-in-chief of the Northwest Anti-Japanese and Aid Suizhou Allied Army; It is the 2nd Army, Yang Huchen (City) is the commander-in-chief; the Red Army is organized as the 3rd Army, and Zhu De is the commander-in-chief.Establish the Northwest Aid to Sui Military and Political Committee, with three senior generals of the army as members, each army has 3 to 5 members, with Zhang Xueliang, Yang Huchen (Cheng), and Zhu De as the presidium, Zhang as the chairman, and Yang and Zhu as the deputy, to unify the military and politics lead.If the above organizations agree, they will immediately announce it to the whole army and the whole country in the name of the Tripartite Anti-Japanese National Salvation Joint Conference.In addition, he tried his best to get Mr. Yan Xishan and other patriotic generals from all over the country to join him, and recommended Mr. Yan Xishan as the commander-in-chief of the National Aid to Suizhou Allied Forces. (2) The current military steps: The main forces of the three divisions of the Anti-Japanese Aid Suizhou Allied Forces should concentrate on the areas centered on Xi'an and Pingliang, promote morale, consolidate unity, fight decisively with the enemy, and defeat them one by one.In the current three-week period, Brother Yang's troops will defend Xi'an City, while Brother Zhang's troops and younger troops will be in charge of field operations.If He agrees, the main force of the younger army can arrive at Xifeng Town within a week, and then either reinforce Xi'an or Guyuan, depending on the situation; The department is in the skin and sweet to clamp the soup (Enbo) enemy.Wang Yizhe's brothers were still defending Guyuan against Hu enemies, and Yu Xuezhong was still defending Lanzhou.As long as a few victories are won, the battle situation can be greatly expanded, and a few defeats are not harmful to the overall situation.After the above first step is completed, the second step will be decided according to the situation. (3) At present, the first priority is to consolidate the interior and defeat the enemy. Proposals: (sub) Unanimously put forward the following 10 slogans in the three parts of the alliance: unite the Northeast Army, the 17th Route Army, and the Red Army; ; fight for people's freedom; oppose Japan's demise of China;Long live the independence and liberation of the Chinese nation! (B) Enthusiastic political agitation in the army. (Yin) Eliminate pro-Chiang elements in the army. (d) Inspire the courage of the whole army to fight, and create an unyielding spirit until death. This telegram was drafted by Zhou Enlai. It systematically summarized the CCP’s basic policy for handling the Xi’an Incident. The main points of this policy are: 1. Hold high the banner of anti-Japanese, defend Xi’an