Chapter 15 Chapter Two "Zhang Wuji" and "Yang Buhui"

On December 4, 1936, Chiang Kai-shek came to Xi'an again with only a small number of entourages to supervise the battle in person. "Jingying" is located in Lintong Huaqing Pool, 30 kilometers east of Xi'an. Yang Hucheng's garrison is the main force in Xi'an City, and the Northeast Army is mainly in charge of the area around Xi'an, which is not within Chiang Kai-shek's control. Moreover, Yang Hucheng and Zhang Xueliang are also seriously suspected of "communism", but why did he still dare to come? On the one hand, Chiang Kai-shek was originally a person who dared to take risks, and he went through dangerous situations repeatedly throughout his life.

On the other hand, at that time, for the purpose of "coordinating vertically" to check and balance Chiang Kai-shek, Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi, Yan Xishan, and even local warlords including Song Zheyuan of the 29th Army rushed to send representatives to the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Soviet Area Therefore, it is necessary to conclude an agreement with the Red Army "no civil war, and unanimity with the outside world".Therefore, it is almost an open secret that the local warlords want to cooperate with the Red Army, and Chiang Kai-shek is not surprised. On the other hand, Chiang Kai-shek has confidence in his brother Zhang Xueliang. He believes that although Zhang Xueliang is impulsive, he is straightforward, loyal, and easy to grasp.As for Yang Hucheng's loyalty to him, Chiang Kai-shek didn't value it.Not only because Yang Hucheng does not have Zhang Xueliang's status, strength and influence, but also because he has never trusted Yang Hucheng. For example, he chose to settle in Huaqing Pool outside Xi'an instead of Xi'an, because he did not trust Yang Hucheng.

In short, Chiang Kai-shek believed that as long as Zhang Xueliang had no problems, his own safety would not be a problem.However, it was Zhang Xueliang who had a problem. In fact, Chiang Kai-shek still had some scruples about Zhang Xueliang's character. He warned himself in his diary: Don't talk too seriously to Hanqing (Zhang Xueliang).But Chiang Kai-shek has a violent temper. How can his violent personality be controlled? After Chiang Kai-shek arrived at Huaqing Pool, he immediately issued an "ultimatum" to Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, proposing two options for the other party to choose.

In the first plan, the two armies obeyed the order of "suppressing the communists" and went back to the Shaanxi-Gansu front line to launch a full-scale attack on the Red Army with real guns and live ammunition. The second plan, if you don’t want to "suppress the communists", then I'm sorry, please let the Northeast Army go to Fujian, and the 17th Route Army to Anhui, let go of Shaanxi and Gansu, and let the Central Army "suppress". Neither Zhang Xueliang nor Yang Hucheng could accept the two proposals.Especially for the second plan, what the Northeast Army wants is to fight back to its hometown in the Northeast, not to go to the south, and Yang Hucheng is unwilling to give up his roots.

For this reason, on the evening of December 7, Zhang Xueliang rushed to Lintong and once again bluntly remonstrated with Chiang Kai-shek, demanding that "stop the civil war and unite with the outside world." Chiang Kai-shek stated that he did not resist Japan, but that he would wait until the Red Army was "exterminated" before resisting Japan. Chiang Kai-shek was not fooling the other party, he did take some action - not only confirmed the status of the southwest region as the anti-Japanese rear area, but also cooperated with Hitler, borrowed money from the other party to purchase equipment, brought in German consultants, and trained the army as an anti-Japanese war. basic strength.However, due to time constraints, there are currently only about four divisions in the army that have completed training.

But the anxious Zhang Xueliang couldn't accept Chiang Kai-shek's slow movements at all. He emphasized that the anti-Japanese sentiments of all the Northeast Army, especially the middle and lower-level officers and soldiers, were passionate, and all the troops on the front line were ready to automatically organize to support Fu Zuoyi in the anti-Japanese war... Speaking of the excitement, Zhang Xueliang burst into tears , and said that if so, you, Chiang Kai-shek, are "the eternal sinner in Chinese history", and so on. Chiang Kai-shek was furious when he heard this, and immediately put his elder brother's airs on full display, scolded Zhang Xueliang for being young and ignorant, "being fooled by the Communist Party", and scolded Zhang Xueliang head-on and face-to-face.Zhang Xueliang was not yet 36 years old at this time, and he was scolded as a "non-resistance general" all day long.In the end Chiang Kai-shek broke out: Zhang Xueliang, stop talking, even if you kill me, my "communist suppression plan" will not change!

