Chapter 6 Chapter Five: The Establishment of the Red Regime in the Three Counties

Chaling, located in the eastern border of Hunan Province, got its name because of the many mountains in its territory, which is located in the “Yin of the Tea Mountains”.Since ancient times, because it is located at the "head of Wu and the tail of Chu", it is a key point of communication between Hunan and Jiangxi, and has always been a battleground for military strategists. During the first civil war, the mass movement in Chaling was in full swing. In July 1926, the Sixth Division and the Fourth Division of the Second Army of the Northern Expedition entered Chaling via the east of Guangxi, and a branch of the Communist Party of China was established in Chaling. Under the leadership of Communist Party members Yang Kongwan and Tan Minjue, the Chaling County Agricultural Association was established. , trade unions, student federations, and women's federations, and established a peasant self-defense army.But all of this was finally destroyed by the bloody suppression of the Kuomintang reactionaries. After the "Ma Ri Incident", the communists of the CCP's Chaling Special Branch awakened in the baptism of blood, collected dozens of comrades and dozens of guns, and used the Tanwan mountainous area as a barrier to wage a desperate struggle against the enemy.

In order to open up the work of Chaling, when Mao Zedong led the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants to guerrilla along the border of Hunan and Jiangxi to Shuikou, Lingxian County, Hunan Province, he sent Wanxi to lead a battalion and two companies to Anren, Chaling and other places to contain the enemies who attacked Lingxian County and attack them. In the rear, force the enemy to return to aid. On October 21, 1927, Wanxi led the first battalion, third and fourth companies to occupy Chaling City.The governor of Chaling's yamen and the gentry and landlord fled after hearing the news.The Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army ransacked the county office, smashed the police station and prison, and rescued the detained peasant movement cadres and the masses.

The struggle of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants in Chaling made the people of Chaling, who were in white terror, see the dawn of hope. In order to prevent the enemy from counterattacking, two days later, the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants voluntarily withdrew from Chaling, returned to Jinggangshan, and joined the regiment headquarters and the first battalion led by Mao Zedong.Then we went back to Maoping together. After Mao Zedong convened a meeting of the leaders of the three county party organizations in Xiangshan Nunnery, after careful consideration, he decided to attack Chaling again when Li Zongren, the new warlord of the Kuomintang, launched a war against Tang Shengzhi, most of the enemies in Hunan were involved, and the enemy troops were transferred from Chaling. .

In order to win the battle, Mao Zedong decided that the regiment headquarters, the first battalion and the secret service company should be led by Chen Hao, the head of the regiment, and Wan Xi, the party representative of the first battalion, to attack with all their strength. In the early morning of November 16, the troops participating in the attack on Chaling set out in Dalong, Ninggang. Mao Zedong rushed from Maoping to Dalong to review the expedition troops.His foot injury has not healed and he cannot go out with the army.Looking at all the soldiers in high spirits, Mao Zedong delivered a passionate speech.He said: "Comrades, after nearly a month of recuperation, we will go to the front line to fight today! Now that Chaling County is empty, we will take advantage of the vacancy and get off to a good start! Originally, I really wanted to go with everyone However, I want to make a revolution, but this foot does not allow me to make a revolution, so I can only wish you all the best and come back triumphantly!"

"Resolutely take Chaling!" The soldiers of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army made a heroic oath. On November 17, the army defeated the harassment of the Luo Keshao door-to-door regiment, and sneaked into Zhongyao, which is across the river from Chaling County, overnight. In the early morning of the 18th, soldiers from the Lulu Revolutionary Army disguised themselves as ordinary people selling firewood and vegetables and sneaked into Chaling City.After entering the city, soldiers in disguise eliminated the enemy soldiers guarding the city gate, and the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army rushed into the city immediately.The enemy guarding the city were still puzzled, so they became prisoners of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army. Luo Ding, the commander of Qingxiang in eastern Hunan, and Liu Bake, the pseudo-county magistrate, fled after hearing the news.

Chaling once again returned to the hands of the revolutionary people. Chaling was defeated, but the regime remained.After the fall of Chaling, only one county people's committee was established, and Tan Zisheng, who had once been the county magistrate of Jingde, Anhui, was appointed as the county magistrate. yamen.The head of the regiment, Chen Hao, and other troop leaders wanted to enjoy themselves and eat a package of meals.Leave the local tyrants behind and don't fight, just ask the chamber of commerce to send military salaries, and don't carry out mass work to prepare for the enemy.

The people of Chaling passed the county government gate, probed their heads, were speechless, and left in disappointment.This is a new government that "changes the soup but not the medicine". One day, the Zhongyao Township Farmer's Association sent Chen Laosan, an evil gentry who had transferred money, to ask the county people's committee to deal with it, but was bumped into by a drunken Chen Hao.Chen Hao asked them to rise up and beat the drums.After the farmers beat the drums, Chen Hao slapped the gavel with the attitude of a "county grandpa".When Chen Laosan was asked that he owned 190 mu of land, Chen Hao reprimanded the cadres of the peasant association for not offending Chen Laosan, because he was not a big landlord because he had less than 200 mu of land.The cadres of the peasant association and the farmers were so angry that they grabbed Chen Laosan and left.I ran into Wan Xixian on the road, and knew that this "old Wan" was for the poor, so I told Wan Xixian the fifty-one.After hearing this, Wan Xi said to them: "There are few large landowners in the border area. It is Commissar Mao's consistent position to overthrow the small and medium landowners and confiscate all land to the peasants. You must take good care of Chen Laosan, carry out the struggle to expose the peasants, and mobilize the peasants to revolution!" The peasants were satisfied away.But Wan Xixian was hated by Chen Hao and others because of this.

Later, Wan Xi first wrote a report letter to Mao Zedong about the situation in Chaling, and sent someone to Maoping urgently.After Mao Zedong received the letter, he felt the seriousness of the problem.Immediately wrote back instructions: "The new regime cannot follow the Kuomintang. It is necessary to establish a government of workers, peasants and soldiers, and mobilize the masses to fight." "Interview with Comrade Tan Zhenlin Records".Internal interview materials. According to Mao Zedong's instructions, Wan Xi first convened a meeting with the leaders of the Chaling County Party Committee, the Federation of Trade Unions, the county farmers' association, and the party representatives of the army companies, read out Mao Zedong's letter, and re-discussed the Chaling issue.After negotiation, in view of the lack of time to convene the county congress of workers, peasants and soldiers, all parties elected their own representatives to form the county government of workers, peasants and soldiers.Among them, Tan Zhenlin, the workers' representative, Li Bingrong, the farmer's representative, and Chen Shiju, the soldier's representative.The meeting unanimously elected Tan Zhenlin, a printing worker who was an apprentice and chairman of the County Federation of Trade Unions, as the chairman of the Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government of Chaling County.