by force, and make it the center of anti-Japanese ; Two, carry out the plan of "overthrowing Chiang Kai-shek", separate the Nanjing National Government from Chiang, and strive to win the Nanjing National Government to turn to resist Japan; Three, establish an anti-Japanese government.This policy was supported by Zhang and Yang. On the 17th, Zhang Xueliang replied to Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, agreeing with the basic proposition of the CCP and proposing further military deployment.He said: "The main force of the coalition forces is now gathering in Weinan to prepare for the war of resistance. The other is in Lanzhou, Pingliang, Guyuan, and Xifeng Townships, and is on guard against Hu Zongnan and Mao Bingwen. The main force of the Red Army is required to go to Huan County and the area north of Yuwang to clamp down Hu Division. In addition, the Red Army Division 1 separated the Hu, Mao, Zeng and other divisions from Tang Enbo's division near Fushi and Ganquan to prevent them from joining together. Chen Xianrui from the south attacked Lushi and Lingbao to disturb the enemy's rear." The Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China, in accordance with the policy of the anti-Japanese united front, called Zhang Yunyi, the committee member of the Longdong Special Zone, and dispatched Red Army troops in parts of Longdong and the Fushi and Ganquan areas. relieve.It is stipulated that when the Red Army takes over the defense, it will not change the political organization, will not conflict with the militia, and will not fight local tyrants. Third, on the 15th and 16th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made public the above-mentioned policies for handling the Xi'an Incident. On the 15th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called the Central Committee of the Kuomintang and the Nanjing National Government in the name of 15 generals, and proposed to remove Chiang and organize an anti-Japanese government.The telegram said: "If you want to be fair, but if you want to distinguish yourself from the Chiang family, and if you want to distinguish yourself from the pro-Japanese faction again, it is advisable to make up your mind, accept the propositions of Zhang and Yang, stop the ongoing civil war, depose Chiang, and hand it over to the people of the country. Judgment, unite all parties, factions, walks of life, and armies, organize a united front government, abandon the boring bureaucratic airs of Jiang's love of centralization, unified discipline, etc., honestly reform with the people, open up freedom of speech, and unseat patriotic publications , Release the patriotic criminals, raise the whole army of the civil war, and immediately go to Jinsui to resist the Japanese