On December 9th, the first anniversary of the "December 9th" student movement, the students took to the streets again. Regarding how to deal with the marching students who demanded "stop the civil war and unite with the outside world", Zhang Xueliang chose to be soft-temporarily agree to the other party's request to stabilize the students, but Chiang Kai-shek chose to be tough-ordering Zhang Xueliang to shoot when necessary. After a quarrel, Chiang Kai-shek scolded Zhang Xueliang again. Unbeknownst to Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang Xueliang's patience had reached its limit.First Young Master Zhang is not a person who can be scolded casually, his personality is very impulsive, he has shown a hundred times of patience in the face of Chiang Kai-shek, the reason why he has endured until now is only because the opponent is Chiang Kai-shek, not because he has no temper.

At this point, the two sides have come to the brink of a break. When the time came to the evening of the 11th, Chiang Kai-shek unilaterally announced that Jiang Dingwen was the commander-in-chief of the former enemy of the "bandit suppression army" in the Northwest, and Wei Lihuang was the commander-in-chief of the border regions of the four provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Suining. You know, Jiang Dingwen's position used to belong to Zhang Xueliang.Chiang Kai-shek's meaning is already very clear: I don't trust you Zhang Xueliang, I want to deprive you Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng of the military power to "suppress the Communists"!

At this point, the two sides have completely broken. That night, when Zhang and Yang returned home, they held a military meeting and decided to "remonstrate Chiang Kai-shek". In the early hours of the 12th, gunshots erupted in the city of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, near Huaqing Pool, and in the city of Lanzhou, Gansu Province. Shao Yuanchong, the veteran of the Kuomintang, Jiang Xiaoxian, the grandnephew of Chiang Kai-shek's family, the deputy head of the bodyguard, and nearly 70 guards were killed. Chen Cheng, Jiang Dingwen, Wei Lihuang and other important officials were captured alive.

Chairman Jiang also failed to escape, and the person who arrested him was Sun Mingjiu, commander of the second battalion of Zhang Xueliang's guard.When he was caught, he was hiding behind a big rock in Lishan Mountain. He was barefoot and bald, wearing only pajamas and pajamas. He was shivering from the cold.It’s understandable that he can’t be cool. At the age of 50, he jumped over the wall and climbed rocks, fled in a hurry, and suffered multiple injuries to his body, especially the injuries to his teeth and lumbar spine. Inseparable from crutches. The armed forces of the Central Faction in Lanzhou were attacked by Yu Xuezhong of the Northeast Army. Nearly 100 people were killed and injured, and more than 1,200 were captured.

This is the "Xi'an Incident", also known as the "Double Twelve Incident", a major event that changed the course of Chinese history. As for the whole process and methods, the recollections of those involved and various credible and unreliable analyses, they have been overwhelming for decades, so there is really no need to repeat them here.However, there is one point to emphasize.Historical data show that this incident was not carefully planned, but the several quarrels between Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang, as well as Chiang Kai-shek's distrust of cutting his military power, inspired the young and vigorous Zhang Xueliang's impulsiveness, and wrote a rich and colorful chapter for the turbulent modern history. a sum. Zhang Xueliang later explained to Tang Degang that the main reason for his weakness in character was that he had never had a "boss" in his life.This statement is reasonable, you know, Zhang Zuolin is his boss, but that is his father, and Chiang Kai-shek is also his boss, but he is an ally.So he can do whatever he wants, sometimes with complete disregard for the consequences. He remonstrated with Chiang Kai-shek, who lost his temper with him, and then he arrested Chiang Kai-shek (you old man, you have such a big temper, and you don't give me face, I want to teach you a lesson), this is Zhang Xueliang in his later years. Oral history explains why he launched the "Xi'an Incident", although the underlying reasons are far from simple. According to the viewpoint of historical materialism: history is a combination of inevitability and contingency. Although the aggregation of the direct conditions for the outbreak of the "Xi'an Incident" at that time was accidental, the ethnic conflict between China and Japan was the main social contradiction at that time. Resistance to Japan is an inevitable trend of social development, so the "Xi'an Incident" is an accidental manifestation of this inevitability. After the incident, the first major thing Zhang and Yang did was to openly send a telegram, saying that they had arrested the leader, and put forward eight political propositions for "saving the country". Nanjing responded quickly. Ignoring Wang Jingwei, who was assassinated at the end of 1935 and was about to recuperate in Europe, Nanjing was divided into two factions—Mrs. ". Soong Meiling's "peaceful settlement" faction