Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Trial of Jiang?Let Chiang go?Anglo-American Japanese-Soviet Battle of Wisdom

★Japan: Not only worried about the anti-Japanese sentiment of the Chinese people, unwilling to intensify it quickly, but also hoped that the pro-Japanese faction would come to power to more easily carry out its attempt to turn China into an exclusive colony, so it was eager to incite Nanjing to attack Xi'an and provoke China is in full-scale civil war, and the idea of ​​reaping profits dominates its China policy ★Britain and the United States: Not only consider the interests of their own countries in China and the safety of overseas Chinese, but also focus on the "friendly relationship" with the Nanjing National Government.To curb Japan's aggression against China and safeguard its interests in China, it is hoped that all parties involved in the incident will choose to "reconcile and protect Chiang Kai-shek"

★Soviet Union: Listed by Japan as a "Northern Goal", worried that the incident would become an excuse for war against Japan, and facing the threat of German and Italian fascists, driven by its own interests, the Soviet side pursued the strategy of condemning the Xi'an Incident and advocating "peaceful liberation of Chiang" ★France, Germany, and Italy: Each has its own calculations. France supports the reconciliation proposal of Britain and the United States; although Germany prefers to release Chiang, it is unwilling to support the peace faction; Italy opposes the Xi'an Incident and advocates goodwill between China and Japan

The news that Zhang and Yang had buckled Jiang immediately spread throughout China and the world! For the No. 1 figure in China's current political arena, such a special way of conducting political dialogue cannot ignore the serious consequences.It wasn't until Chiang Kai-shek appeared in the room specially prepared for him in the Xincheng Building of the Xi'an Appeasement Administration that Zhang and Yang's hanging hearts were relieved. After capturing Chiang Kai-shek, the matter has just begun, how can we achieve a happy ending?This is the first question Zhang Xueliang considers.

Zhang Xueliang first thought of the two forces and two people he needed to rely on: one was Zhou Enlai, the vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, whose backing was the Communist Party of China and the Red Army of Workers and Peasants led by the Communist Party of China; the other was Song Meiling, the "First Lady of China" ", its backing is the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek and its armed groups.The Communist Party of China is an active advocate for the establishment of the anti-Japanese national united front. It will certainly not stand aside whether Zhang Xueliang's incident will eventually lead Chiang Kai-shek to abandon the "communist suppression" policy and embark on the anti-Japanese road. As Chiang Kai-shek's wife, Song Meiling Jiang's life and death are extremely concerned and will never stand still.

In order to realize the anti-Japanese proposition, Zhang Xueliang took out three telegram manuscripts in his hand: one is the telegram manuscript to the Central Committee of the Kuomintang and its various groups, which is the famous eight propositions for resisting Japan and saving the nation. Zhang Xueliang took this manuscript to the Xijing Guest House to visit the detained military and political officials from Nanjing, as well as Qian Dajun, the director of Jiang's attendant office, and Shao Lizi, the chairman of Shaanxi Province, who were captured in Huaqingchi.Express condolences to them and explain why.

Many of these military and political officials believed that the practice of "military remonstrance" was too dangerous, but they supported the united war of resistance.Therefore, after Zhang Xueliang introduced the situation, most of the officials in Nanjing followed the example of Zhang and Yang and signed the telegram manuscript. The telegram received 19 signatures.Eight of them were detained KMT military and political officials: Chen Cheng, Shao Lizi, Jiang Dingwen, Chen Tiaoyuan, Wei Lihuang, Qian Dajun, and Chen Chengji. Seven were generals of the Northeast Army, and four were generals of the 17th Route Army, including Yang Hucheng, Sun Weiru, Feng Qinzai, and Ma Zhanshan, an anti-Japanese hero who fought in the Northeast.

On the morning of the 12th, a telegram led by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng to put forward the eight propositions of resisting Japan and saving the country was sent to the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, provincial authorities and various news organizations.The full text is as follows: Chairman Lin Jun of the National Government of the Nanjing Central Executive Committee, as well as honors of all colleges and committees, all appeasement directors, commanders-in-chief, provincial chairmen, National Salvation Federations, agencies, corporations, newspapers, and schools: The Northeast fell for more than five years.The power of the country is lingering, and the territory is shrinking day by day.The Songhu agreement was humiliating before, and the Tanggu and Hemei agreements followed. All people who belong to the country are heartbroken.Recently, the international situation has changed dramatically, colluding with each other, and sacrificing our country and nation.Suidong started the war, and there was a lot of enthusiasm and morale.At this time, how should the leaders of our central government inspire the military and civilians to launch the entire nation's war of resistance!It was the soldiers who defended the soil in the front and killed the enemy in blood, while the diplomatic authorities in the rear were still trying to compromise.Since the outbreak of patriotic injustice in Shanghai, the world has been shocked, the whole country is heartbroken, and patriotic crimes are heinous.Chiang Kai-shek, the chairman of the Generalissimo, was surrounded by small groups of people, who rejected the people and wronged the country deeply.Xueliang and others wept and remonstrated, but were repeatedly reprimanded.Students in Xi'an held a national salvation movement yesterday, competing to get the police to shoot and kill patriotic children.Xueliang and others have been in the robes for many years, and they can't bear to sit and watch, because they are the last admonition to Jie Gong, to protect his safety and urge him to reflect.The Northwest military and civilians unanimously advocate the following:

1. Reorganize the Nanjing Nationalist Government to allow all parties and factions to be jointly responsible for saving the country. 2. Stop all civil wars. 3. Immediately release the patriotic leaders arrested in Shanghai. 4. Release all political prisoners across the country. 5. Open up the popular patriotic movement. 6. Guarantee all political freedoms of people's assembly and association. 7. Abide by the will of the Prime Minister. 8. Immediately convene a national salvation conference. The above eight items are the unanimous anti-Japanese propositions of our military and civilians in the Northwest. I hope that you will follow the public opinion and adopt them openly, so as to open up a ray of vitality for the country in the future and cleanse the past that has wronged the country.Right now, there is no room for turning back. We only seek to implement the idea of ​​saving the nation, to benefit the country, to be a crime for the public, and to be dealt with by the people of the country.Immediately on standby!