invaders, turn the darkness into light, and turn the ominous into Daqing." On the 16th, "Red China", the official newspaper of the Chinese Soviet Republic, published a long article "Chiang Kai-shek's Heinous Crimes", systematically exposing Chiang Kai-shek's crimes of "10 years of counter-revolution and 5 years of betrayal of the country". Mao Zedong also forwarded the call from the comrade in charge of the North China Bureau of the Communist Party of China "I hope Zhang will do it to the end, be bolder, and be bolder" to Zhang Xueliang, and at the same time disclosed to Zhang the information the Communist Party had learned, saying: "The French Radical Party said: Zhang Xueliang has As the most authoritative figure in China, the United Kingdom adopted a conciliatory attitude." The above situation shows that at the beginning of the incident, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China hoped to "trial Chiang" and establish an anti-Japanese government. ★Decision made after deliberation: The CCP resolutely abandoned the plan of "trialing Chiang Kai-shek", conditionally maintained Nanjing's orthodoxy, and insisted on resolving the incident in a peaceful manner.With the fundamental goal of the whole country resisting Japan, make the CCP the backbone of advocating a peaceful solution to the Xi'an Incident The initial policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for dealing with the Xi'an Incident took only 6 days from formation to change.On the 19th, when another enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held, the above-mentioned preliminary policy was revised in time according to the domestic and foreign situation after the incident, and the policy of peacefully resolving the Xi'an Incident was formally determined. The adjustment of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from the anti-Japanese "examination of Chiang" to the anti-Japanese "release of Chiang" is the inevitable result of the development of the situation.Zhang Wentian, who was then "in charge" of the Party Central Committee, explained why this adjustment was made. He said: "During the past six days, the phenomenon and essence of this incident have been more fully demonstrated." Zhang Wentian's words are objective It fully reflected the actual situation at that time, and at the same time, it meant to "unset" the preliminary policy made before without knowing the whole picture.So, what happened in these 6 days?And what caused the CCP to quickly adjust its policy? First, there was no political and military situation conducive to the "trial of Chiang" among the Nanjing Nationalist Government and local powerful factions.Mao Zedong originally imagined that after Chiang Kai-shek was detained, "his strength will inevitably