is mainly the relatives and friends of Soong Meiling and Chiang Kai-shek, such as Soong Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi, Chen Lifu, and Chen Guofu, which seem to be a bit lonely. Fortunately, Song Meiling's request at this time is very simple: as a wife, she hopes that the person who has been with her all her life can return safely. But the problem is that at this time, except for the telegram sent by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, all ties between Xi'an and the outside world have been cut off, and it is impossible to get any definite news about whether Chiang Kai-shek is alive or not. Let me explain here that in those days, because the communication industry was extremely backward, it was not too difficult to control the news. At the beginning of the incident, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng controlled all military communication facilities, radio stations, telegraph bureaus and newspaper offices, basically cutting off the communication channels with the outside world.Moreover, because the mutiny had not been brewed and prepared for a long time, the rebellion was not obvious, and the incident happened so suddenly that all the institutions of the Nanjing Nationalist Government in Shaanxi, including the military command, did not have time to send a warning signal to the outside, and they had already surrendered. . At the moment when Chiang Kai-shek's life and death were uncertain and Soong Meiling was burning with anxiety, Zhang Xueliang sent an explanation telegram specially to Kong Xiangxi and Soong Meiling, promising to "never harm" Chiang Kai-shek, which made Soong Meiling feel relieved. Zhang Xueliang's telegram made Soong Meiling feel that there was still room for maneuver in the matter, so the "peaceful settlement" faction made a safe decision: first send a trustworthy person to Xi'an to understand the situation, and then try to rescue Chiang Kai-shek. It is worth mentioning that at this critical moment, one person stepped forward and stood beside Song Meiling, and he was Dai Li.There is no way not to stand up. First, it is the bounden duty of the military command to defend the leader. Second, the "fall" of the leader in Xi'an has a lot to do with the poor intelligence work of the military command in the northwest. Dai Li cannot absolve himself of the blame.So if you don't want to be laid off, unemployed or even beheaded, you must stand up and make up for the past. Let's talk about the powerful "forced crusade" faction. Its leading figure is He Yingqin, the veteran leader of the Whampoa faction.More than ten years have passed, and newcomers have changed their old looks. He Yingqin, the chief tactical instructor of Whampoa, has quietly become the No. 2 figure in the Nationalist Government. Can't you take over? Therefore, He Yingqin was determined to solve the "Xi'an Incident" by force. Many sources say that He Yingqin was a pro-Japanese faction, and that he wanted to deal with Chiang Kai-shek by force in order to surrender to Japan. This kind of statement is not groundless. After the Great Wall Anti-Japanese War, Zhang Xueliang, who was then in charge of North China, was forced to step down.After that, there were frequent small conflicts between China and Japan in North China. He Yingqin, the newly appointed North China Military and Political Chief of the Nationalist Government, signed the infamous "He Mei Agreement" with Umezu Yoshijiro, commander of the Japanese North China Garrison, based on the principle of "tolerate as much as you can, and procrastinate as long as you can". The Central Army withdraws from North China, Japanese troops (the so-called North China Garrison) legally entered Pingjin.Nominally belonging to the Nationalist Government, but actually a semi-independent regime, the Hebei-Chahar Political Affairs Commission was established. Although Song Zheyuan, the commander of the 29th Army, was the chairman of the committee, under the influence of Japan, especially under the deterrence of the North China Garrison , How much weight can he speak? ! In a word, "North China autonomy" became a reality because of the agreement.It was Kenji Doihara, that damned Japanese pirate, who planned this matter behind the scenes. After the "Ho Mei Agreement" was signed, the "December 9th" student patriotic movement initiated by Communist Hu Fu broke out in Beijing.Hu Fu is a pseudonym, his real name is Liu Shaoqi.As a result, He Yingqin used the military and police to suppress the student movement. You, He Yingqin, didn't shoot the Japanese with a gun, but beat the students here!This should be the origin of He Yingqin's pro-Japanese relationship. Not only He Yingqin advocated the use of force to resolve the "Xi'an Incident", but there were also two powerful characters behind him who contributed to the flames. They are the backbone of the Blue Shirts Club, He Zhonghan and Deng Wenyi, and they can be regarded as the political leaders of the younger generation.The idea of ​​these two brothers is this: if Principal Jiang is released, he will be the "King of Qin"; The eldest brother He Yingqin is also one of his own. Looks like the perfect speculative scheme! In fact, the actions of these two brothers are not surprising. In the officialdom, there is no eternal alliance, it