Zhang Xueliang, Yang Hucheng, Zhu Shaoliang, Ma Zhanshan, Yu Xuezhong, Chen Cheng, Shao Lizi, Jiang Dingwen, Chen Tiaoyuan, Wei Lihuang, Qian Dajun, He Zhuguo, Feng Qinzai, Sun Weiru, Chen Chengji, Wang Yizhe, Wan Yaohuang, Dong Yingbin, Miao Jiuliu, etc. knock.arts. This telegram shows that "the Xi'an Incident was forced out by Chiang Kai-shek himself!" Taking a comprehensive look at the eight propositions, the fundamental purpose of Zhang and Yang's remonstrance is to stop the civil war and unite to resist Japan.Among them, the first item to reorganize the government, the second item to stop the civil war, and the eighth item to hold a meeting to save the country are the main measures to implement the goals of the incident. The reason why the anti-Japanese words were not clearly stated is to cater for the needs of northern generals such as Song Zheyuan and Han Fuju to cope with the environment. .Because they believed that Hebei and Shandong were on the front line, and publicly raising anti-Japanese slogans would make their situation even more difficult.Items 3 and 4 call for the release of the patriotic leaders and all political prisoners arrested in Shanghai. Items 5 and 6 call for broader political freedom. Measures that must be taken in order to achieve national salvation against Japanese aggression.

The seventh of the eight propositions, "Follow the Prime Minister's will", shows that this incident is a struggle within the Kuomintang, and the focus of the struggle is to completely change the dictatorship, anti-communism, compromise with imperialism, The policy of capitulation requires the resumption of the three major policies advocated by Sun Yat-sen, namely, alliance with Russia, tolerance of the Communist Party, and support for agriculture and industry.The eight propositions included the main content of the anti-Japanese national united front proposed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which shows that the anti-Japanese national united front of the Communist Party of China has been accepted by the broad masses of the people, including some upper-level people of the Kuomintang, who demand to resist Japan and resist aggression.

After sending the telegram to the whole country, Zhang Xueliang took out the second manuscript, that is, the telegram to Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, and handed it over to the secretary to send it out quickly.The original telegram to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong, and Zhou Enlai is as follows: Brother Dong, Lai: Chiang’s counter-revolutionary face has been revealed. For the interests of the Chinese nation and the future of the Anti-Japanese War, we have detained Chiang and important generals Chen Cheng, Zhu Shaoliang, Jiang Dingwen, Wei Lihuang, etc., and forced them to release patriots.The Nanjing National Government was reorganized.Brother, what's your opinion, come back quickly, and hope that all the Red Army will quickly gather in Huanxian County so that they can act together to prevent the enemy from advancing northward. Yi Wenyin This telegram was drafted at the start of the battle to detain Jiang in Lintong. Due to the uncertainty of the detainment operation itself, no one can guarantee that the raid will not be fired, let alone that no one will be fired during the exchange of fire between the two sides. There was a situation where Jiang was beaten to death.What would you say if you caught him alive?What should I say if I catch the dead?These issues have been studied in advance, but can not be settled.Therefore, in the telegram to Mao and Zhou, it only designed how to deal with the siege of the Kuomintang army, but did not talk about how to deal with Chiang Kai-shek in detail.Therefore, after successfully detaining Jiang, Zhang Xueliang immediately invited Liu Ding, the representative of the CCP in Xi'an, to send a telegram to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Northern Shaanxi, affirming the eight propositions, and inviting the CCP Central Committee to send representatives to Xi'an to discuss the plan of resisting Japan and saving the country. It should be said that after Chiang Kai-shek was detained, Zhang Xueliang informed the CPC Central Committee immediately and invited people to participate in the Xi'an negotiations, which fully demonstrated his high level of trust in the Chinese Communist Party. Then, Zhang Xueliang took out the third telegram, which was the telegram to Song Meiling.Zhang Xueliang said: Mrs. Jiang gave me a lesson: Xueliang's views on state affairs should be in the insight.I don't want Jie Gong to be wronged by treacherous evil, to go against the general will of the country, and to go his own way, causing the whole country's human and financial resources to be exhausted in civil wars, regardless of the survival of the country and the nation.Xueliang came back from overseas as a confessor of crimes, repeatedly admonishing and admonishing, leading his children in exile in the Northeast, who cried together to "suppress the Communist Party", originally hoped to promote their awareness with blood sincerity.The Suidong War started this time, and the whole country was invigorated. Jiegong thought that the supreme leader of the country should have the hope of comforting the whole country, but since he came to the Northwest, he has not mentioned a word about the Anti-Japanese War, and has ravaged the youth movement for national salvation.For the sake of the country and the survival of the nation, Fu Si will ruin the whole country forever without hating (forbearance) one person.In the face of righteousness, Xueliang can't bear to use selfishness to harm the public, so he temporarily asks Jiegong to stay in Xi'an and protect him properly.If you are serious about this, you can see the sun.Please rest assured, madam, if you want to come to Shaanxi, you are especially welcome.All propositions here will be heard (by) texts and telegrams.Speech with tears, waiting for Mingjiao.Zhang Xueliang knocked. After dealing with these most important issues, Zhang