be weakened", and it is possible to split Chiang's subordinates to Xi'an. This is of course the best result.However, a few days later, all parties generally opposed a new civil war, hoping to release Chiang Kai-shek and unite to fight against the Japanese aggression.After Chiang Kai-shek was detained, not only did his personal influence not decline, but he was also crowned a "national hero", and his prestige was enough to continue to influence the political situation in Nanjing.However, generals Zhang and Yang, who were forced to launch military remonstrance for the survival of the nation and to resist Japan and save the country, were under pressure from many aspects. The information fed back to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from Xi’an said: (1) The purpose of the Nanjing pro-Japanese faction was to cause civil war, not to save Chiang. Soong Meiling wrote to Chiang, "I would rather fight against Japan than die as an enemy" (referring to He Yingqin and Wang Jingwei). Kong Xiangxi attempted to reconcile. (2) Jin Yan (Xishan) proposed to Zhang to send Jiang to Shanxi, and Feng (Qin Zai) also tried to take advantage of this incident. (3) Lu Han (Fuju) believed that Nanjing's current methods could not solve the Nanjing problem.Song Zheyuan and Liu Xiang have not expressed yet. (4) Li (Zongren) and Bai (Chongxi) said that Zhang Zhi was forced to do this, and Yu (Han Mou) and He (Jian) ​​tried to cheat money and expressed their support for the central government. (5) Jiang began to show a tough attitude, but now he has switched to conciliation in an attempt to restore freedom.Regarding Zhang Youyi's Northwest issue, he expressed his request for surrender and peace to the Red Army and completely surrendered to Zhang. There was also news from Xi'an that on December 16, Nanjing had issued a crusade order and continued to bomb the outskirts of Xi'an. Liu Zhi's 5 divisions had entered Tongguan, surrounded Hua County, and pressed Weinan. There was also a new situation in Nanjing: Soong Ching Ling, a leftist patriot of the Kuomintang who had actively supported Zhang and Yang, also changed her attitude at this time.On the day of the incident, the Nanjing Nationalist Government sent someone to meet with Soong Ching Ling and asked Soong to sign the statement condemning Zhang Xueliang for detaining Chiang. If I do this, I will do more than this." Just one night later, that is, on the 13th, Soong Ching Ling changed her mind and advocated a peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident.At this time, Hu Ziying, who was the director-general of the National Salvation Association from all walks of life, later recalled: On December 13, Mrs. Sun asked me to go to her home and told me about the Xi'an Incident.I