On November 28, the first red political power on the border between Hunan and Jiangxi—the Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government of Chaling County was established.On the day of its founding, the red flags on both sides of the river were unfurled, and thousands of people celebrated the birth of this new regime with great joy. The painted plaque of "County Magistrate's Office" was smashed, and the signboard of "Chaling County Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government" was hung up, with a pair of red couplets on both sides: Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government, Soviet spirit.Communist Party members and intellectuals Yang Shaozhen, Luo Shangde, Luo Qingshan, Chen Shutong, etc. respectively served as the heads of the civil affairs, finance, internal affairs, and youth workers departments of the county government.

The people's government is for the people.After the establishment of the Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government of Chaling County, it immediately issued a notice calling on the broad masses of workers and peasants to rise up for revolution, build workers' and peasants' armed forces, and punish local tyrants and evil gentry. While the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants was carrying out mass work in Chaling, the Eighth Army of Wu Shang, the enemy of Hunan, took advantage of the end of the scuffle between the warlords of Guangdong and Guangxi, returned to their old nest, and rushed towards Chaling from the direction of Anren and Youxian with a group of people.

The situation is very serious.The Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army has only one battalion, and it is very dangerous to fight recklessly.At this time, they were supposed to return to Ninggang as soon as possible, but the regiment leader Chen Hao ordered the dismantling of the East Gate Floating Bridge and a decisive battle with the enemy. The demolition of the east gate pontoon bridge cut off the way back for the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army to return to the division.Wan Xixian and others stated the unfavorable factors of this move to Chen Hao, but they were strongly opposed by regiment leader Chen Hao, deputy regiment commander Xu Shu, chief of staff Han Zhuangjian, first battalion commander Huang Ziji and others.They believe that fighting to the death is a "good strategy" to motivate soldiers to fight the enemy bravely.Soldiers take obedience to orders as their bounden duty, so Wan Xixian and others had no choice but to carry out the orders and take a defensive attitude in secret. On December 26, a regular regiment of the Eighth Army of the enemy Wushang gathered door-to-door regiments from several counties in Hunan and launched a fierce attack on Chaling.With the cooperation of people from all walks of life organized by the Chaling County Party Committee and the county government, as well as guerrillas and red guards, the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army fought bravely and resisted against danger.The battle lasted from morning to afternoon, and the enemy failed to break through Chaling City.However, at this moment, our army's ammunition was about to run out, and it was reported that another army was rushing from the direction of Zhongyao. The mood of failure enveloped Chaling City for a while.However, the team leader Chen Hao and others appeared "extraordinarily calm" and showed joy.Wan Xi first seemed to be puzzled, and contacted Chen Hao and others who ate, drank and played all day long, embezzled and seized gold, rejected the party leadership, and the private escape of the second company commander, the demolition of the East Gate floating bridge and other suspicious actions. It is possible for men to conspire against each other. Things really did not go as Wan Xi expected.It turned out that when the enemy arrived in Anren and You counties, Chen Hao and his gang were terrified, lost faith in the revolution, and began to conspire and rebel.One day, Chen Hao received a man from Hunan named Chen Mingyi, who was the nephew of Fang Dingying, commander of the 13th Army of the enemy.Chen Mingyi said to Chen Hao: Fang Dingying, Commander of the Thirteenth Army, is my uncle and also your dean of education at the Whampoa Military Academy. I can contact you and ask him to give you a nominal number.Chen Hao was overjoyed when he heard the words, and immediately edited a letter, handing it over to Chen Mingyi to secretly contact Fang Dingying.Just now, when it was reported that a troop was coming from Zhongyao, Chen Hao thought it was Fang Dingying who sent him to meet him, and he was secretly happy for a while. However, Chen Hao miscalculated.The team coming from the direction of Zhongyao was the third battalion led by Zhang Ziqing and Wu Zhonghao of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants who lost their way when Dafen was attacked.After they turned into eastern Guangxi, when they went guerrilla to Chongyi area in southern Jiangxi, they accidentally encountered the remnants of the Nanchang Uprising led by Zhu De and Chen Yi and the southern Shonan riot team. Then they replenished ammunition and equipment, and returned to the border of Hunan and Jiangxi according to Zhu De's instructions.When they arrived at the border of Chaling, they found that the Hunan enemy was besieging Chaling heavily. They concluded that the city was our garrison. That night, military leaders discussed the retreat of the revolutionary army.Wan Xixian, Zhang Ziqing, Wu Zhonghao and others agreed that after dawn, the enemy will organize a counterattack, and our army must immediately withdraw from Chaling and return to Ninggang.Chen Hao and others originally wanted to delay the time, wait for Fang Dingying's troops to advance to Chaling, and then force the troops to submit, but they were frightened by the power of Zhang Ziqing and others in front of them, and did not dare to openly turn against each other, so they proposed "withdrawing south" and retreating to southern Hunan. Due