Xueliang also successively called Kong Xiangxi, Vice President of the Executive Yuan and Minister of Finance of the Nanjing Nationalist Government, Feng Yuxiang, Vice Chairman of the Military Commission, and powerful figures in Shanxi, Shandong, Guangxi and other places to explain the truth. At the same time, Zhang and Yang also adopted a series of military and political measures.Among them, the most important ones are: the announcement of the abolition of the "Northwest Communist Suppression Headquarters" and the establishment of four power organizations. The first was the establishment of the Anti-Japanese Northwest Provisional Military Committee, which was actually the highest authority in the Northwest after the incident.Zhang Xueliang was the chairman, Yang Hucheng was the vice-chairman, and representatives from the Communist Party participated. The second is to set up a design committee, which is mainly responsible for political issues, researches and formulates relevant major policies, and completes important tasks assigned by Zhang and Yang.Gao Chongmin, Liu Lanbo, Shen Bochun, Du Bincheng, Li Tiancai, Wang Bingnan, Lu Guangji, Wang Juren, Ying Detian, Hong Fang, Nan Hanchen, Miao Jianqiu and other progressives and Communists were members of this committee. The third is to set up a staff group whose main task is to study military issues.Its members are composed of the main generals of the two armies, and the participants are: Sun Weiru, Wang Yizhe, Ma Zhanshan, Bao Wenyue, He Zhuguo, Dong Yingbin, and Li Xingzhong.He Zhuguo served as the director of the staff group, because the defense of Nanjing's military offensive was the main problem at that time.After the establishment of this new organization, some troops of the Northeast Army and the 17th Route Army were ordered to advance eastward to the border areas between Shanxi, Shanxi and Henan.At the same time, the Red Army followed its orders and marched southward. In less than a week, the Communist Party entered Fushi (that is, Yan'an).From then on, Yan'an became the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China until March 1948. The fourth is to disband the Shaanxi Provincial Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang and set up the Northwest People's Steering Committee.Wang Bingnan was appointed as the chairman of this committee. Zhang and Yang also released 238 political prisoners held in Xi'an, many of whom were progressives and Red Army prisoners of war. The actions of Zhang and Yang received the enthusiastic support of the officers and soldiers of the two armies and all walks of life in Xi'an, as well as the support of the people of the whole country.Important media from all over the world also reported the news of the Xi'an Incident in China in a prominent position.For a time, the Xi'an Incident not only became a hot topic in the media, but also became a hot topic of international diplomatic conflicts. Major countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, Germany, and Italy quickly responded differently according to their own national interests.Although these reactions were unfair to Zhang and Yang, and did not give a realistic evaluation of the feat of launching the "military remonstrance" and seeking to resist Japan, they reflected the conflict of interests among the major powers and also affected and restricted the policies of the Nanjing National Government. Trends and disagreements within the ruling group. ★Japan: While concerned about the anti-Japanese sentiment of the Chinese people, they are unwilling to intensify it quickly.He also hoped that the pro-Japanese faction would come to power, so that it would be easier to carry out his attempt to turn China into an exclusive colony, so he was eager to incite Nanjing to attack Xi'an.Provoked a full-scale civil war in China, and the idea of ​​reaping profits dominated its China policy The Xi’an Incident occurred when Japan invaded and occupied the four northeastern provinces of China and was stepping up its efforts to encroach on and encroach on North China. It attempted to build the five provinces of North China into a “special zone for preventing the Communist Party and being pro-Japanese and Manchukuo” in order to “obtain national defense resources and expand transportation facilities” from here. It took place against the historical background of expanding the frontier of the war of aggression against China and launching the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. At the beginning of this year, a military coup d'etat planned to overthrow the Okada cabinet took place in Japan. At about 5 o'clock in the morning on February 26, 22 junior army officers who advocated the doctrine of the sanctity of the emperor commanded the junior non-commissioned officers of the 3 companies of the 1st Division, and more than 1,400 heavily armed soldiers of the Guards Infantry Company. A rebellion broke out in the snow-covered center of Tokyo.They surrounded 13 War Ministries, the General Staff, the Reichstag and the Prime Minister's residence.The Army Ministry and Metropolitan Police Department were captured, and the official residences and private homes of senior politicians and cabinet ministers were raided.The rebels, 1,027 of whom were fresh recruits in January, killed Interior Minister Minoru Saito, Finance Minister Takahashi, and the new Education Superintendent Jotaro Watanabe, a prominent proponent of Minobe's constitutional theory General.Five policemen were also killed, and the head attendant Suzuki and others were seriously injured. Only Prime Minister Keisuke Okada narrowly escaped death. This rebellion is the result of the struggle between imperialism and nationalism that has been going on in Japan for nearly 10 years around the national system. The representative who advocates nationalism is Minobe Tatsukichi, a law professor at the University of Tokyo. His view is "the theory of state organs". He believes that the ruling power of Japan belongs to the state, and the emperor should exercise power as the highest organ of the state. Those