thought she would be happy that the villainous lone husband and common people fell into the net.Unexpectedly, she asked me anxiously if I could accompany her to Xi'an.I asked her curiously, "What are you going to do?" The unexpected answer was: "I'm going to persuade Zhang Xueliang to release Chiang Kai-shek." Seeing my astonishment, she tactfully explained to me: He Yingqin and other pro-Japanese factions were afraid of China. No chaos: Chiang Kai-shek is killed, civil war is bound to break out across the country, and the Japanese army can drive straight in and invade and occupy the whole of China.I quickly came to my senses and decided to follow her to Xi'an immediately.Mrs. Sun lived in a small bungalow on Rue Molière in the former French Concession.She asked me to accompany her on foot to Lafayette on Lafayette Road to invite Mrs. He (He Xiangning) to go with her.Mrs. He suffered from heart disease and often couldn't get out of bed. Upon hearing this, she immediately got up and agreed to go with her.I hurried home and took out some cash before the bank closed to prepare for expenses... I was very emotional and made an estimate of the problems I might encounter after arriving in Xi'an.Regarding the departure time, she asked me to hear the final decision at 8:00 p.m., when I received a call from her, saying, "I won't go." This surprised me just as she said that she was going to Xi'an. Another thing that can prove Soong Ching Ling's sudden change of attitude is that after Soong Ching Ling's death, the former residence of Soong Ching Ling in Shanghai found a statement (typed version in English) about the Xi'an Incident when sorting out Soong Ching Ling's manuscripts.In this statement, Soong Ching Ling clearly proposed a peaceful solution to the incident.The statement said: The Xi'an Incident was the result of Chiang Kai-shek's long-term reactionary policy of "to fight against the outside world, we must first secure the interior", and it was by no means "caused by Zhang Xueliang's personal dissatisfaction with Chiang Kai-shek"; and the only purpose of Zhang Xueliang's launch of the incident was "to persuade Chiang Kai-shek to agree Build a united front against Japanese invasion".But the situation is extremely complicated, if the incident is not handled well.It will lead to a "larger civil war".This will not only "lead to more serious national disasters, but also provide convenience for Japan's invasion"; at a time when Japan is expanding "the critical moment of invading our country", "the civil war must be stopped" and "personal dissenting political views must be abandoned" !The urgent task of all armies is: "Seek common ground while reserving differences, and form a united front against Japan. Any attempt to hinder the