to the urgency of the situation, it was inappropriate to argue endlessly, so Wan Xi first temporarily accepted the "south retreat" plan, and decided to retreat after leaving the city. At midnight, the troops secretly left the city.The Chaling County Party Committee and the guerrillas withdrew southward with the army.At dawn the next day, the troops arrived at the mouth of the lake. Hukou is a market town in the south of Chaling City, located on the fork road to Ninggang in the east and Xiangnan in the south.The soldiers were exhausted from continuous fighting and hasty marches.Wan Xi first agreed with Zhang Ziqing that the troops should rest for a while before heading east to Ninggang. When the troops set off, facing the question of where to go, Wan Xixian, Zhang Ziqing, He Tingying, Wu Zhonghao had a heated argument with Chen Hao, Xu Shu, Han Zhuangjian, and Huang Ziji.Facing this stalemate, Chen Hao became impatient, put on the stance of the regiment leader, and used the excuse of further expanding political influence to force the troops to withdraw to the south in an attempt to seek refuge with the enemy's Dingying Department. With Chen Hao and his gang holding military power, the troops had no choice but to divert to the south.However, due to the dissatisfaction of the army and the hearts of the people, the marching speed was slow.The Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army is in danger of changing course. Just as the revolutionary army was in critical condition, Mao Zedong led his troops to Hukou and caught up with the marching troops. "Stop advancing! The troops returned to camp at Hukou!" Chen Bojun, who escorted Mao Zedong, conveyed Mao Zedong's order. It turned out that Mao Zedong had been paying close attention to the situation in Chaling.At that time, the troops going to Chaling were the main force of the workers' and peasants' revolutionary army, and Mao Zedong was always concerned about the fate of this army.Therefore, before the troops left, Mao Zedong Qian and Wan urged Chen Hao to pay attention to all aspects of his work; he also urged Wan Xixian to keep in touch once a week and bring the newspaper back in time after Chaling was conquered.Wan Xixian's letter made Mao Zedong even more worried about this army. When he learned from the newspaper that the Hunan enemy was attacking Chaling, he felt that the army was in danger.So, regardless of his foot disease, he asked Chen Bojun to take a platoon and hurried to Chaling.When they reached the east gate of Chaling County, they saw that the pontoon bridge had been demolished and learned that the troops had moved to the south, so they concluded that the situation had changed and chased them up overnight. The arrival of Mao Zedong, the former party secretary, caused Chen Hao and others to lose their domineering for a while.At night, Mao Zedong held an emergency meeting of cadres above the company level at Wang Qisheng's home in Hukou.At the meeting, Wan Xixian, Zhang Ziqing, He Tingying, Wu Zhonghao and others exposed the ugly behavior of Chen Hao and others in Chaling.Just as the meeting was taking place, the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants intercepted the reply letter sent by Fang Dingying to Chen Hao, and the treachery conspiracy of Chen Hao and others was fully exposed.Under the conclusive evidence, Mao Zedong immediately ordered the arrest of Chen Hao, Xu Shu, Han Zhuangjian, and Huang Ziji. In the early morning of the next day, on the lawn of Hukouwei, Mao Zedong convened a meeting of more than 700 commanders and fighters of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Revolutionary Army. .Mao Zedong pointed out in his speech: "The traitors of the revolution are sad, but the future of the revolution is bright. We are now sitting on the Luoxiao Mountains, with our feet sticking out of Jiangxi and Hunan. To the east are Suichuan and Wan'an, and to the south there are To the east of Guizhou and Chongyi, to the west are Lingxian and Chaling, to the north there are Yongxin and Lianhua, and there are more than ten counties around them, with a population of tens of millions. There is no room for maneuver, and the revolution has a bright future!" Tan Jiashu: " Chaling during the establishment of the Jinggangshan base area".Internal interview materials.So far, the turmoil in Hukou has subsided. After Mao Zedong's speech, the troops rushed eastward and returned to the Ningkang base camp.More than 200 guerrillas from Chaling County also retreated to Ningkang with the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army, and were later incorporated into the second battalion. On December 29, the army held a meeting on Shazhou, Longshi. At the meeting, Mao Zedong listed the crimes of Chen Hao and other four people who defected to the enemy, and executed the four traitors.At the meeting, Mao Zedong also summed up the experience and lessons of fighting Chaling, and announced for the first time the "three major tasks" of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army: first, fight to destroy the enemy; second, fight local tyrants to raise funds; third, publicize the masses and organize The masses, to help the masses establish a revolutionary regime. The "Three Major Tasks" formulated by Mao Zedong for the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants played a very important role in the establishment of the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base and the construction of the People's Army. The formulation and promulgation of the "Three Major Tasks" clarifies the relationship between the military's politics and the military, and shows that the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army is an armed group that performs revolutionary political tasks. In addition to fighting and destroying the enemy, it also needs to do mass work and help the masses establish a revolutionary regime. , but also to raise food and funds, solve economic supplies by themselves, and cannot rely entirely on the local government, so that the political work and military struggle of the