just depends on whether you can follow the right person.Unfortunately, this time the two followed the wrong one. He Zhonghan and Deng Wenyi, in the name of the Whampoa Alumni Association and the Blue Shirts Club, supported He Yingqin as the temporary commander-in-chief of the Army, Navy and Air Force.Not to mention that, the two also recruited hundreds of graduates from various central military academies, and organized a "dispossession group" to go to Tongguan to rescue the principal by force. After deciding on the strategy, the "Suppression by Force" faction announced Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng as "rebels" on the day of the "Xi'an Incident". Tongguan and Xianyang besieged Xi'an, and the leader Chiang Kai-shek was rescued by force. The development of the "Xi'an Incident" exceeded Zhang Xueliang's expectations.The rebellious army came fiercely, Tongguan was lost in just two days, and there was no danger in Guanzhong. When Zhang Xueliang held Lao Jiang hostage, he thought that as long as he raised his arms, followers would gather.He thought that forcing Chiang to resist Japan should be a very popular thing. Didn’t those student children march every day to demand that the government stop the civil war and unite in resisting Japan? Unexpectedly, the public opinion is now one-sided. Except for the areas controlled by the Red Army, all parties basically blame Zhang and Yang for the "Xi'an Incident", sympathize with and support Chiang Kai-shek, and criticize Zhang and Yang. Articles and telegrams are pouring in like a snowflake. No way?How could such a righteous action be so despised by public opinion?This is caused by three reasons. First, relatively speaking, although Generalissimo Chiang was not an ideal leader at the time, there were few people who were better than him.In the ten years after Chairman Chiang came to power (1927), although the war continued, the national government still made slight progress in the fields of economy, culture, education, military affairs, and diplomacy, and achieved the highest level since 1840. Golden Decade".Therefore, most people in the country approve of Chairman Chiang's performance in power, and he has a certain prestige among the people.Therefore, when Zhang Xueliang kidnapped the leader "outrageously", celebrities such as Hu Shi, Zhu Ziqing, and Wen Yiduo wrote articles condemning Zhang and Yang for "resisting the enemy in the name of destroying the Great Wall, and being a sinner of the nation." Second, the betrayal of Huang Yongan, Zhang Xueliang's old subordinate, enabled He Yingqin to deal with it in advance.After receiving Zhang Xueliang's secret telegram on the day of the incident, this "anti-boned boy" not only failed to follow the order to mobilize the army to deal with the Central Army, but immediately informed the Nanjing Central Committee.Therefore, He Yingqin already knew what happened in Xi'an before the telegram of explanation sent by Zhang and Yang to the Nanjing Central Committee arrived.He Yingqin reacted quickly on the day of the incident. While mobilizing the army to march towards Xi'an, he also controlled public opinion propaganda in advance—focusing on the fact that Zhang and Yang mutinied and arrested the leaders, while ignoring their purpose of resisting Japan and saving the country. News from Xi'an and public opinions favorable to Zhang and Yang appeared in the media.As a result, Zhang and Yang fell into a passive position in public opinion. Third, Li Zongren, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang and other local warlords who vowed to oppose Chiang to the end and frequently accused Chiang Kai-shek of not resisting the Japanese were all dumb, and even Yan Xishan drank Zhang Xueliang's booing! Yan Laoxier publicly sent a telegram to Zhang and Yang, but not only did he not support, understand, or sympathize in the content of the telegram, he asked four questions and asked five "hustles". Enthusiasm, an action that endangers the country" is the finishing touch of a sentence, which is completely a face of gloating. Only now did Zhang Xueliang see through the minds of these local warlords, adding up to two words: hypocrisy and selfishness. No one in the local warlords was willing to risk the disapproval of the world to support Zhang and Yang. He Yingqin in Nanjing wants to send troops to attack the "rebels". As for Xi’an, out of concern that Chiang Kai-shek might be “torn up” by the Northwest Army, Zhang Xueliang brought Chiang Kai-shek under his control, had good tea, food and hospitality every day, and told him his original intention of initiating the incident whenever he was free. Tears fell when he said it, but Lao Jiang's attitude was like a stone in a latrine, smelly and hard. Even as a prisoner, he completely ignored Zhang Xueliang's request to "stop suppressing the Communist Party." Chiang Kai-shek became a hot potato, but he dared not kill him, and he couldn't let him go.Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng were also a little confused: How did things turn out like this? Under the opposition and condemnation of all parties, the helpless Zhang and Yang could only pin their hopes on the Red Army, especially the support of the Soviet government promised by the Communist Party when it established a cooperative relationship among the three parties.However, the Soviet government first accused the "Xi'an Incident" in its news media tools "Pravda" and "Izvestia" as a criminal attempt by "traitor" Zhang Xueliang, and then sent a commissioner to explain to the Nanjing government that we have nothing to do with the "Xi'an Incident" No relationship, nor any responsibility for the actions of the Chinese Red Army (The first series of "Xi'an Incident Materials" edited by the Modern History Research Office of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). Behind the realistic attitude of the Soviets eager to disregard the relationship, the hidden truth is this. Stalin worried that the "Xi'an Incident" would split China, which would lead to China being easily taken over by the Japanese.If this worry comes true, then the Soviet Union will face its old enemy Japan in Asia, and its old enemy Germany, which is stronger and more dangerous than Japan in Europe, and thus fall into a desperate situation between Germany and Japan.For this reason, Stalin thought of a countermeasure: blame Jiangdong.Let Japan's troubles spread in China, and even support China's weapons and ammunition when necessary, so that Japan will fall into the quagmire of the war against China and be unable to invade the Soviet Union.To put it simply, at the expense of China, hold Japan back, and a Chinese government that can effectively resist Japanese aggression is the key to the success of this plan. Obviously, among the people who had been in charge of the government of the Republic of China at that time, there seemed to be no more comprehensive and powerful candidate than Chiang Kai-shek.Therefore, Stalin immediately adopted an attitude of resolutely opposing the "Xi'an Incident", and he wanted to keep Chiang Kai-shek. Stalin's reaction far exceeded Zhang Xueliang's expectations.This was definitely a huge blow to Zhang Xueliang. Zhang Xueliang, who was a little panicked, only had the Red Army as his life-saving straw. However, Zhang and Yang didn't communicate with the Communist Party in advance about such a big matter as arresting Chiang Kai-shek, so that the Communist Party couldn't believe it when it first got the news.But this news still made everyone very happy. Most people, including the always mature and prudent boss Zhu, advocated that the old dictator should be tried first and then killed quickly.However, Zhang Wentian and Zhou Enlai did not lose their composure because of their excitement. They believed that the situation was complicated at this time, and they should not express their opinions in a hurry, but just wait and see what happened (the first series of "Xi'an Incident Information Series" edited by Liu Dongshe). Just when the communists were at a loss for what to do, Zhang Xueliang called for help. On the 14th, on the one hand, Zhang Xueliang asked the Red Army to send troops to take over the defense of the Northeast Army and jointly deal with the Central Army; on the other hand, he asked Zhou Enlai to come to Xi'an as soon as possible. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to agree to Zhang Xueliang's request and send Zhou Enlai to Xi'an for mediation. Zhou Enlai's assistant on this trip to Xi'an was Ye Jianying. As Chiang Kai-shek's old subordinates, the two had fought desperately with the old leader Chiang Kai-shek for nearly ten years. On the 17th, Zhou Enlai arrived in Xi'an, and it was Zhang Xueliang's adjutant named Lu Zhengcao who contacted Zhou Enlai and his party.Maybe Lu Zhengcao’s reputation is not obvious, but you must be familiar with his heroic deeds, because the anti-Japanese deeds mentioned in the red classic patriotic education film are "landmine warfare", "tunnel warfare", "plain guerrillas", and "armed workers in the enemy's rear" And so on, all from the hands of this person. Zhou Enlai did not know the attitude of the Soviet Union until he arrived in Xi'an.The reason why I found out so late is that the information in northern Shaanxi is blocked, and the second is that the telegram sent by the Communist International to the CCP has not been deciphered due to a wrong password.Zhou Enlai quickly reported the attitude of the Soviet Union to Mao Zedong, and said that He Yingqin in Nanjing had bad intentions, and Song Meiling and Song Ziwen advocated peace. After receiving the urgent report from Zhou Enlai, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China immediately held a meeting to study countermeasures. They did not know and could not control why the Soviet Union had such an attitude, but everyone knew one thing: Stalin’s opinions need to be respected, because the revolution cannot be separated from the Soviet Union at this stage. assistance.At the meeting, it was finally decided that Chiang Kai-shek could not be killed now, and that the "Xi'an Incident" should be resolved through peaceful negotiations. In this way, a decision to change the fate of the Chinese nation was born in the hands of the Communist Party of China, which was not the most powerful at that time. Just before Zhou Enlai arrived in Xi'an, with the efforts of the "peaceful settlement" faction, Soong Meiling overcame He Yingqin's obstruction and sent an envoy to Xi'an. accept. After Duanna made a match, Song Meiling finally knew for sure that her husband