formation of this front is a crime."Soong Ching Ling called on "every Chinese citizen to do his best to prevent such a disaster from happening. Let all of us Chinese unite to resist Japanese aggression and defend our motherland." While Soong Ching Ling put forward the idea of ​​peacefully resolving the Xi'an Incident, she also actively worked to communicate the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.In Nanjing, there were still many people who advocated a peaceful settlement of the incident, especially Chiang's relatives Song Meiling, Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi, and Chiang's direct military descendants.In order to understand the CCP's position and trends, and to contact the CCP to resolve the issue peacefully, Soong Meiling also found her second sister, Soong Ching Ling, who had close ties with the CCP. Soong Ching Ling accepted the request of her sister Soong Meiling and found Pan Hannian, the representative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai.At this time, Pan Hannian had already received a telegram from Mao Zedong asking him to "discuss with Nanjing the possibility of peacefully resolving the Xi'an Incident, and its minimum conditions, so as to avoid the catastrophe of subjugation".Immediately, Pan Hannian informed Soong Ching Ling of the policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on resolving the Xi'an Incident and the news that it had decided to send Zhou Enlai and other representatives to Xi'an to participate in the coordination negotiations. peaceful settlement.Pan Hannian also said that he would like to go to Nanjing in person to meet Soong Ziwen and Soong Meiling. Introduced by Soong Ching Ling, Pan Hannian lived in the Song Mansion in Nanjing. He not only became a bridge for Nanjing to understand the position of the CCP, but also learned the attitude of the Nanjing Nationalist Government on how to solve the incident through Soong Ziwen and Soong Meiling. The policy of the Nanjing National Government played a positive role in the peaceful settlement of the incident. 上述情况说明，南京方面和地方实力派在事变发生后，没有向着与蒋介石分裂的方向发展，而是在力促释放蒋介石。 其二，张学良本人并无杀蒋的想法。张、杨发动兵谏的本意即“逼蒋抗日”。张学良在部署扣蒋行动时，就向有关将领强调：要活捉蒋介石，不要死的。他对孙铭久说：“你千万不可把委员长打死了，万不得已时，只能把他的腿打伤，不要叫他逃跑了。”扣蒋行动打响和蒋介石失踪以后，张学良焦急万分，他命令105师师长白凤翔：“如果9点找不到委员长，就把你们的头送来！”并对大家说：“若找到委员长，我一定说服他停止内战，共同抗日。若找不到他，我便将自己的头割下来，请虎城兄拿到南京去请罪，了此公案。绝不能因为要停止内战而引起内战，那我张某人就成了千古罪人。” 扣蒋成功后，张学良多次说：“只要他答应我们抗日，还继续拥护他做领袖。”还说：“委员长今日诚然是中国的领袖，即今后还是需要他做我们的领袖，但领袖应虚心听取各方的意见，和过去专制皇帝不同，只要委员长能改变态度，采纳意见，我将亲自送他回南京。”12月16日，张学良在西安市民大会上发表演讲，公开宣称：“我们只求主张实现，此外我们既不要钱，也不要地盘。我们为了实现我们的主张，我们要立于抗日战场的第一线，我们要在抗日战场上效死。”他呼吁全国同胞，“一致起来走向抗日战争，有力量出力量，有钱的出钱，尤其是武装同志，壮年同胞，一定要把一腔热血，洒在抗日战场上”。 张学良从扣蒋开始，就敞开和平大门，欢迎各界人士入陕斡旋，共商抗日大计。他在致南京国民政府诸要人和地方实力派的电报中，邀请他们“或远赐教言，或躬亲来陕，开诚指示，共谋国是”。