troops have more specific and clear goals. The season entered winter, and the mountainous area looked extremely cold, but the commanders and fighters of the Revolutionary Army still wore single clothes.Cold winter threatened the survival of this army of workers and peasants. In order to solve the winter clothes of the troops and expand the red separatist area, Mao Zedong and the former committee decided to attack Suichuan based on the intelligence that Suichuan was weak in defending the enemy. On January 4, 1928, under the leadership of Mao Zedong and Zhang Ziqing, two battalions of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants set off from Long City, Ninggang, braved the biting cold wind, crossed mountains and ridges, marched towards Suichuan, and arrived at Dakeng, an important town in Suichuan. . Dakeng, in the north of Suichuan, is the bandit nest of Xiao Jiabi, a local tyrant and bully in Suichuan.The hatred formed between the revolutionary army in Dafen and Xiao Jiabi in the past made the commanders and fighters who participated in the war burn with anger.When the order to attack was issued, the soldiers of the revolutionary army fought bravely together with the enemy, and the Xiao family fled in embarrassment.Our Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army took advantage of the victory and pursued them, and on the 5th they came to the city of Suichuan. The enemy army stationed in Suichuan City only had an engineering company and local militia armed forces. Hearing that Xiao Jiabi's troops were defeated in Dakeng, they knew that they were no opponents, so they abandoned the city and fled.Our army immediately occupied Suichuan County. Because the enemy spread rumors before the war and slandered our revolutionary army, many citizens were deceived. Therefore, after our army entered the city, the city was deserted and many shops were closed.For this reason, Mao Zedong ordered the troops to carry out division activities in units of squads and platoons to mobilize the masses and open up the situation. In Suichuan, our army seized hundreds of loads of white cloth from the enemy.Mao Zedong immediately instructed to transport it back to Maoping, Ninggang, and put Yu Benmin in charge of setting up a quilt factory. In Suichuan, Mao Zedong inspected the armed situation in Suichuan after the failure of the Great Revolution, commended Wang Cizhen and others who kept 6 guns, and encouraged them to reorganize the Red Guards and carry out armed struggle. On the 8th, Mao Zedong presided over a meeting of party members in Suichuan County in the Catholic Church in Suichuan County, rebuilt the Suichuan County Party Committee, with Chen Zhengren as secretary, and asked the Suichuan County Party Committee of the Communist Party of China to restore and develop the party organization. At this time, He Changgong, who was sent to Changsha to report on the Autumn Harvest Uprising, came to Suichuan.Mao Zedong, Zhang Ziqing and others met with He Changgong and listened to his report.When he learned that He Changgong had contacted the remnants of the Nanchang Uprising led by Zhu De and Chen Yi in Liputou in northern Guangdong, Mao Zedong was very happy.Immediately, it was decided to send He Changgong to Wang Zuo's army to serve as a party representative, so as to win over Wang Zuo's army and reform it. At the same time, Mao Zedong also wrote to the Wan'an County Party Committee, asking them to work hard, move forward, and combine with the revolutionary army, and invited them to come to Suichuan for a joint meeting. On the 10th, the work situation in Suichuan County was basically opened. The citizens who fled also returned to the city. The industrial circles also resumed production, and trade unions in commerce, shipping, wood, workshops and other industries were resumed one after another, and Suichuan County was formed. Workers' Red Guards.Therefore, Mao Zedong left the Workers' and Peasants Revolutionary Army Corps and the spy company in the city to continue to do mass work, and the rest of the troops formed a propaganda team and divided them into three groups to mobilize the masses in rural areas such as Yutian, Caolin, and Dakeng to beat local tyrants and raise funds. son. In the middle of the year, Mao Zedong hosted a joint meeting of the county committees of Suichuan and Wan'an counties at Wuhua Academy in the county seat.Zeng Tianyu, Zhang Shixi, Zeng Yansheng, Liu Guangwan, etc. from Wan'an, Chen Zhengren, Wang Ruilin, Wang Zuonong, etc. from Suichuan, and representatives of the Front Committee of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army Wan Xixian, Zhang Ziqing, etc. attended the meeting.At this meeting, Mao Zedong proposed for the first time the "twelve-character tactics" of guerrilla warfare that "the enemy comes and we go, the enemy camps and we harass, the enemy retreats and we chase" to deal with the enemy's attack.Chen Zhengren and others remembered this clearly.Chen Zhengren: "The Struggle to Establish the "Workers' and Peasants' Armed Separatist Regime" on the Hunan-Jiangxi Border."Internal interview materials. After the joint meeting, Mao Zedong went back and forth between Suichuan County and Caolinyu, directly leading the work of dividing troops and mobilizing the masses. ". After Chen Zhengren and others first drafted the "Interim Political Program of Suichuan County Workers and Peasants Government", Mao Zedong personally revised it. The "Government Outline" involves more than 30 administrative measures and methods related to politics, military affairs, culture, land, production and people's lives, which collectively represent the political propositions of the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base in the early days.In order to make it easy for the masses to understand, Mao Zedong replaced some esoteric sentences with easy-to-understand language when revising.For example, "No child abuse" was changed to "No adults are allowed to beat children", "Abolition of bride price" was changed to "No money for begging wives" and so on. On January 23, the Suichuan County Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government was ready.On this day, the comrades in charge of publicity drafted several couplets, intending to post them on both sides of the rostrum, and they always felt inappropriate to choose from.At this time, Mao Zedong happened to come. Everyone knew that he was talented, so they asked him to choose him.After reading it with great interest, Mao Zedong took out one of the pairs and changed a few words. Everyone applauded after seeing it.In this way, the couplet revised by Mao Zedong is: On the 24th, it was the second day of the Lunar New Year, and the weather was warmer and sunny.Early in the morning, 10,000 to 20,000 workers and peasants gathered in front of the lawn of the Zhangjia Temple in the county seat to celebrate the establishment of the Suichuan County Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government.Everyone was beaming, wishing each other New Year's greetings, and celebrating the coming of good things together.Amidst the sound of gongs and drums, Mao Zedong, Chen Zhengren, Zhang Ziqing, Wan Xixian, Wang Cichun and others stepped onto the rostrum.At about 10 o'clock, Chen Zhengren, the executive chairman of the conference, announced the establishment of the Suichuan County Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government!Suddenly, firecrackers blared, gongs and drums blared, slogans and cheers came and went. Mao Zedong spoke at the conference.He said: "Comrades, folks! At the beginning of the new year, the Suichuan Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government was established! Our workers, peasants and toiling masses were liberated!" He pointed to Wang Cichun, chairman of the County Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Government, and said, "This is your county magistrate. , called Wang Cichun, from Xizhuang. A few days ago, he was picking up dung, and now he is going to be the county magistrate. However, the revolution cannot depend on a county magistrate, but on the unity of everyone. A straw can be broken when it is pulled. It won’t be easy to break the rope!” Wang Cimo: "Recalling the Revolutionary Activities in Suichuan".Internal interview materials. The conference runs until 2:00 pm.After the meeting, the great evil gentry Guo Weijian was executed.All the poor people in the audience rejoiced.After the meeting, the common people sang a new ballad: When the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants occupied Suichuan City, the citizens of Suichuan City believed it was true because the landlords, gentry and reactionaries slandered the revolutionary army, and the streets were deserted.This situation was quickly reversed under the propaganda of our Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army.However, there have also been some instances of discipline as a result of the dispersed activities of the troops.For example, some soldiers of the Revolutionary Army borrowed door panels and straw from ordinary people and did not return them voluntarily; Burn the house. "Once, the fourth class went to beat up a local tyrant. The local tyrant ran away long ago, leaving behind a beautiful house that could not be moved away... The fourth squad leader posted a note on the door of the local tyrant, restricting the local tyrant to stay in the house." Send 1,000 yuan within three days, otherwise, the house will be burned. After three days, the local tyrants did not send the money. So the squad leader led the soldiers to set the house on fire. At this time, the local tyrant came back from the outside and said, please don't burn his house, and send it if you have enough money... However, the house was in ruins, and only a few baskets of blackened silver coins were found in the sandwich wall. The emergence of these situations is a small matter, but burning houses is a major event. When it was reported to the Front Committee, Mao Zedong was very disturbed, and felt that it was necessary to formulate a practical system for all the commanders and fighters of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Revolutionary Army.Therefore, on January 25, Mao Zedong held a meeting of all revolutionary army commanders and fighters in Lijiaping, Suichuan County, and announced the "six points of attention" of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army.This is: (1) Close the door; (2) Bundle straw; (3) Speak kindly; (4) Buy and sell fairly; This is the "six points of attention" first proposed by our army.It is another disciplinary regulation on the building of the people's army after the "three major disciplines" proposed in Jingzhushan and the "three major tasks" announced from Chaling Huishilong City.In this regard, Chen Zhengren, then secretary of the Suichuan County Party Committee, recalled: "In January 1928, I had already heard the six points of attention in Suichuan City... At that time, I also heard the three major disciplines. The chairman emphasized the six points of attention, Every time the troops go to a place, they must strictly check the implementation of the six points of attention. Every sentence of the six points of attention is the words of ordinary people, which are very popular and easy to understand." Chen Zhengren: "The Great Practice of Comrade Mao Zedong in Establishing the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area ". It was precisely because Mao Zedong and the Front Committee promulgated the "Six Points of Attention" in a timely manner that the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army was supported by the majority of farmers when it was divided in Suichuan and achieved gratifying results. The "Six Points of Attention" was later improved into the "Eight Points of Attention" and became an important code of conduct for our army. Caolin Fair is one of the four major fairs in Suichuan County.Suichuan used to be known as the Tang River, Eryingqian, Sancaolin, and Four Great Fen.In Caolin Town, there are more than 600 households and nearly 200 shops.In these shops, more than 80% of small and medium-sized merchants