who are close ministers of the Emperor. But his proposition was strongly opposed by the military headed by the Ministry of War.What the military hopes to establish is a fascist regime headed by the emperor, and realize the military's full intervention in the country's political life.However, military affairs have formed two completely different opinions on how to achieve this goal. There have emerged a control faction centered on the "staff reform faction" and an imperial way faction centered on the "basic reform faction".The ruling party advocates relying on chaebols and other political forces to achieve military dictatorship by legal means and establish a fascist regime under the emperor system; externally, it advocates that after occupying China, it will implement a northward and southward policy to seize hegemony in Asia.This proposition was supported by the chaebols and most generals in the army.However, the Huangdao faction hated both the revolution and the plutocrats. They advocated an armed coup to "side the Qing Dynasty", established a military dictatorship, and advocated a northward invasion of the Soviet Union. This idea was supported by only a few people in the army. Although the Huangdao faction has few supporters, it advocates the use of armed coups to solve the problem. Therefore, the more unfavorable the power is against them, the easier it is to prompt them to take risks.This led to the "February 26" tragedy. The coup d'état hoped to gain the support of the emperor.At the same time as they acted, they distributed the "Declaration of Rise", which stated: "The reason why I (Japan) became a holy person is because of the commander-in-chief of His Majesty the Emperor of the Ten Thousand Worlds One God. The so-called veterans, important ministers, warlords, bureaucrats, and political parties are all the culprits of destroying the national system. I (Japan) and Russia, China, Britain, and the United States have become imminent, and China, the legacy of our ancestors, will be destroyed. If we don’t kill the unjust ministers who destroy the state system, and destroy the traitors who cover up the emperor’s prestige and hinder the reform, the emperor’s lineage and emperor Mo will disappear. I hope that the gods of the emperor’s ancestors and emperor’s ancestors will learn from them and give them some help.” However, Emperor Hirohito did not "buy" the practice of using force to realize his pro-government and implement the "Showa Restoration".He said: "Killing all my most trusted veterans is like using a soft knife to deal with me", "How can the spirit of a brutal officer who kills my old ministers like this be forgiven?" On the second day after the incident, Hirohito ordered the suppression of the rebels and set up an ad hoc court-martial council to be in charge of the trial.Several organizers of the rebel army committed suicide one after another, and 17 Hwangdo faction officers and 2 folk Hwangdo faction leaders related to the rebellion were also sentenced to death.In the subsequent army purge campaign, 7 generals, 8 lieutenant generals, and 7 major generals of the Huangdao faction were expelled from active duty, involving more than 3,000 people. The "February 26" incident helped the ruling faction objectively. It eliminated dissidents with little effort, and at the same time consolidated their dominance in the military.The regime's dream of dominating Japanese politics quickly became a reality.In the Hirota Cabinet, which was born more than ten days later, the military department put forward four conditions for joining the cabinet: clearing up the national system, stabilizing people's lives, enriching national defense, and refreshing diplomacy.The newly-appointed Mr. Shou of Lu Xiangsi suddenly brought the army minister, Fujizhang, into the cabinet organization, and selected cabinet members according to the intention of the military department.The new Prime Minister Hirota met all the requirements of the military.At this point, the military has become the master of Japanese politics, and with the dictatorship of the military as a symbol, the Japanese fascist regime was proclaimed. Then, proposed by the military department and approved by the parliament, the motion that "Minister of the Navy and Army be served by active servicemen" further legally provided a guarantee for the dictatorship of the military department.Fascism is war, and the rise of Japanese fascism means that Japan's full-scale war of aggression against China is inevitable. After the military dominated the cabinet, it immediately put forward a new strategic concept including occupying China.Ishihara Wanji, Chief of the Operations Section of the Army Staff Headquarters, put forward the "North first, then South theory", that is, attacking the Soviet Union as the main strategic goal. This theory is called the "Northern Advancement Theory."The Ministry of the Navy disagreed with this strategy, and proposed the "North Defense and South Advance Theory", referred to as the "Southern Advance Theory", with the United States and Britain as the main strategic goals, which was exactly the opposite of the main strategic goals of the Army Department.In order to resolve serious differences in national defense policy, the Ministry of the Army and the Ministry of the Navy finally reached a compromise and formed a new national defense policy of "advancing north and south".This policy was expressed in the "Imperial National Defense Policy and Military Program" approved by the third revision: Japan's national defense "must aim at the United States and the Soviet Union, while guarding against China and the United Kingdom."It requires: "The troops required for the empire's national defense must be able to meet the requirements of the national defense policy, and conquer the East Asian continent and the Western Pacific." Overseas Chinese". From the newly released national defense strategy, we can see the Japanese government's war ambitions, not only to occupy China, but also to aspire to the Soviet Union, and even staring at the United