对宋哲元，希望他“亲来西安，或派全权代表前来”。对冯玉祥，希望他“速即命驾来陕，共决大计，力挽危舟”。张学良还致电宋美龄：“如欲来陕，尤所欢迎。”对端纳的西安之行，张学良非常欢迎，致电说：“此间态度一贯，君能来一视，甚佳。”同时，派出代表到各方联络，呼吁和平。并与南京当局的党、政、军要人保持联系，与各地实力派频繁接触，包括极力争取山西的阎锡山、平津的宋哲元、山东的韩复榘的支持，实际上在做着两手准备，并且把谈判和平解决事变放在第一位。国际和平使者端纳能够实现西安之行，把宋美龄的亲笔信送到蒋介石手中，促使南京与西安开始谈判，都是在张学良的支持下进行的。中共代表团到达西安时，张、杨与南京的和谈实际上已经启动了。 其三，苏联的态度对中共决策产生了影响。中国共产党是在12月16日正式收到共产国际书记处给中共中央的指示电的，这一由共产国际书记处总书记季米特洛夫签署的回电，说： 现回答你们几封来电，建议采取以下立场： （一）张学良的行动，无论他的意图如何，客观上只能有害于中国抗日民族统一战线力量的团结并鼓励日本侵略者。 （二）既然事变已经发生，必须考虑现实，中国共产党应根据以下原则坚决主张和平解决冲突。（1）改组政府，使一切抗日运动的代表和拥护中国领土完整和独立的人士参加政府；（2）保障中国人民的民主权利。（3）停止消灭红军的政策，并在反对日本侵略者的斗争中同红军合作。（4）与那些同情中国人民摆脱日本帝国主义进攻的国家合作。 如果不出意外，这封电报将会给毛泽东和中共中央及时制定解决西安事变的正确方针以直接帮助。然而出人意料的是，电台密码出现差错，译电员无法将电报内容译出。中共中央于18日致电共产国际，报告电文出现乱码，“完全译不出”，请“即检查重发”。到20日，中共中央才正式收到共产国际所发的电文，而在此之前的12月19日的中共中央政治局扩大会议上已经作出了和平解决西安事变的正确方针。 尽管共产国际16日的指示电对中共中央决策西安事变的方针没有直接的帮助作用，但此前苏联和共产国际的新闻媒体接二连三的反应，已经对中共产生了影响。苏共中央的机关报《真理报》的社论说：在中国陕西发生的张学良、杨虎城部队扣蒋事件，是一种“叛变”行为，是“以抗日运动从事投机”的行为，它“名义上举起抗日的旗帜，实质上制造国家分裂，使中国继续混乱下去，使其不可避免地成为外国侵略强盗的牺牲品”。而苏联政府机关报《消息报》发表的评论，则更无根据地将西安事变与日本侵略中国的阴谋联系起来。竟说： 张学良向南京国民政府提出要求，包括对日宣战及联共等项。此类要求，仅发动之烟幕，实际上为中国人民阵线之打击，及中国对外抵御之破坏。自蒋氏执政以来，中国已逐渐集中力量，显足表示其领导国防之准备与能力，张学良之反动，足以破坏中国反日力量之团结，不独为南京国民政府之危险，抑且威胁全中国。虽假借反日口号，适以便利日本帝国主义。夫反日人民阵线，乃系于南京合作之阵线。毛泽东与其发表密勒周报之文字中已直言其事。张学良之举动，其最近影响，即新的内战之爆发，亦即日本所急欲利用机会以作更深侵略之举者。 苏联的媒体所发出的声音，虽然也是希望和平解决事变，但它的出发点与事件的本身，与中国的国家和民族利益却是南辕北辙的。张、杨发动西安事变为的是中国人民的抗日事业，而苏联却为着自己东方战线的安全。因而，它对西安事变的判断一开始就陷入了片面。事过多年，谈及此事，周恩来仍然表达了这样的看法，他指出：“两安事变张学良、杨虎城把蒋介石抓起来，共产国际公开说张是日本帝国主义的走狗，抓蒋介石是适应日本的要求。这个判断是完全错误的。” 苏联所发出的声音，除了向中国南京当局表明，西安事变与苏联无关之外，就是向中国共产党传递它的声音，以影响中共中央对待事件的看法及其立场。尔后，苏联政府在与南京方面就此问题进行会谈就说：我们能够做的，就是让中国共产党了解我们的立场。 斯诺在《漫评》中曾这样写道： 斯大林立刻向保安的中共领导人发布命令，要求他们立即释放蒋介石，否则将中断与中国共产党的一切关系。 斯大林的电报发给了上海的孙中山夫人，然后由她转交给毛泽东。斯大林宣布，除非中国共产党利用自己的影响促成蒋介石获释，否则，莫斯科将公开把他们斥为“土匪”并与他们断绝关系。 到目前为止，没有资料能够证明这个电报的真实性。因为，已经公布的资料表明，苏联及共产国际对于处理西安事变问题给中共最早的指示是12月16日共产国际的回电。即便如此，毛泽东及党中央仍然能够通过广播、电台和其他足够的渠道及时了解苏联对于事变的反应。事实上，当时中共作为共产国际的一个支部，必须接受共产国际的领导，苏联和共产国际的公开表态，不可避免地影响到中共的决策。 苏联的反应不仅影响了中共，也影响了张学良。中共代表团到西安之前，张学良已从广播电台上听到苏联反对事变的声音，对此，他很不理解。13日，苏联塔斯社广播《真理报》和《消息报》的报道后，张学良拿着新闻记录稿，正碰上宋黎站在楼下，就说道：“我救了共产党，你们就这样对待我！”张还对刘鼎说：“为什么苏联认为事变是受日本的挑动，持反对意见？”17日，张学良再电中共中央，询问：“国际对一二一二革命有何批评？祈告。”毛泽东当天复电，说：“我们对远方（即共产国际和苏联）已作几个报告，尚无回报。兄令刘鼎将每日群众运动情况电告一次，若远方知此事变及事变后之进展不是单纯军事行动，而是与群众联系的消息，当寄以同情。唯远方政府目前为应付外交，或尚不能公开赞助我们。” 中共代表团达到西安以后，在举行的第一次会谈中，张学良又提苏联态度的事。《西安事变前后的周恩来》一书掐述了那次会谈的详情： 宴会后，周恩来趁与张学良小憩之间，要罗瑞卿即刻去找王炳南了解杨虎城和17路军的情况，为第二天与杨虎城会谈做准备。然后他便与张学良一起走进小客厅，单独进行了长时间的会谈。 张学良向周恩来叙述了蒋介石被扣后的情况、南京的动态及各方面的反应，继而说道：“蒋介石独断专行，一再坚持'攘外必先安内'的政策，力逼我和杨将军配合中央军继续'围剿'红军，我和杨将军怎么劝说都不顶用，苦谏不行，进行哭谏，委员长反而声言要把我们的队伍调离西北，我俩实在是忍无可忍，万不得已，只好实行'兵谏'。倘若不捉他，不临之以兵，就无法使他猛省，内战就不能停息，抗日只能是一句空谈。”说到这里，张学良面起忧色，叹息一声，从兜里掏出一张《消息报》拍在桌子上，连连摇头说道：“可苏联的态度，令人失望，真可谓一派胡言。” 周恩来盯了一眼《消息报》，又怔怔地注视着张学良。 张学良语调很沉重地说：“本来，我一直是想取得与苏联的联系，盼望苏联支持我们的抗日。我通过李杜，通过新疆，都试图竭力沟通。这个问题，你我4月在肤施会谈时也曾商讨过。