mainly deal in tea, wine, oil and salt groceries, incense paper, cigarettes and candles, as well as various handicraft products and native products.Their capital was very small, and they were not only squeezed by the exorbitant taxes imposed by the Kuomintang reactionaries, but also exploited by the landlords and tyrants and big capitalists. Their business was deserted and they were on the verge of bankruptcy.At that time, the economic lifeline of Caolinwei was basically monopolized by local tyrants Huang Lirui and Guo Chaozong, such as "Suichang" (pawn shop), "Yuanchang" (oil shop), "Yuanfeng" (tobacco shop) and other big businesses. Using tobacco dens, gambling shops, pawnshops, brothels, etc. to do evil and poison the people.They are rich and powerful, running rampant in the countryside.Huang Lirui's eldest son is a provincial senator of the Kuomintang, and his grandson is the head of Caolin Township. He not only opened various businesses in Caolin, but also has several businesses in the county. Even Nanchang has a chemical Zhangjiang company and branch he opened. museum.In addition, his family also owns more than 9,000 dan of grain fields and several thousand acres of forests.Caolinxu is almost dominated by Huang Lirui's family. When the Third Battalion and Ninth Company of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Revolutionary Army came to Caolinwei, the small and medium-sized businessmen on Caolinyu were deceived and intimidated by Huang Lirui and Guo Chaozong. "Farming" notice, I occasionally saw a few old cousins, and they all peeped from a distance, looking at the revolutionary army with horror and doubt.When the soldiers stepped forward to talk to them, they all avoided. This is very anxious to the ninth company commander Zeng Shi'e and the party representative Luo Ronghuan.It seems that in order to open up the situation, we must be patient and carry out mass work.Therefore, Zeng and Luo ordered the propaganda teams to go to every corner of Caolinwei Town with red cloth banners, patiently publicize the masses, conduct social investigations, and plaster the streets and alleys of Caolinwei and the surrounding villages. Red and green slogans were put up: "Down with local tyrants and evil gentry!" "Down with corrupt officials!" "Protect small and medium businessmen!" "Abolish exorbitant taxes!"Seeing that this army does not disturb the people, speaks kindly, has strict discipline, and has committed no crimes. Unlike the previous troops, the old cousins ​​slowly began to contact and chat with the soldiers, and gradually reported various situations. After various investigations, the revolutionary army has fully ascertained that the desolation of Caolin is entirely the result of the secret operations of local tyrants, evil gentry, and big capitalists such as Huang Lirui and Guo Chaozong. On January 10, Mao Zedong came to Caolinxu.Luo Ronghuan and others reported the situation to Mao Zedong.After hearing this, Mao Zedong immediately instructed: "Pull out this nail!" Zeng Shi'e and Luo Ronghuan immediately led the soldiers of the revolutionary army to seize all kinds of businesses, pawnshops, tobacco houses, and brothels opened by Huang Lirui and Guo Chaozong in Caolin with lightning speed.Tens of thousands of catties of salt, thousands of catties of camellia oil, hundreds of dans of cloth and countless daily necessities were seized. Mao Zedong then instructed the troops: hand over part of the seized things, and distribute part to the masses, so that the masses can have a good year.The soldiers of the revolutionary army delivered goods to the door overnight, and the poor peasants smiled. The next day, the troops held a mass meeting at the Longevity Palace in Caolin.Mao Zedong spoke at the meeting.He said: "The purpose of our Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army is to seek happiness for the hardworking people in the world. As far as we know, you have 111 shops in Caolinxu, of which there are only 16 shops with large capitals, 11 shops with medium capitals, and 84 shops with small capitals. They are big local tyrants and profiteers, and they are the targets of our crackdown. As for small and medium businessmen, our policy is to protect them. No grain of salt or an inch of cloth will be moved, no fines, no taxation, free trade is allowed, and legal operations are guaranteed, so please rest assured." Suichuan County Party History Office interview materials. The people present at the meeting and the small and medium-sized businessmen were all very surprised when they heard this, so they started business one after another. January 16th is the twenty-fourth day of the twelfth lunar month, a traditional small year in Shanxiang.Early in the morning, the officers and soldiers of the Ninth Company cleaned up Caolinxu, and posted red and green slogans on both sides of the street, which is refreshing.On the pillar of the Longevity Palace, there is a striking couplet: The people present saw it and all praised it.At about 10 o'clock, farmers from Yongxin, Ninggang, and Suichuan came to the market in groups.Tens of thousands of heads gather on Caolinwei, which is very lively.They all happily sold their goods and bought back the new year's goods they needed, and the whole fair was in order.Caolinwei goes to the market once every three days, and sometimes there are more than 20,000 people. Caolinxu is revived! Regarding the history of opening up Caolin Wei, Mao Zedong happily wrote in the article "The Struggle in Jinggangshan": "There are fairs on Caolin Wei (the market in Japan and China, once every three days), and 20,000 people come to the Wei, for the sake of history. Unprecedented. This incident proves that our policy is correct." The revival and prosperity of Caolinwei has played a great role in invigorating and communicating the commodity exchange in the base area and meeting the daily needs of the military and civilians in the base area. "The border economy was originally a small-scale peasant economy area, with many self-cultivated farmers, and the standard of daily life is quite