States and Britain. To achieve these goals, we must first solve the problem of war resources, which puts the invasion and occupation of North China on the agenda again.General Kazunari Ugaki, Japan’s former prime minister, said: “Actually, the reason for attacking North China (should be aggression) is because only Korea and Manchuria are used to establish the center of the East Asian bloc, making Japan a stable force in the Far East and the leader of the Eastern alliance. Insufficient, and the market is too narrow. Japan should seek resources and markets from the whole of China, and at least consider North China, that is, the Baihe and Yellow River basins." The Japanese Kwantung Army and the Chinese Garrison Army believe: "Now Manchuria has been obtained, but the resources of Manchuria After all, it is not as good as North China. The iron and coal in Shanxi are endless, and if you don’t pay attention, they will fall into the hands of Britain and the United States. Therefore, it is the most important thing to get North China now, and it is also a good time.” And to get North China In the end, "military action" is taken. On July 29, 1936, the Japanese General Staff Headquarters further proposed in the "War Preparation Plan Policy": "In the scope of Japan, Manchuria, and North China (northern Hebei Province and southeastern Chahar), vigorously develop the industries needed for long-term wars. , especially the rapid development of Manchukuo, so that after the initial combat objectives are achieved, munitions can be produced on the mainland in the event of a long-term war.” After that, the Japanese Army Ministry formulated the “Outline of the Five-Year Plan for Important Industries”, which formally divided Northeast China and North China was included in Japan's resource circle, and it was stipulated that within five years, the annual output of Japan's heavy industry should reach 10,000 aircraft, 100,000 automobiles, 10 million tons of steel, 11.5 million tons of pig iron, and 22.5 million tons of iron ore.Among them, iron ore should "use the resources of North China as much as possible", and its purpose is: "On a busy day, we can obtain self-sufficiency in important resources in Japan, Manchuria, and North China; and in normal times, we can seek the rapid development of national power through this." However, at this time, the Japanese army's war in North China was not smooth. In mid-November 1936, Takashi Tanaka, head of the Japanese "Dehua" spy agency, commanded the Japanese and puppet troops to invade Suidong, and the Suidong War was thus opened.General Fu Zuoyi, chairman of the Suiyuan Provincial Government, led the local troops in Shanxi to fight bravely. Within a month, they successfully fought the battles of Honggertu, Bailing Temple, and Xilamulun Temple, repelling the Japanese and puppet attacks. Lost ground was recovered.The original intention of the Japanese military operation this time was to eradicate Fu Zuoyi, who was against Japan with the principle of "do not cause trouble, do not be afraid of trouble", and "do not speak hard words, do not do soft things" and his military strength in Suiyuan. The tenacious resistance of the Chinese military and civilians.Suiyuan's victory in the Anti-Japanese War frustrated the Japanese and puppet's plan to quickly establish a "Mongolia", and they were forced to adopt a retreat policy in the "Inner Mongolia Policy". It was in this situation that the Xi'an Incident broke out.As this incident caused by the anti-Japanese issue, Japan is naturally very concerned. On December 13, when the news of the Xi'an Incident was learned, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs held an emergency meeting to discuss countermeasures.Then Foreign Minister Arita issued a statement on the development on behalf of the Japanese government: (1) Japan will not change its foreign policy because of this incident. (2) If the safety and interests of Japanese citizens in China are violated, Japan will not hesitate to exercise its power. (3) Japan cannot tolerate increasing anti-Japanese actions and will not tolerate communism. (4) The Japanese government will instruct its overseas agencies and organizations to maintain a clear and proper attitude so as not to be suspected. (5) Japan will be prepared to take appropriate self-defense measures in accordance with Chiang Kai-shek's possible statements and demands. (6) Japan warns all countries in the world not to attempt to buy off China's local military strength and gain benefits from the incident. (7) Japan will continue to implement its established policies towards North China and Inner Mongolia. (8) Japan will further strengthen its steadfast defense against communism. This statement shows that Japan has adopted a wait-and-see attitude towards the Xi'an Incident that just happened. The "Outline of Countermeasures against the Xi'an Incident" issued by the Army Ministry on the 14th further confirmed this attitude. The "Outline" pointed out: "In particular, we must treat this incident with a fair attitude, and fully grasp the hearts of the Chinese people... wait and see the situation for the time being." Why take this attitude?Japan's "Asahi Shimbun" said in an editorial: "The Japanese authorities are afraid that the Chinese people's anti-Japanese passion is in danger of adding fuel to the flames. They decided not to give any stimulus and wait and see how the situation will progress." This passage reflects certain strategies of the Japanese authorities. consider. When making this decision, the Japanese decision makers also considered that the incident was originally caused by Japan. At this time, Japan's movements will have a major impact on China's overall situation and will definitely attract the attention of European and American countries. Therefore, it is necessary to temporarily Wait and see the development of the situation.The Japanese authorities are well aware that their pressing efforts in China have already damaged the interests of European and American countries in China. If they act rashly on the issue