was still alive, and also realized the possibility of a peaceful solution to the incident.After that, Soong Meiling, Soong Ziwen, and Kong Xiangxi used all available relationships and connections, and finally got the Kuomintang Central Committee to pass the proposal of "Song Ziwen negotiated peacefully on behalf of the National Government". The struggle involved is untestable, but if you think about it with your heels, you can see that He Yingqin, who tried every means to make Chiang Kai-shek die quickly, was in the way, and the difficulty of passing this proposal can be imagined. Of course, He Yingqin is not stupid. You Song Ziwen can negotiate, but I have a condition: I only give you four days. Within four days, the planes will not bomb and the army will not attack.But if the four-day deadline has passed and no solution is found, the attack will continue. On the 20th, Song Ziwen, a representative of the National Government, Chiang Kai-shek's brother-in-law, and Zhang Xueliang's good friend, came to Xi'an. After Song Ziwen was allowed to visit Chiang Kai-shek, he handed over Soong Meiling's personal letter.It said: If Ziwen doesn't return within three days, then my sister will come to Shanxi to live and die with my brother.Moved Chiang Kai-shek to tears. However, being "kidnapped" by his subordinates this time is really too embarrassing, and his prestige has been greatly damaged. Besides, there is no suitable step down now, so Chiang Kai-shek still refuses to give in.Not only did he not give in, but he also forced himself to act bravely and fearlessly, wrote a will, and asked Song Ziwen to take it back and hand it over to Song Meiling. Song Ziwen knew that only Soong Meiling could soften Chiang Kai-shek's attitude, and only if Chiang Kai-shek's stance softened, could the Xi'an crisis be resolved peacefully, so he contacted Soong Meiling: Sister, time is running out, come quickly! Soong Meiling's special plane arrived in Xi'an on the 22nd. She was accompanied by Duanna, who made a special trip back to Nanjing from Xi'an, and accompanied Soong Meiling from Nanjing to Xi'an, and Dai Li. The special plane landed slowly, and Song Meiling, who walked down the gangway, saw Zhang Xueliang who made a special trip to greet her. After reuniting after a long absence, the first meeting in Shanghai Twelve Years ago will probably appear in the minds of both of them.The years are ruthless, and the original feelings have gone with the wind. Now that Luo Fu has a husband, so that the king has a wife, the mutual appreciation in the past can only be hidden in the bottom of my heart. When Song Meiling walked into Chiang Kai-shek's room, Chiang Kai-shek burst into tears and blamed his wife for committing a dangerous situation.After that, outsiders had no way of knowing what the two talked about together, but Chiang Kai-shek's attitude began to soften significantly. Analyzing from the perspective of Zhuge Liang in hindsight, the conversation between the two was nothing more than the following points: 1. Zhang and Yang are forcing the palace outside, and He Yingqin is making trouble inside. If he does not agree to "stop the civil war and fight against Japan together", his life will be in danger.This point can be confirmed by Soong Meiling's words in Chiang Kai-shek's diary at that time, "It is better to fight against Japan than to die against the enemy". Second, if Chiang Kai-shek unfortunately dies, China may fall into civil strife caused by the redistribution of power, which is easy for Japan to take advantage of. Three, it is really hard to let go of the love between husband and wife. On the second day after Chiang Kai-shek and Song Meiling met alone, Song Meiling personally participated in the negotiations with Zhou Enlai, and verbally reached a number of agreements including "stop suppressing the Communist Party" and "preparing to resist Japan."Not only that, Soong Meiling also promised to distribute supplies to the Red Army, give the Red Army a designation and include the Red Army in the "National Revolutionary Army" sequence, allowing the Communist Party to regain its legal status. On this basis, Chiang Kai-shek met with Zhou Enlai. In front of Zhou Enlai, Chiang Kai-shek, as the former leader, still put on airs very well. He said to Zhou Enlai: Enlai, you are my old subordinate, you should listen to me. Zhou Enlai's reply was reasonable and restrained: as long as Mr. Jiang stopped the civil war and unitedly resisted Japan, not only I personally but also our Red Army could follow Mr. Jiang's command. Next, Chiang Kai-shek reiterated his promise to Zhou Enlai in person, and after confirming Chiang Kai-shek's guarantee, Zhou Enlai left. So far, the "Xi'an Incident" was resolved peacefully. Chiang Kai-shek was able to return to Nanjing safely, the difficult situation of the CCP and the Red Army was improved, and the country was finally able to stop the civil war. In particular, the Anti-Japanese War was about to break out, which highlighted the special significance of this armistice. The "Xi'an Incident" seems to be that Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped and his life was in danger, and he was a victim.But in the end, he too was a winner. First, after the incident, although Guangxi, Shanxi and even North China were still in a