low...Because it is located in the border area, it was eroded by the capital economy rather late. The market for foreign goods is not very developed, and transactions in some places still 'The day and China are the market' method of meeting fairs." Tan Guansan: "The Struggle in Jinggangshan in My Memory".Internal interview materials.Because of this, all counties and counties on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi have polders, and rural polders have become the main place for commodity exchange between private industry and commerce and farmers.In this way, the correctness of the policy on small and medium businessmen and private industry and commerce is directly related to the economic development of the base areas and the consolidation of the revolutionary base areas. Mao Zedong and the Boundary Party clearly put forward the policy of "protecting industry and commerce" and "protecting small and medium-sized businessmen" in the early stage of the Jinggangshan struggle.The revival and prosperity of Caolin Wei, as well as the opening of the Dalong Red Fair in July 1928, are the results of the implementation and implementation of policies to protect industry and commerce. As for the specific policy in this regard, no historical documents have been found so far.Only some oral information.Although it is a personal memory, it has a high degree of credibility. For example, Tan Guansan once recalled: "At the beginning of 1928, we withdrew from Chaling to Jinggangshan. Less than a month later, the troops entered Suichuan City to celebrate the old calendar year. During this period, Committee Mao announced the urban policy. Before that, we He made some mistakes, confiscated the goods of merchants and peddlers, and even took the scales from the pharmacy to Jinggangshan. After Mao found out these situations, he corrected them. He pointed out: We oppose feudal exploitation, as long as Those who can confiscate the property of the landlord and protect the interests of industry and commerce, such as the landlord and businessman, can only confiscate the part of feudal exploitation, and the commercial part cannot even touch a red date." Tan Guansan: "The Jinggangshan Struggle in My Memory".Internal interview materials. Tan Guansan also said: "In Jinggangshan, the policy implemented is correct. After Yongxin was captured, Comrade Mao Zedong personally held a joint meeting of the 'Book and Propaganda Group' in Yongxin City (that is, the secretary of the party branch of the army, the propaganda officer and the organization officer ——Later it was renamed as the meeting attended by the Propaganda Committee and the Organization Committee), which specially inspected the policy issues. The peasant masses, keep some of them as military rations), and do not kill them. For rich peasants, they are generally not left alone, and some raise funds as appropriate. For industries and businesses, especially small and medium-sized businesses (in county towns, there are not many large industries and businesses, mainly small and medium-sized industries and businesses) ), adopt a policy of protection. The number of fundraising is not large, and the method of "appraisal" is adopted, allowing them to voluntarily contribute part of the money according to their own conditions. The policy of abolishing exorbitant and miscellaneous taxes is also announced. Our property is confiscated; the industrial and commercial sector is not confiscated, but a policy of protection has been adopted. Industrial and commercial people are satisfied with these policies. In this way, we have raised funds and solved our own supply problems without harming Their interests protect them, unite them, and make them support and support us. It was very difficult for us to eat salt, but later because of the correct industrial and commercial policies, merchants are willing to do business with us and bring salt in. Solved the problem of eating salt." "Interview with Tan Guansan Records". However, these correct policies to protect small and medium-sized industries and businesses have been interfered with by "Left" errors.Mao Zedong once described in "The Struggle in Jinggang Mountains": "Before February of this year, we carried out relatively well the policy towards the petty bourgeoisie. In March, representatives of the Southern Hunan Special Committee came to Ninggang to criticize us for being too right-wing. , burned too little, and did not carry out the so-called policy of 'making petty bourgeoisie proletarians and then forcing them to revolution', so they changed the leaders of the original front committee, and the policy changed. Recently, this policy has been gradually changed, and the situation has gradually improved. Suichuan especially has received good results. Businessmen in the county and towns no longer shy away from us, and quite a few speak well of the Red Army. There are fairs at the Caolin Fair (a city in the middle of the day, once every three days), and 20,000 Human beings are unprecedented. This incident proves that our policy is correct." The policy of border protection for small and medium-sized industries and businesses can be seen from the specific point of "not a single red date can be moved".Although this policy was disturbed by "Left" errors, generally speaking, its implementation was good.Therefore, the enthusiasm of small and medium-sized businessmen in the Chibai District was fully mobilized, which not only provided the needs of the army's own supplies, but also laid an economic foundation for the implementation of the armed separatist regime of workers and peasants and the arrangement of long-term struggles. The revolutionary fire ignited by the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army on the border between Hunan and Jiangxi grew stronger and stronger, illuminating the dark night sky in Jiangxi. The Kuomintang government in Jiangxi was shocked, and Zhu Peide, the chairman of the provincial government, was restless. In early February 1928, Zhu Peide ordered Yang Ruxuan's 27th Division, the Jiangxi enemy stationed in Ji'an, to attack Wan'an with one battalion of the 81st and 79th Regiments and threaten Suichuan; another battalion of the 79th Regiment They entered and occupied Ninggang New City, and launched the first "suppression" against the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army. At that time, the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants was dividing troops and mobilizing the masses in Suichuan. “敌进我退”，毛泽东闻讯，即令部队迅速集结，撤离遂川，军返茅坪。 