of the Xi'an Incident, they will inevitably further intensify the conflict with European and American countries. Beauty confronts directly.This is one aspect of the problem. On the other hand, it hopes to use the Xi'an Incident to promote the implementation of its China policy.In the telegram sent by the Ministry of the Navy to the Chief of Staff of the Third Fleet and the naval attache of the embassy in China on the afternoon of the 13th, it clearly stated Japan's above-mentioned countermeasures for the incident.Kubota, the naval attache of the Tianjin Consulate General, also stated in a telegram to the Ministry of the Navy on the same day: "We must correctly grasp the natural situation, and in accordance with the established policy of the empire, look for a good opportunity to gradually complete the division of North China. But do not repeat the mistakes of the past, and avoid taking The useless oppression that adds fuel to the fire should mainly adopt active economic support” and don’t provoke China. However, Japan's strategy of watching the development of the Xi'an Incident was not a strategy of laissez-faire development.From the heart of Japan, it is extremely unwilling to resolve the incident peacefully between Nanjing and Xi'an.It is in Japan's best interest to provoke a full-scale civil war in China and reap the benefits from it.Therefore, on the 17th, Japanese Foreign Minister Arita summoned the Chinese ambassador to Japan Xu Shiying and said directly: "Because this incident has had a great impact on Japan, the Japanese government is of course paying great attention to it and paying attention to the development of the situation.  … Redification cannot but be concerned about. For those who advocate tolerance of communism and Soviet Union, no matter whether they are in the central government or local government, Japan hopes to make them disappear quickly." This passage has actually revealed that the Japanese government opposes the Nanjing Nationalist Government and the Xi'an side A compromise was reached against some kind of alliance between the KMT and the CCP and the Soviet Union.What Arita was worried about was whether this statement would cause the Nanjing Nationalist Government to give other explanations. Therefore, he said bluntly: "According to news reports, Zhang Xueliang advertised that the Communist Party resisted Japan. The redification of neighboring countries will affect the security of the empire and even the security of East Asia." Peace brings great danger, and if the above report is true, the Imperial Government hopes that China will take serious and appropriate measures." On the 17th, when Chiang Kai-shek gave He Yingqin a warrant for a 3-day truce, the Japanese intelligence agency immediately got the news.When Jiang Dingwen returned to Nanjing with the warrant, Japanese Foreign Minister Arita summoned Xu Shiying again urgently to inquire whether the Nanjing Nationalist Government had any tendency to compromise with Zhang Xueliang, and expressed the Japanese government's firm opposition.He said: "If the central government compromises with Zhang under the condition of resisting Japan and allowing the Communist Party, Japan will definitely oppose it." On the 18th, the "Asahi Shimbun" published an editorial, making further statements on the Japanese authorities' opposition to any compromise between the Nanjing Nationalist Government and Xi'an.He pointed out: "The Japanese army authorities... warned some warlords in neighboring countries not to be caught in the hands of red disasters, and hoped that Chinese politicians would not fall into the trap of red disasters, but should be based on the spirit of harmony with their neighbors." While opposing the peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident between Nanjing and Xi'an, Japan also extended an olive branch to the pro-Japanese faction of the Kuomintang. On the 15th, the regular meeting of the KMT decided to invite Wang Jingwei to return to China to preside over the political affairs, and called Wang Jingwei, who was recuperating in Germany at the time, to ask Hitler to see him immediately. He said: If Germany and Japan can support him to return to China to take power, he is willing to represent China and join the German-Japanese Axis Group .After communicating with Japan, Hitler expressed to Wang that he would work with Japan to support Wang Jingwei and He Yingqin in organizing a pro-Japanese government.Japan also believes that it will be more beneficial to Japan if Wang Jingwei can replace Chiang Kai-shek.Therefore, even the Japanese ambassador to the UK and Zeng Zhongming, Wang Jingwei's representative, secretly contacted to reach an understanding for Wang Jingwei's return to China. Encouraged by Germany and Japan, Wang Jingwei convened a meeting of heads of Chinese diplomatic missions in Europe in Geneva, attended by Chinese ambassadors to France, Britain, Germany, Italy and other countries.After the meeting, Wang Jingwei issued a statement to the press, feeling sorry for China's misfortune, condemning the rebellion in Xi'an, and announcing that he would return to China immediately.Wang Jingwei saw the incident as an opportunity to ostracize Chiang Kai-shek and restore his leadership in the Nanking Nationalist government.In Geneva, he also planned to launch a campaign to suppress the Communists immediately upon his return. Japan welcomed the move by the pro-Japanese faction.In order to show Japan's sincerity, from the 15th, the Japanese marines who landed in Qingdao to suppress the strike began to retreat. On the 17th, the Japanese Kwantung Army issued a statement saying that as long as the Nationalist government "anti-communist and anti-communist", Japan will "do not hesitate to provide assistance".Subsequently, the Japanese offensive in Suidong also began to stop.And when the Nanjing Nationalist Government made the decision to crusade against Xi'an, the "Asahi Shimbun" in Tokyo and Osaka published editorials, applauding Nanjing's unanimous anti-Communism and crusade against Zhang and Yang.Kawayue, the