semi-independent state, and it was still difficult for Chiang Kai-shek to intervene in the economy, personnel, and military affairs, the above-mentioned places reached a consensus on the all-out war of resistance and support for Chiang Kai-shek. This was Chiang Kai-shek's first For the first time, he won the full support of various political factions.Even if this kind of support may be superficial, it also made Chiang Kai-shek's reputation rise instead of falling, and he became an anti-Japanese leader who did his part. Second, in order to unite Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan, the Soviet Union not only sent Wang Ming back to China to check and balance Mao Zedong, but also released Chiang Ching-kuo. In 1937, Chiang Ching-kuo returned to China, where he had bid farewell for twelve years.Chiang Kai-shek met his beautiful Belarusian daughter-in-law Jiang Fangliang for the first time while meeting his son and career successor who had been away for many years. What about Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, the initiators of the "Xi'an Incident"?How were the two of them dealt with? After the "Xi'an Incident" was peacefully resolved, Zhang Xueliang refused to listen to the dissuasion of the crowd, and was willing to escort Chiang Kai-shek back to Nanjing alone to show his courage to take responsibility. Zhang Xueliang dared to do this, apart from his own courage, there should be another important reason, that is, he and Chiang Kai-shek had reached a certain consensus on this matter.What this consensus was was not known at the time.But one thing is obvious: Chiang Kai-shek should have made a promise of leniency, which is why Soong Meiling blamed herself many times in her later years-we are sorry for Han Qing. Everyone knows that Zhang Xueliang was placed under house arrest by Chiang Kai-shek for a long time shortly after he arrived in Nanjing. It was not until the death of Chiang Kai-shek and his son Chiang Ching-kuo that Zhang Xueliang was ninety years old that he regained his freedom.During Zhang Xueliang's life of confinement for half a century, the person who has been with him is the magnificent, gentle and pleasant Miss Zhao Si. After Zhang Xueliang regained his freedom, he had no taboos in speaking to reporters, but he rarely talked about the "Xi'an Incident", and he kept silent about whether Chiang Kai-shek had promised him back then. But when Zhang Xueliang admitted that he was under house arrest, Soong Meiling took good care of him.So a smart reporter tentatively asked him: Is it because Mrs. Jiang is still there, you don't want to mention some sensitive issues to annoy her?Zhang Xueliang didn't speak, just smiled and patted the reporter's thigh. Therefore, everyone can only wait patiently, waiting for Zhang Xueliang to have the opportunity to personally tell some important details of the "Xi'an Incident" that everyone is eager to know but cannot know.Zhang Xueliang lived a very long life. In 2001, he had just passed away at the age of 100.Mrs. Jiang was more able to live. On an autumn night in 2003, 106-year-old Song Meiling disappeared along with the pale yellow leaves on Manhattan Avenue.The mystery of the year remains unsolved. After Zhang Xueliang was placed under house arrest, an internal strife broke out within the Northeast Army, killing each other and falling apart. The history of the Northeast Army as a military group came to an end. It was called the "February 2 Incident" in history. According to Gao Chongmin, who served as Zhang Xueliang's secretary, personally experienced the "Xi'an Incident", and later served as the vice chairman of the Central Committee of the China Democratic League (NLD), in his book "Miscellaneous Talks on the Xi'an Incident", briefly introduce the "February 2 Incident". After Zhang Xueliang was placed under house arrest, Sun Mingjiu and others from the young and strong faction of the Northeast Army took advantage of Yang Hucheng's inclination to fight, and joined forces with Song Wenmei, Wang Jinzai and others from the 17th Route Army to kill Sixty-seven Army commander Wang Yizhe and others demanded an immediate decisive battle with the Central Army.This action caused several other commanders of the Northeast Army to be filled with righteous indignation, and they mistakenly believed that Yang Hucheng connived at the young men's faction to use killing methods to intimidate the Northeast Army to fight.As a result, some of the several armies of the Northeast Army took refuge in the Central Army, and some led their troops to attack Xi'an to avenge Wang Yizhe and others.Because about 20,000 troops of Yang Hucheng's 17th Route Army had defected to the Central Army during the "Xi'an Incident", the remaining about 40,000 horses, facing the Northeast Army's attack and the Central Army's looting, had no choice but to surrender.Yang Hucheng himself was forced to go abroad for inspection and left the army.As a result, the Northeast Army and the Seventeenth Route Army were completely disintegrated. Briefly analyze the game behind the "February 2 Incident". Regarding the banning of Zhang Xueliang, the basic attitude of the Northeast Army is that the young faction headed by Sun Mingjiu will fight—rescue Zhang Xueliang by force, and the veteran faction headed by Wang Yizhe will not