但是，我万万没想到……”他愤然拍了一眼前的《消息报》说道：“莫斯科电台却连日来大骂我是亲日派，斥责我们要求的抗日的行动是搞'暴乱'，搞'投机'，搞'搞分裂'，比任何电台都骂得难听，弄得我和杨主任进退失据，啼笑皆非，感到压力很大。苏联的态度，实非我始料所及。” 苏联以第三国际的名义发给中共中央的电报，周恩来当时并不清楚，但从《消息报》和外电上也有所略知，他感到苏联方面的指责，对张、杨两将军的义举中伤太重。面对张学良，他既是同情，又有些无奈，呷了口茶，才慢慢地回答说： “对苏联的看法，请张将军不必多有顾虑。他们不大了解我国的国情，看问题难免有偏颇之处。然而苏联是社会主义国家，提倡建立国际反法西斯统一战线，也主张事变和平解决。……我党将会努力向苏联方面进行解释，相信他们只要了解事实真相，是会改变对张将军和西安事变的态度的。” 张学良对苏联的反应如此在意，可见苏联的态度对他产生的影响。 其四，蒋介石态度开始向着接受和平调解的方向转变。事变能否和平解决，取决于两个主要方面，一是张、杨是否愿意放蒋；二是蒋介石是否接受张、杨的主张，这是“释蒋”的先决条件。 蒋介石在被扣之初的两三天内，态度是顽固的。 12日上午，张学良去见蒋介石。走进新城大楼蒋的临时卧室，先行了一个军礼，然后说：“委员长受惊了！”连说了两遍，蒋都不理会。张学良接着说：“我们受全国人民的要求，发动这次事变，是为了国家，为了民族，也为了委员长，决不是为个人利害打算。现在，希望委员长能平心静气，勇于改正错误，联合全国力量，坚决抗日，以争民族生存，则学良和全国人民于愿足矣！” 蒋介石以颤抖的声音说：“你既为国家，应先送我到洛阳，然后再谈，否则法币、公债都完了。经济崩溃了，抗日也无从谈起。” 张回答说：“今日之事岂容搪塞。我们希望你勇于改过，群策群力，共赴国难。如仍执迷不悟，只有让群众公裁了。” 蒋一听，神色骤变，说：“过去我待你那样好，现在，你竟想把我交群众公裁！你以为全国民众的舆论会赞同你们的叛乱行动吗？恐怕即使你们平素所说的'人民阵线'里的人，也不至于做出像你们今天这样如此荒谬和狂妄的举动。你自称为革命，叛逆也可以称革命吗？陈炯明何尝不自称革命，天下人有谁能相信他是革命呢？你的部下就在这个房间的周围，你竟如此犯上作乱，你又怎样率领你的部下做人呢？”说完闭眼坐在椅子上，额暴青筋，全身发抖。张学良神色沮丧，只好退出。 12日这天，张学良去看蒋介石三次，但蒋根本不让张说话，有一次，还大声斥责张学良说：“我不是你的长官，你也不是我的部下，你不要叫我委员长。你要是还承认我是你的长官，我现在命令你马上把我送走，否则任凭你把我杀了，我同你没有旁的话讲。”他甚至用手捂住耳朵，连说：“我不同你讲话，我不同你讲话。”张只好再次离开蒋的房间。 张学良为打破僵局，同日上午，让邵力子单独见蒋。邵劝蒋说：今天已经发生的这件事，请委员长仔细考虑。当前，日军实际已控制了华北，正向绥远进逼，已激起了全国的愤慨，如果政府还不想办法抵抗，自然会酿成变故。现在设法弥补，尚未为晚。邵力子还说：张、杨的做法虽不免鲁莽，但其用心良好，希望委员长从民族国家的全局着想，接受张、杨的“八项主张”。 蒋介石表示，决心牺牲，决不受任何要挟，或者立即送回洛阳，或者立即枪毙，皆由张学良选择。邵力子听出，蒋以死相威胁，意在摸清张学良的意图，就宽慰他说：送回暂无可能，枪杀也决不敢。邵还试探蒋介石是否会以辞职而保全性命，俟国家需要再行复出。蒋介石回答：“决不能在武力威迫下考虑这个问题。”邵的这次谈话也无成果。 蒋介石还在这天拟好了两份遗嘱，给宋美龄的是：“美龄吾妻：余决心殉国，经国、纬国吾子即汝子，望善视之。蒋中正。”给蒋经国、蒋纬国的是：“余只承认宋美龄女士为余唯一之妻，务望汝等以生母待之，则余虽死于九泉之下亦瞑目矣。”并把这两份遗嘱交于张、杨，让他们代为拍发。 蒋介石真的准备以身殉国吗？此时的蒋介石对生死的判断极其矛盾。一方面，蒋介石不会想不到，自1927年以来，他屠杀共产党和进步群众无数，此次事变，即使共产党没有亲自参与，也与受其影响不无关系，共产党能放过他吗？此次事变，是为抗日“剿共”而起，自己西安之行，不仅有威逼张、杨部队“剿共”之意，更有撤换张、杨的把柄，张、杨能轻易放他吗？这使蒋介石深深感到生命的威胁。另一方面，从张、杨对他毕恭毕敬的态度，邵力子谈话所露的口风分析，不像要杀他的样子。 但是，无论如何他都要维护他作为领袖的尊严。有了领袖的尊严，如果死，那将留下英雄的形象；如果生，那将增加后面讨价还价的筹码。在这种思想主导下，在被扣的初期，蒋介石表现出了极其顽固、死硬的态度。 可13日发生的一件事，使蒋介石企图维护的那点自尊、那点英雄形象，大大缩水。起因是12日夜，西安绥署参谋长李兴中收到一封匿名信，大意是说：委座蒙难，关系国家存亡，希望李能运筹帷幄，救委座出险，以建立这千载不朽之奇功，等等。恰巧，毛泽东、周恩来这晚也有一电发给张学良，电报富有预见地提出： 我公顾虑周详，枭雄自难漏网，但诚恐有万一之失，万须将蒋押在自己的卫队营内，且须严防其收买属员，尤不可将其交其他部队，严防蒋收买属员。 围绕同一件事出现的一信一电，引起了张学良注意。他与杨虎城商定，决定把蒋介石转移到金家巷张公馆附近的高桂滋公馆，由东北军卫队营看管，以防意外。 13日上午，张学良找到邵力子，请他出面劝说蒋移居高桂滋公馆。但蒋介石并不买张学良的账，他坚拒道：“我决不迁往他处，如张不能送我回洛阳，我就死在此地，这是西安绥靖公署所在地，我是行政院长，所以，决不能离开此地，你可即以我此言告张。”邵力子看清了蒋氏这是怕死，就宽慰蒋说：张学良请你移居高公馆并无恶意，此时“勿再峻拒张学良进言”。这句话对蒋产生了作用，蒋随即问邵，能否搬来同住？ 还没等蒋介石就改换住处问题最后说定，当日深夜11时，刘多荃师长奉张之命偕宋文梅到新城大楼劝蒋搬迁。蒋误以为是要枪毙他，因为他的南京部下处决政治犯多在夜深人静之时，而且他看见宋文梅腰间挂着手枪。蒋介石立刻萎缩到床的里面，重复上午给邵力子说过的话：“我兼行政院长，西安绥署直属行政院，是公家地方，要死也死在公家地方，哪里也不去。”之后，蒋用被子蒙住头，任凭谁如何劝说坚决赖住不走。 谁也没有想到，蒋氏顽固的态度，事过一天即很快改变。能够使他改变的人，就是宋美龄派来的和平使者端纳。 端纳是14日中午到达西安的。在西安西郊机场，张学良派来了他的私人“洋管家”、也是端纳的老相识、美国人米·埃尔德前来迎接。端纳看到蒋介石的座机安然无恙地停放在机场。又听米·埃尔德介绍西安事变的粗略经过和蒋介石的近况，初步证实“蒋介石没有死”的此前判断。 端纳还没有从思绪中走出来，汽车已开到张公馆。端纳在客厅