Japanese ambassador to China, also briefed the press: "Even without the chairman (referring to Chiang Kai-shek) in Nanjing, the central government seems to be quite stable." "In view of this reality, China should face a new light." It has been nakedly stated that Japan supports the pro-Japanese faction and Chiang Kai-shek. On the 22nd, Zhang Jiluan of "Ta Kung Pao" called Yang Hucheng, describing Japan's deep will for the Xi'an Incident.That is to say: "I look forward to Jiang's quick death every day, and I am very disappointed. The next time I look forward to the war in Shaanxi, so I stopped attacking Sui." This is Japan's true attitude towards the Xi'an Incident. ★Britain and the United States: Not only consider the interests of their own countries in China and the safety of overseas Chinese, but also focus on the "friendly relationship" with the Nanjing National Government.To curb Japan's aggression against China and safeguard its interests in China, it is hoped that all parties involved in the incident will choose to "reconcile and protect Chiang Kai-shek" Britain and the United States have always supported Chiang Kai-shek and the Nanjing National Government.However, their support was not without reason. Britain supported Chiang Kai-shek’s regime to maintain the stability of the Southeast Asian colonies, while the United States supported Chiang to maintain the balance of power in the Pacific. Therefore, Britain and the United States were willing to jointly curb Japan’s aggression against China.After the incident, both the United Kingdom and the United States hoped to maintain Chiang Kai-shek's dominance in China and did not want another civil war, so they were extremely willing to resolve the incident peacefully. On December 13, the British ambassador to China, Xu Gesen, called the British Foreign Secretary Eden twice to report the situation of Jiang's detention in Xi'an.He believes that "the direct cause of this incident is that Chiang Kai-shek ordered the suspected Zhang Xueliang's troops to be transferred to Fujian." Xu Gesen estimated that the local power factions in Guangdong and Guangxi would not support Zhang and Yang. governmental".As for foreign countries, although Japanese newspapers claimed that "Zhang Xueliang might reach an agreement with the Soviet Union," Xu Gesen believed that "this is extremely unlikely."Because, "Chiang Kai-shek and the central government have been trying to maintain a good relationship with the Soviet Union. Based on a common dislike of Japan, they came together. I don't believe that the Soviet Union would be foolish enough to support Zhang Xueliang's adventure, thereby weakening China's anti-Japanese front." .Based on the above analysis, Xu Gesen reported to Eden: "I tend to think that Chiang Kai-shek himself is not in danger." Britain also believed that if the Xi'an Incident was not handled properly, it would trigger a civil war.The British "Times" reported that the Xi'an Incident was an "outbreak of anti-Japanese feelings", and believed that if a large-scale civil war broke out, "Nanjing would be weakened and divided", and domestic peace could be tough against Japan.An editorial in Shanghai's "Zi Lin Xi Bao" also pointed out: "We should strive to stop the terrible civil war." These views are almost similar to the CCP's proposition. Therefore, the British ambassador to China was ordered by the government to express to Kong Xiangxi his willingness to mediate.After receiving support from the Chinese side, British Foreign Secretary Eden suggested the following method: the United Kingdom should intervene to ensure the safety of Zhang Xueliang, that is, let Zhang "take a plane to Tianjin or Shanghai, where we may be able to help him, and he can leave this place at any time." nation". On December 17, Eden telegraphed the proposal to the British ambassador to China, Xu Gesen, to ask for his opinion, and asked him to contact Dana.The next day, Xu Gesen replied to Eden and said: "Danna is now in Xi'an. I have met Kong (Xiangxi), and he welcomes your suggestion. If you can advance this arrangement, he will be very grateful." In this way, the British government Send this proposed memorandum to the U.S. State Department to "seek whether the U.S. government will cooperate."At the same time, the British government also consulted France, Italy and Japan on this proposal. Acting U.S. Secretary of State Moore obtained President Roosevelt's consent, and on the afternoon of December 18, he telegraphed the British government's proposal to Ambassador Johnson in China, asking him to discuss with the British Ambassador to China: "According to the principles of the above proposal, discuss and take action." Possibilities and advantages” but asked him “not to comment on behalf of the US government” and reminded him that when consulting with “the British counterparts, you should not only discuss possible pros and difficulties, but also to discuss any possibility of other foreign governments proposing some useful and safe measures to avoid tragedy, and the potential for further political instability in the situation in Xi'an". According to the instructions of their respective governments, the ambassadors of the United Kingdom and the United States carefully discussed the possible actions to be taken to deal with the situation in Xi'an.They believe that "it will be more beneficial to the countries concerned if the Chinese government finds a solution by itself without resorting to foreign countries." However, they "believe that the fact that some countries guarantee the safe departure of Zhang Xueliang and, if necessary, Yang Hucheng It's meaningful in itself."As for the specific implementation of this proposal, the only reasonable arrangement is that "the Chinese government is responsible" so that generals Zhang and Yang "reach a certain place safely, and foreign countries take them safely out of China from there. Apparently the nearest port is Tianjin , they will be housed at that time on a warship until it is safe to arrange the itinerary." The ambassadors of the United Kingdom and the United States to China immediately telegraphed the opinions and arrangements they had discussed and formulated to their governments.The United States immediately approved the proposal.