新城，是宁冈的县城所在地，西连砻市，南通茅坪，北扼宁冈至永新的通道。敌人占此据点，对根据地的武装割据，造成了严重威胁。 为了保卫根据地，宁冈县党组织根据前委从遂川发来的指示，在革命军返程期间，组织地方武装和人民群众，日夜骚扰敌人。 2月中旬，工农革命军第一团悄悄返回宁冈茅坪，会合了刚刚升编的袁、王率领的第二团。17日，前委在茅坪攀龙书院召开军事会议，部署攻打新城方案。决定：集中革命军第一团、第二团的优势兵力，对新城之敌取包围之势。由第一团第一营担任主攻，攻击新城东门；第三营主力攻打南门；教导队和第三营的一部攻打北门；袁文才率第二团第一营在敞开的西门外设伏，准备歼灭从西门出逃之敌。 17日下午，前委在茅坪召开了战前动员大会。毛泽东代表前委号召全体指战员，一定要打好这一仗，消灭敌人有生力量，将敌人的嚣张气焰打下去，发展和巩固已创造的割据成果。毛泽东还具体地分析了我军的有利条件：以往，是敌人数倍于我，这次是我们数倍于敌，加上宁冈党组织和人民的支持以及我军广大指战员的英勇奋斗精神，是一定能够夺取战斗胜利的。毛泽东的讲话，给到会的军民以极大的鼓舞。 17日深夜，工农革命军像一支利箭，直射新城。拂晓前，各部队迅速进入指定位置。毛泽东、张子清等登上新城门外的旗山亭，指挥战斗。 驻守新城的守军是赣敌七十九团王国政独立营，及宁冈靖卫团。王国政是赣军第七师师长王均的侄儿，该营装备良好，训练有素。此刻，正倚峙着四面高大的围墙，做着升官发财的美梦。 天亮后，新城清晰地呈现在战士们的眼前。这是座古老的小城堡，墙高2丈，厚8尺余，每隔一段均辟有城堞，易守难攻。 清晨，蒙在鼓里的城内守敌照常来到南门外操场出操。当刚架好枪支做起徒手操时，毛泽东、张子清当即发出了战斗信号。敌人如惊弓之鸟，弃枪逃入城内，紧闭城门。紧接着，东门、南门也打响了。城内敌营长王国政急令他的9挺机枪投入战斗，顿时，枪声大作。 战斗进行得很激烈，直近中午，城门仍未攻开。各路指挥员有些焦急了。这时，旗山岭指挥部里的毛泽东却异常镇定。经过周密的思考，他决定施用火攻。由南门、北门发起佯攻，吸引敌人火力，然后由一营集中力量火攻东门。命令下达后，当地群众立即送来了许多楼梯、煤油、稻草、棉絮等。于是，在东门外的一间民房里，几十个战士揭开屋瓦，把部队仅有的两挺机枪架上屋顶，居高临下，向敌人猛烈射击。与此同时，几十个战士两人一组，披着沾湿了的棉絮，夹着干草、煤油，冒着枪林弹雨，涌向东门，点着了火。霎时，烈火熊熊，将东门烧穿了。随即，一营战士奋不顾身，穿过浓烟，冲进城内。 东门一破，城内守敌乱作一团，无心再战。继而，南门、北门也相继攻破。三路部队在城内奋勇拼杀，打得敌人纷纷逃窜。县长张开阳、营长王国政急忙打开西门，企图逃窜，却遭到等候多时的袁文才部的猛烈射击。敌人忙又欲退回城内，又被进逼的一、三营封死退路，成了瓮中之鳖。混乱中，敌营长王国政被击毙。敌士兵见大势尽去，纷纷跪地投降。反动县长张开阳夺路逃跑，躲入西门外的小沟里，惊魂未定，被参战的古城区大江边暴动队队长文根宗生俘。是役，击毙、击伤包括营长王国政在内的敌独立营和靖卫团共300余人，生俘100多人，活捉敌县长张开阳，取得了根据地创建以来的第一次辉煌胜利。 新城大捷，体现了毛泽东“集中以应付敌人”的战略思想和“围三阙一、开门打狗”的灵活战术。 从此，毛泽东便从遂川分兵和新城战斗的实践中，提出了“分兵以发动群众，集中以应付敌人”的游击战争战术原则，并在以后的割据斗争中显示出巨大的威力。 新城战斗的胜利，激荡着所有参战的工农革命军指战员、地方赤卫队和暴动队员的心。18日下午4时后，战士们押着100多名俘虏，兴高采烈、浩浩荡荡地回师茅坪。长期以来，饱受地主豪绅、反动军队欺凌的工农革命军战士和宁冈翻身农民，第一次看到这么多敌俘，不禁恨上心来。从新城返回茅坪的路上，一路将俘虏兵催促着，推搡着，高声叫骂，俘虏兵稍有不是，即遭拳打脚踢，有的气愤至极，竟开枪杀了俘虏。 这种现象，引起了毛泽东等领导人的注意和思考。第二天，毛泽东在茅坪的阎仙殿前，召开了工农革命军战士和俘虏兵参加的军民大会。 毛泽东代表前委在会上分析了新城战斗的经验，表扬了我革命军战士和参战农民勇敢作战的精神，同时，指出了我军在俘虏政策上的问题。他说：“俘虏兵不能受到虐待，更不能杀。他们也是工人、农民出身。也是强迫当兵的，只要放下了武器，就要同等对待，并要受到优待。” 接着，毛泽东宣布了优待俘虏的几条具体规定：（一）不许打；（二）不许骂；（三）不许搜腰包；（四）有伤的给予治疗；（五）愿留的，吸收参加红军；（六）愿回去的，发给路费遣送回家。 当时，参加大会的军民听了，简直不能理解。“俘虏不管怎么说也是'阶下囚'，怎么待为'座上宾'呢？”而参加大会的俘虏兵听了，一个个却傻眼了。国民党的长官不是说，共产党“青面獠牙”、“共产共妻”，抓住就要杀头么？他们都认为今天就是死期了，没想到革命军对俘虏竟这样宽大。所以，当场就有不少人报名参加工农革命军。原广州军区副司令员、中将谭甫仁就是在那里参加红军队伍的。 由于前委采取了对俘虏的宽大政策，很快在边界产生了巨大的影响。“引起了敌军士兵和无出路的下级官兵对我们注意，投诚来归的日益增多。”毛泽东：《井冈山的斗争》。杨至诚在《一个俘虏兵的故事》中讲了一个叫曹福海的俘虏兵，三次被俘，三次被放，最后在七溪岭战斗中被俘后，带来10多个国民党士兵，弃暗投明，加入红军队伍。曹福海在战斗中坚定勇敢，还提了排长，后来在大余战斗中英勇牺牲。 对于俘虏政策所产生的威力，毛泽东曾在《井冈山前委向中央的报告》中说：“对敌军的宣传，最有效的方法是释放俘虏和医治伤兵。敌人的士兵和营、连、排长被我们俘虏过来，即对他们进行宣传工作，分为愿留愿去两种，愿去的即发路费释放。这样就把敌人所谓'共匪见人就杀'的欺骗，立即打破。杨池生的《九师旬刊》，对于我们的这种办法有'毒矣哉'的惊叹！”聪明的敌人如李文彬旅，他们也仿效革命军的做法，但由于他们军队的反动性质所决定，则很难收到效果。“在再作战时，我们的人还是有拖枪回来的。”毛泽东：《井冈山的斗争》。 工农革命军在井冈山斗争时期实行的宽待俘虏政策，对削弱和瓦解敌军，补充和扩大革命力量所起的重要作用，是许多人所始料未及的。 打下新城后，前委即紧张地筹备宁冈县工农兵政府的成立。毛泽东提议，新成立的县工农兵政府设在砻市，首任工农兵政府主席由泥腿子出身的、在新城战斗中活捉敌县长的古城大江边村暴动队长文根宗担任。这一建议，获得前委和宁冈县党组织负责人龙超清等的一致赞同。从此，砻市成为湘赣边界红色政权的第一个新县城，并沿袭至今。 2月21日一大早，宁冈县的贫苦农民，像潮水般地涌入砻市河东的大河洲上。宁冈县工农兵政府成立大会的会场，就设在这里。沙洲的正前方用十几个禾桶架着门板搭起了一个临时主席台，上面悬挂着一块长红布，红布上写着“宁冈县工农兵政府成立、审判反动县长张开阳大会”的巨幅会标。工农革命军战士和宁冈的赤卫队、暴动队员、工农群众近万人席地而坐，气氛热烈而又欢快。湘赣边界又一个红色政权就要诞生了！ 毛泽东、张子清、宛希先、何挺颖、袁文才、龙超清等军队、地方领导人出席了大会。10时许，大会司仪肖子南宣布：大会开始，宁冈县工农兵政府成立！顿时，鞭炮齐鸣，锣鼓喧天，会场一片欢腾。 毛泽东在会上向到会的各界人士作了热情洋溢的讲话。他说：“今天的大会，是个胜利的大会。从此，宁冈人民有了自己的政府，贫苦工农要自己当家做主了！”接着，他把文根宗请到台前，介绍说：“这就是文根宗同志。就是他，在新城战斗中活捉了张开阳，立了头一功！从今天起，他就要担任大家的工农兵政府主席，大家要拥戴他、支持他，把宁冈的工作做得更好！” 毛泽东的讲话，激荡人心，赢得台下军民阵阵掌声。 会上，还宣布成立中共宁冈县委，龙超清任县委书记；成立县赤卫大队，石敬庭任大队长。龙超清、文根宗分别代表县委和政府在会上发了言。 大会的最后一项议程是公审反动县长张开阳。当肖子南宣布将张开阳押进会场时，全场军民群情激愤。4个赤卫队员把张开阳押至土台右侧，架放在1米多高的三根木架上面。新任县政府主席文根宗一一宣布了张开阳的罪状，并以宁冈县工农兵政府名义，宣布判处死刑，立即执行。文根宗的语音刚落，台下的赤卫队员、暴动队员一拥而上，你一刀，我一矛，把张开阳戳死了，结束了他反动的一生。 会后，宁冈各区、乡工农兵政府相继成立，并在县工农兵政府的领导下，开展对敌斗争，建立地方武装，创造湘赣边界割据区域的坚实基础。 在此期间，还成立了新边陲政府。 新遂边陲是指永新、遂川两县交界的井冈山区。它东从永新的旗锣坳以进，南到遂川的小行洲；北是永新的锡坪、大小船；西边是遂川的荆竹山以内的大小五井、茨坪、下庄、草坪、白泥湖、梨坪、罗浮等大小几十个村庄，纵横各五十余里。 2月下旬，为了适应斗争形势发展的需要，前委决定将茨坪、大小五井、白泥湖等地分别划出，单独成立新遂边陲特别区。特别区下辖茨坪、大井、土岭、下庄、行洲、梨坪、白泥湖等十个乡，人口近两千，面积约76平方公里。 2月下旬的一天，新遂边陲特别区工农兵政府在茨坪李桂生家成立，主席李尚发。区政府设土地、财政、组织、经济、军事、宣传等机构。同日，中共新遂边陲特别区委员会也建立起来，区委书记肖万侠。 新遂边陲特别区，隶属遂川县工农兵政府和县委领导。湘赣边界防务委员会成立后，实行双重领导。 特别区政府的主要工作是：发动群众烧田契、分田地；组织打土豪、分物资；组织递步哨、守哨口工事等。 区政府成立以后，组建了新遂边特别区赤卫队，有枪30多条，专门负责遂川、永新两县交界的防务工作。据李珍珠回忆说：“工农革命军把他们从遂川缴获的物资护送，到了黄坳就交给我们管。农民们挑来的各种东西、各种物资，有盐、有油、有布匹、还有药材等。这段时间，我们每天早上出去，晚上回来，护送农民把物资运上井冈山。” 在区政府的领导下，特别区的工作发展很快。茨坪等十个乡都相继成立了乡工农兵政府和暴动队。由于地处军事根据地中，一遇打仗，暴动队也要上前线参加运送物资和抬运伤员。 新遂边陲特别区自1928年2月下旬成立后，一直坚持到1930年2月王佐被错杀，井冈山失守才停止活动。应该说，新遂边陲特别区的建立，为井冈山的军事根据地的营造与巩固，做了很多工作。它的建立，也是毛泽东创建井冈山革命根据地进行工农武装割据思想的产物。 在井冈山根据地初创时期，毛泽东非常注重社会调查，了解社会状况。1927年11月，工农革命主力攻打茶陵时，毛泽东因为脚伤，在大陇送别了队伍后，回到茅坪。为了全面了解边界的政治经济状况，为制定正确的政策和策略提供依据，毛泽东在茅坪的坝上、洋桥湖、马沅一带进行了广泛的调查。当年宁冈县委组织部长刘克犹回忆说：“1927年11月间，井冈山革命根据地刚刚开始诞生，工农革命军攻打茶陵去了……这时，毛委员没有去打茶陵，在步云山附近的洋桥湖、坝上一带搞社会调查。”“刘克犹自写材料”，1973年。 毛泽东搞社会调查采取开座谈会或个别访问的形式。“自己口问手写，并同别人开展讨论”然后将获得的材料整理成文，取名《宁冈调查》。 1928年2月下旬，毛泽东又在永新的秋溪乡一带，搞了一个《永新调查》。对毛泽东在秋溪的调查，永新革命老人李步陵回忆说：“1928年2月间，毛泽东又从井冈山率领红军来到永新秋溪开展群众运动，帮助永新县委工作。毛泽东来到秋溪后，深入群众，访贫问苦，又和县委的同志经常研究工作，带来的红军则帮助我们群众干活。在毛泽东的亲自领导和关怀下，秋溪、龙源口一带的工作得到很大的发展。”“访李步陵记录”，永新县党史办。 调查研究，是毛泽东的独创。可是，当时党内许多同志并不理解，也不重视。1928年6月间，湖南省委代表杜修经来到井冈山区，毛泽东“要秘书把他到达井冈山后写下的永新、宁冈等地的农村调查拿给我看。我一看，这些写在商人账本'总簿'、'坐簿'上的农村调查，一本一本地叠了尺多高。由于我不理解这些就是毛泽东同志为我们党制定方针政策的依据，对这些调查材料，只当作一些故事或情况阅读，一天的工夫就看完了。毛泽东同志见我启而不发，知道我没有看懂，失望地把这些退回来的调查材料收捡起来。” 然而，毛泽东辛辛苦苦整理而成的永新、宁冈二县调查，由于战争的原因，都失掉了。毛泽东在《农村调查的序言和跋》一文中写道：“要了解情况，唯一的方法是向社会作调查，调查社会各阶级的生动情况。对于担负指导工作的人来说，有计划地抓住几个城市、几个乡村，用马克思主义的基本观点，即阶级分析的方法，作几次周密的调查，乃是了解情况的最基本的方法。我用开调查会的方法得来的材料，湖南的几个，井冈山的几个，都失掉了。” “井冈山的几个”，指的就是《宁冈调查》和《永新调查》。 对失掉的这两个调查，毛泽东“时常念及”。他在《寻乌调查序言》一文中说：“我过去做湘潭、湘乡、衡山、醴陵、长沙、永新、宁冈七个有系统的调查，湖南那五个是大革命时代（1927年1月）做的，永新、宁冈两个是井冈山时代（1927年11月）做的，湖南五个放在我爱人杨开慧手里，她被杀了，这五个调查大概是损失了，永新、宁冈两个，1929年1月红军离开井冈山时放在山上一个朋友手里，蒋桂会攻井冈山时也损失了。失掉别的任何东西，我不着急，失掉这个调查（特别是衡山、永新两个）使我时常念及，永久也不会忘记。” 由此可见，毛泽东对调查的重视程度。正是毛泽东注重调查，使毛泽东在井冈山斗争时期掌握了大量的客观依据，从而能在指导边界的工作中作出正确的判断和决策，显示出超人的领导艺术。 从1927年10月起，至1928年2月，工农革命军经过艰难的创造与割据，先后在茶陵、遂川、宁冈三县建立了红色政权，根据地范围已拥有宁冈全县，永新、遂川、莲花、酃县、茶陵各一小部。这标志着以宁冈为中心的