fight—negotiate to rescue Zhang Xueliang, while Yang Hucheng is inclined to fight. Behind the propositions of each faction are hidden their own interests. Let's look at the young school first.The Young and Strong faction is a small group formed by some middle and lower-level officers supported by Zhang Xueliang because of the disobedience and gradual corruption of the senior officers of the Northeast Army (that is, the Veteran faction). Before the "Xi'an Incident", the young faction and the veteran faction fought fiercely for military power, and the contradictions were deep.At that time, the veteran faction had the support of the army under them, and although the young and strong faction was not strong in military strength, but with the support of Zhang Xueliang behind them, the two sides could fight evenly.But the problem is, now that the "Xi'an Incident" has been resolved peacefully, Zhang Xueliang can't come back, and the army that the Young and Strong faction can directly mobilize in Xi'an is a battalion of guards under Sun Mingjiu.Is it possible to make the meat on the chopping board, so that the elders can chop it as they want?Moreover, the "Xi'an Incident" was mainly launched by the young faction. Could it be that they just sat in Xi'an and waited for Chiang Kai-shek to settle accounts after the fall? For the young faction headed by Sun Mingjiu, if they want to turn the situation around, they can't wait to die, and they can't let the "Xi'an Incident" be resolved peacefully.There seemed to be only one way left in front of them - fighting, the so-called rescue of Zhang Xueliang by force.Therefore, the young and strong faction wanted to kill Zhuhe’s veteran faction, recruit Song Wenmei and Wang Jinzai, generals of the 17th Route Army who fought against the central government during the “Xi’an Incident”, and threaten the entire Northeast Army, Northwest Army, and even the Communist Party and the Central Army to start a war ( Gao Chongmin's "Xi'an Incident Miscellaneous Talk"), in order to fight for the leadership of the Northeast Army and save his own destiny. For the veteran faction, if Zhang Xueliang comes back, they will be cleared out by Zhang Xueliang sooner or later.But now because the incident was resolved peacefully, you only need to change to a new boss (Chiang Kai-shek) and work in a new place (leaving Shaanxi, leaving the Red Army, and changing to another place to garrison), and you can still command your own troops and continue to be the original officer. In addition, the central government allocates military expenditures, and the overall treatment is better. Why give up vested interests and go to war? As for Yang Hucheng, as one of the protagonists who arrested Chiang Kai-shek, if the "Xi'an Incident" is resolved peacefully, his fate is probably to be completely excluded by Chiang Kai-shek and lose his own army. If there is a war, he may still have some money to negotiate with Chiang Kai-shek.Why not treat a dead horse as a living horse doctor? Therefore, the concept of fighting by force and peace may not be true, saving Zhang Xueliang may not be true, and even the anti-Japanese shouting may not be true. This is not an unfounded inference. The protagonist of the "February 2 Incident", the "hero" Sun Mingjiu who captured Chiang in Huaqingchi, later defected to the Japanese and became a big traitor. Yang Hucheng, the leader of the Northwest Army who indulged in the "February 2 Incident", was placed under house arrest after returning to China.When the Kuomintang was about to lose to Taiwan, Yang Hucheng and his wife Xie Baozhen and a pair of children were killed, along with Song Qiyun and his wife and their son Song Zhenzhong, also known as Xiaoluotou. Why did Chiang Kai-shek keep Zhang Xueliang and kill Yang Hucheng?According to the scholar Tang Degang's explanation, the relationship between Yang Hucheng and Chiang Kai-shek was far less intimate than that between Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek.Second, Yang Hucheng originally intended to kill Chiang Kai-shek during the incident, and during the negotiations he advocated not to let Chiang Kai-shek go back to Nanjing easily. The incident was resolved peacefully, and the three insiders, He Yingqin, He Zhonghan, and Deng Wenyi, were out of luck. As the patriarch of the Whampoa Clan, He Yingqin has high popularity among the direct line troops of the national army.Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek can only evade him, and cannot simply solve him like Yang Hucheng, otherwise it will cause the division of the direct army.So after that, He Yingqin served as the Minister of Military and Political Affairs for 15 years, and occasionally he could get a position like commander or chief of staff, but he never had the opportunity to lead troops to kill. commander. 蒋介石对待贺衷寒、邓文仪两人的办法，与何应钦有所不同。 蒋介石对待黄埔军校学生的态度，可以说是史上难见的大度——即便犯了包括造反在内的严重错误，只要肯认错，都会获得一个改过自新的机会。以贺衷寒和邓文仪的机灵劲，认错态度自然是很好很诚恳，很深刻很沉痛。 后来，贺衷寒继续搞政工工作，甚至在退到台湾之后再次显现出非凡的才干，作为交通部部长为台湾的经济腾飞立下了汗马功劳。 邓文仪也活得挺滋润，同样一直在他擅长的政治领域发光发热。而且这位兄台比贺衷寒长寿，居然能在20世纪90年代回到大陆看看，跟当年莫斯科中山大学的同学邓小平、黄埔同学徐向前追忆往昔，笑看风云，真乃人生莫大的乐趣！ 贺衷寒、邓文仪此次造反的工具和心血之作——蓝衣社的命运，则走到了尽头。 没有任何一个独裁团体能长久地廉洁、激情，这是由权力的本质决定的。一个党派、一个团体垄断了权力，那么它的内部也必然会出现个人垄断权力的冲动，这就必然会引发权力斗争和权力腐败，所以蓝衣社的堕落实属正常。 蓝衣社在接下来的两年内被彻底解散，部分成员加入了一个新的党团组织——“三民主义青年团”（即“三青团”），领导全国的青年力量，服务抗战。