经罗斯福总统、卡尔助理国务卿同意后，代理国务卿穆尔当天深夜复电詹森，正式授权他与许阁森合作，尝试把张学良和杨虎城将军安全地从天津送到中国之外的某地。 詹森收到美国国务院的电报后，立即通报给英国驻华大使许阁森。但英国政府迟至12月23日才正式批准这一建议。24日，英、美两国大使正式向孔祥熙提出这一建议，这时，西安和平谈判已经达成协议，第二天，蒋介石即获释离开西安。英、美的建议对和平解决西安事变实际并未起到直接作用。 但是，由于英国首先倡议营救蒋介石，使得这个营救活动一定程度上牵制了日本和国民党的亲日派，从侧面援助了和谈。 英国在探讨营救蒋介石的过程中，与端纳始终保持着联系，并支持端纳赴西安充当和平使者。 威廉·亨利·端纳，1875年生，英籍澳大利亚人，新闻记者出身。1903年来中国，先结识了两广总督张文骏，兼任他的顾问，后结识了国民党人胡汉民，并支持国民党。辛亥革命时，曾协助中华民国外交部长伍廷芳及第一任大总统孙中山工作，以后又结识了袁世凯。端纳反对日本帝国主义，是最早揭露“二十一条”内容的人。1920年，他受北京政府的聘请，在北京建立了经济情报局并担任局长，为政府提供现代经济建设的情报资料。1928年，出任张学良的顾问。端纳还赞成张学良“易帜”，主张对日本的侵略要有一定程度的抵制，并力劝张学良戒毒。1933年，张学良被迫下野游欧考察，端纳随行。1934年张学良回国，蒋介石将端纳要去，虽无顾问名份，但“地位在宾友之间”，且经常在蒋、宋夫妇身边，为他们出谋划策，成为英、美与蒋介石之间联系的一个渠道。 英方外交当局和社会舆论都认为，端纳是沟通南京与西安联系的最佳人选。因而，英国驻华大使许阁森建议，由端纳飞抵西安，查明蒋介石的人身安全问题。在端纳访问西安的时候，上海英侨所办的《字林西报》有意透露出端纳此行有代表英、美等国探路和调停的信息。它说：“引人特别注意的是端纳先生的调停，将有助于澄清这种局势，并给这次事变带来现实感。”端纳果然不负众望，带回了西安事变的真实消息，对和平解决事变立下了首功。 蒋介石被扣于西安，直接受冲击的是中国的金融市场。而在金融市场的一个重要方面是国民党的法币制度，它是英国人李滋罗斯帮助南京国民政府制定的“外汇本位制”，与英镑直接发生联系。法币对内对外能否稳定，主要取决于英国的态度。当蒋氏被扣于西安的消息传出，法币出现浮动后，南京国民政府的代理行政院长孔祥熙马上想到了最能帮助他的国家——英国。这时，英政府伸出了援助之手，它指令在上海的汇丰银行，抛出大批外汇，支持中央银行、中国银行、交通银行等三大银行无限制兑换黄金、外汇，使人们坚定了对南京国民政府的信心，从而稳定了上海金融市场。蒋氏被扣的半月中，市价一直保持在事变前一天的水平上，这应当归功于英国方面的支持。 15日，当端纳自西安飞往洛阳，之后又飞往南京的时候，替张学良管理财产的英国人爱尔德亦加入到端纳的斡旋之旅，他们一起面见了中国的第一夫人宋美龄。宋夫人再一次巧妙地使用了英国牌，她嘱咐爱尔德把英国驻华大使许阁森在京所谈的敦促张学良和平解决事变的意见电告张学良。就此，许阁森大使说了这样的话： 我不能不感到张的行动只能造成损害，外面世界对他的行动只能解释为一种对他国家的阴谋，即正当团结与进步看来可能实现之际，他在背上给插了一刀。与一个被拘禁的人进行谈判或协定只能是无效的，张学良如果相信他的所作所为是正义的，他就不应怕在自由的氛围中讨论。拒绝这样做，先已宣告了自己有罪。 张学良正如宋夫人所希望的那样，在第一时间里看到了上面这些话。对此，张学良为之一震，从事态发展的情况看，他是读懂并在一定程度上接受了这些思想的。 西安事变爆发时，美国国务卿赫尔正在南美出席国际会议。代理国务卿穆尔在了解情况后，于14日下午致电驻华大使詹森，详细阐述了美国政府的态度。穆尔宣称：虽然“美国政府的政策是不干涉或不介入外国的内部事务”，但是，“如果任何地方的事态发展将危及真正寻求政治和经济稳定的国家的利益，并且会对已经十分微妙的国际局势带来新的危难时，我们都不能漠然处之。” 穆尔指出：西安事变不仅干扰破坏了南京国民政府的日常职能，给中国的政治经济带来新的困难，“一般说来还将对在华外国人士、财产和事业带来新的威胁，并将给远东国际纷争带来危险。因此，现在的局势对世界具有利害关系”。 他指示詹森：“目前，我们并不准备宣称或建议与此时局有关的这个或那个政府宜采取任何合适的行动；但是，我们将认真观察那里的发展、并研究有益行动的可能性问题。” 美国的上述态度，显然是站在蒋介石和南京国民政府的立场上的。它虽然对西安事变给中国政局和远东地区的影响给予了正确预见，并为随后的干预埋下伏笔，提前告之国际社会特别是中日双方，但对张、杨发动事变的积极因素没有给予正面回应。这是它不了解事变真相的结果。 随后，美国驻华大使詹森在发给国务院的电报中，谈及他对张发动西安事变动机的判断时，再一次因不了解真相而出现误判。他认为，“由于缺乏来自西安方面关于张学良动机的消息”，估计张学良发动西安事变的动机不外经济或政治的两种：“1．张学良被其东北军中不满的叛乱军官们所控制，他扣留了蒋介石及其下属，目的是迫使中央政府满足其军费要求并对日本采取更强硬的态度。2．张学良同他的部队已经同共产党合作，因而扣留蒋介石及其下属，目的是迫使中央政府停止进攻共产党并采纳共产党方面最近宣布的更积极地反对日本的方针、恢复政府的革命政策，以及对苏俄采取更友好的政策。” 随着真相逐渐曝光，美国政府和舆论界对西安事变的估计逐渐变得客观。美侨在上海所办的英文周刊《密勒氏评论报》，在19日的社论中赞同张学良提出的八项主张，但认为“可以采取体面的办法，但扣蒋是严重错误的”。《字林西报》主张国民党可与共产党联合，以保持国民政府不落人亲日派手中。美国政府认为，西安事变发生的原因是由于“许多中国人恐怕蒋介石将军保存国家实力，为个人统治计，而不用去对日本的侵略抗争。同时也有可能是张学良愿望把远东烽火勃发的可能性，明白指示日本，指示西方。” 美方在评价中国发生的西安事变时，始终与可能对太平洋地区均势构成的影响，与日本对中国的侵略相联系。特别担心由此引发日本侵略中国而危及世界及远东均势。《纽约先锋论坛》这样写道：“南京国民政府若依从张学良的要求，承认共产党，日本便要解释为对于日本武力干涉的恳挚的陈情”。而“蒋介石将军所采取的态度是尽可能不给日本以侵略的口实。张将军的政变只能害中国，并引起西方人对远东权益的焦虑”。《民声讲坛报》也发表评论，认为“张学良此次行为，适足以肇害中国，而西方各国在远东保有利益者，亦为之感觉不安矣”。 因而，美国政府对西安事变的公开表态，采取的是避免与日本发生正面冲突的做法，即奉行“不干涉他国事务之政策”。而实际上，却采取了与英国政府一致的立场，反对中国内战，主张和平解决。并与英国一起，维护上海金融市场的稳定，赞成英国驻华大使提出的和解建议，并将此建议提交给国民政府行政院代院长孔祥熙。 ★苏联：被日本列为“北进目标”，担心事变成为对日开战的借口，又面临德、意法西斯威胁，在自身利益驱使下苏方奉行谴责西安事变，主张“和解放蒋”的策略 西安事变发生时，苏联正处于险恶的国际环境之中。 美、英在几年前就开始奉行“祸水东引”战略，他们对德国在欧洲的侵略活动，采取绥靖政策，对日本在亚洲的侵略采取纵容政策。这一政策，使社会主义的苏联面临东西夹击的威胁。到1936年，这种理论上的威胁演变成现实。在东方，日本大本营加紧了对苏联开战的准备，开始实施“北进”计划，并在中国北部的满蒙地区进行战略基础储备。在西方，希特勒法西斯在德国上台后，疯狂地扩军备战，企图侵吞苏联。1936年11月，德、意秘密签订反共产国际同盟。同月2日，《日德条约》又告签订。这标志着日、德将正式开始联合对付苏联及共产国际。不仅如此，德、意、日三国反共轴心也进入酝酿形成阶段。 此种情势的出现，苏联早有预见，并已进行了战略应对筹划。苏联认为，应对西线德国的进攻是它的战略重点，它的心脏地带在欧洲，其政治、经济、文化中心都在这里。因而，它把主要力量摆在了战略重心所在的西线。而对于远东，它认为，日本只有解决了中国之后才能腾出手来对付苏联。也就是说，只要中国抗日，就能牵制日本，减轻它在东线的压力。 这一战略估计不能算错，问题出在其所选择的依靠力量上。在斯大林看来，中国要抗日，只能依靠国民党和蒋介石。大革命时期，斯大林就是这个思路。那时，为了争取蒋介石革命，坚持“一切联合，否认斗争”的立场，在共产国际的指导下，中共几乎取消了军事工作，结果在蒋介石举起屠刀、发动反革命大屠杀的时候，导致共产党员和革命群众受到空前严重的损失。 如今，为了抵抗日本、拖住日本，斯大林再一次片面看重蒋介石的军事实力，而把中国抗日的希望完全地寄托到蒋介石身上。 蒋介石的思想根子是反对共产党和社会主义的，他不可能为了保卫苏联而去抗日。当年他装出革命的样子，赢得红色苏联的信任，得到苏联的军援，而一旦迅速崛起之后，很快就露出了反苏反共的面目。这一次在蒋介石被扣之后，在他所领导下的南京国民政府，同样向苏联打出了“日本牌”。 事变发生的第二天，南京国民政府行政院代院长孔祥熙紧急召见苏联驻中国代办，赤裸裸地威胁说：“西安之事，外传与共党有关，如蒋公安全发生危险，则全国之愤慨，将由中共而推及苏联，将迫我与日本共同抗苏。” 孔祥熙这番话的意思是，以共产党与事变有关而向苏联施加压力，希望由苏联出面来做共产党的工作，确保蒋介石安全脱险。 耐人寻味的是，苏联的官方喉舌《真理报》于12月14日发表了一篇社论，就西安事变表示了这样的官方态度，社论竞说：“汪精卫利用张学良部队中的抗日情绪，挑动了这支部队反对中央政府”；张、杨是“利用抗日运动以营私，名义上举起抗日旗帜，实质上制造国家分裂”。 也是在这一天，南京国民政府急电指示中国驻苏联大使蒋廷黻，指示他抓紧与苏方交涉，敦促莫斯科向中共及张、杨施加影响，使蒋平安获释。蒋廷黻对此项使命颇感棘手，因为前一天苏联“两大报纸同时发表重要社评，用意在使世人不疑苏联与叛变有关。”蒋廷黻深知，苏联希望蒋介石抗日，还不希望他“剿共”。南京如能与中共停止内战，一致抗日，一定会受到苏联欢迎。这也正是南京国民政府与苏联前不久秘密会谈时，苏方向蒋介石提出的要求。如果南京能够这样做，苏联定会出手相助，使蒋介石安全获释。于是，在当天傍晚给南京的复电中，蒋廷黻爽快答应与苏联方面尽快交涉，同时建议南京“如能于短期内与西北红军妥协，似亦有补。” 接到南京指令后，蒋廷黻与苏联外交人民委员李维诺夫两次会谈，表达了此一意思。蒋廷黻说：“苏联态度不仅影响中国共产分子，即不信共产主义者亦不少对苏联怀好感，至于用何种方式促进解决，我无建议，我所请者即用尽苏联之道德力量。”并说：“南京责成他探明苏联能否除了表示同情以外，再通过其他途径给予援助。”李维诺夫则回答：“我找不到这样的途径，因为自从张学良离东北后，我们与他没有任何接触。” 12月16日，南京国民政府再给蒋廷黻发去“铣电”，令其加紧与苏联当局交涉，注意搜集苏联与西安事变关系的证据，并询问与苏联谈判需付出什么代价等。 17日，蒋廷黻复电南京，建议：停止“剿共”。他强调只有如此，才能得到苏联帮助。并说：“张叛变如与俄无关，则俄不能助我，如有关则俄必索助我之代价。俄望我抗日，亦望我不'剿共'，俄视两者同重，惟不'剿共'尤急，不出此代价必无成。”关于“苏联与西安事变关系”问题，蒋廷黻当时也“无把握”，他提出，张学良在1936年春曾向他透露，“彼主（张）联俄容共抗日”；苏联驻华大使鲍格莫洛夫回国原因各说不一，“疑其为避嫌疑”，回国后至12月14日才来见我（蒋廷黻），怀疑其“似有意避我”；蒋廷黻赴任中国驻苏联大使时，南京国民政府授之以“全权交涉一切问题”，但苏方“始终推诿”；怀疑张学良有代表驻莫斯科等。蒋廷黻认为，这只是几个疑点，实感“证据不足”。蒋廷黻还建议南京对西安实行“明急而暗缓”的策略，不急于下“讨伐令”，因为“如积极推动军事，院座必有生命危险，且阻碍此间交涉”。 从12月13日至17日，南京国民政府与驻苏联大使蒋廷黻的来往电报，以及苏联政府与苏联的所有交涉，基本上都是围绕怀疑苏联政府与事变有关，如何请苏联帮助安全释放蒋介石来展开。 而苏联正是担心这一点。中国共产党是在苏共的帮助下成立的，并且是共产国际的一个支部，苏联政府无论如何是不能摆脱与中共的联系的，西安事变又是在中共的影响下发生的，这在当时已经是公开的秘密。尤其日本为了煽动南京国民政府反苏，说什么西安事变为“莫斯科魔手”所策划，“张学良独立政府”同苏联已缔结“防御与进攻联盟”。在此情况下，一旦蒋介石被审，必然引发内战，那样中国抗日的力量必将削弱；失去蒋介石的中国，权力的真空必将由亲日派所填补，中日联手对苏，不仅苏联的战略东线失去了缓冲地带和支援的后方，而且苏联的东部和南部几乎全部边境线统统暴露在日本的攻击之下。 那么，苏联要依靠中国拖住日本，只有保住蒋介石的统治地位，才能够避免内战；而保住了蒋介石的统治，也就避免了亲日派上台，而这一切的根本就是要和平解决西安事变。 12月16日，苏联副外交人民委员斯托莫尼亚科夫以特急电报致苏联驻华使馆临时代办斯皮利瓦涅克，命他立即向中国行政院代院长孔祥熙或外交部长张群申明苏联对西安事变的立场。电报说： 1.苏联政府获悉西安事变消息后立即明确表态，斥责张学良的行动，因为这种行动在客观上只能有利于那些企图瓜分和奴役中国的敌人。 2.苏联政府授权您以全权十分明确和坚定地声明，我们政府不言而喻不论过去和现在都同西安事变没有任何关系，而且自从目军占领东三省后与张学良绝未保持任何直接和间接往来。 3.鉴于伪造和诽谤性的报道仍在继续散播，苏联政府授您以全权进一步声明，我政府对中国红军的行动不能负任何责任。 4.中国居然有个别人和报刊摹仿中国的敌人所散布的无耻诽谤，说什么苏联政府与西安事变有某种关系，苏联政府对此极表惊诧和愤慨。苏联政府对此表示抗议并望中国政府采取措施制止这类诬蔑谣言的传播。 这是苏联政府对西安事变态度的正式官方文件。与两天前《真理报》社论的精神完全一致。 南京国民政府没有理会苏联的表态。就在16日这一天，国民党新闻检查机关作出决定：不许刊登苏联官方新闻社塔斯社的新闻稿。原因是，1936年1