Chapter 64 Lecture 64 Shenyang Imperial Palace

Outside Shanhaiguan in the early Qing Dynasty, there were three groups of palaces, namely Xingjing Khan Palace, Tokyo Houjin Palace and Shengjing Palace in the early Qing Dynasty, which successively showed the coordinates of the three eras in the historical evolution of the early Qing Dynasty. First, Xingjing Khan Palace.In the 11th year of Ming Wanli (1583), after Nurhaci started his army with the "Thirteen Armors", after more than 20 years of war and mergers, the Jurchen ministries were basically unified.In the forty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, which was the first year of Tianming of Houjin (1616), Nurhachi called me in yellow clothes, established Yuan and established a country, was called Houjin in history, and was named Tianming.The first palace of Qing Taizu Nurhachi was in Hetuala, which is now Hetuala Village, Yongling Town, Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Fushun City, Liaoning Province.Surrounded by mountains and water, Hetuala City is built on a slightly oval-shaped horizontal hillock with a flat top and a height of more than ten meters. There are two inner and outer city walls.There are Khan King Hall, Yamen, Buddhist Temple, Jade Emperor Temple and so on in the city.At that time, it was grassy and the palace was beginning to take shape.There are no glazed tiles on the roof of the hall, and the city walls are not covered with city bricks, but are built with a mixture of stone, earth and wood, which is simple, sturdy and practical.Baylor banquet, no chairs, sitting on the ground, drinking and eating meat.

Second, the Houjin Palace in Tokyo.Tomorrow, in March of the sixth year of Jin Tianming (1621) in the first year of Qiyuan, Nurhachi's power expanded and his military strength became stronger day by day.In March of the following year, Nurhachi decided to move the capital to Liaoyang.He ordered to mobilize the army and the people by the Taizi River, five miles east of Liaoyang City, to build a new city and a new palace.Historical records: "Create a palace, move to it, and call it Tokyo." (Volume 8 of "Records of Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty") Therefore, after Nurhachi was built, it was the first palace city in Jin Dynasty that was located on a plain, square in shape, with brick walls, and palaces.From then on, Liaoyang became the second capital of Hou Jin. "Jurchen City with Mountains", Liaoyang Tokyo New City is the first capital and palace in Manchuria built on the plain.The palace has begun to use glazed tiles fired in Haicheng.The Han people lived in the old city of Liaoyang, and the Manchurians lived in the new city of Liaoyang. From then on, it opened a precedent for the Manchu and Han people to live in separate cities in the Qing Dynasty.

Third, the Shengjing palace in the early Qing Dynasty.Five years after tomorrow's Qi, which is the tenth year of Jin Tianming (1625), shortly after the construction of the new city and new palace in Liaoyang, Nurhachi moved his capital to Shenyang again.Chancellor Baylor disagreed.Nurhachi patiently explained the long story, but Minister Baylor was not convinced.Nurhachi got angry, and took the guards, traveled on a moonlit night, stationed in the tiger skin station, and traveled to Shenyang the next day.Seeing that the sweat was gone, Zhubeile had no choice but to follow him to Shenyang, so he moved his capital to Shenyang.After Nurhachi arrived in Shenyang, he lived in a courtyard called "Khan Palace".He started to build the Shenyang palace, and after years of operation, it has formed the scale it is today.In the first year of Chongde (1636), Huang Taiji changed the name of the year to Chongde, the name of the country to Daqing, Shenyang to "Shengjing", Liaoyang to "Tokyo", and the birthplace to "Xingjing". Three capitals outside the pass in the early Qing Dynasty.The Shengjing Palace is roughly divided into three roads: east, middle and west:

On the east road, Emperor Qianlong's "Shengjing Fu" said: "The great government is in the sun, and the ten pavilions are flying."The Dazheng Hall was built in the tenth year of Tianming in the Later Jin Dynasty (1625). It was the main hall for discussing politics after Nurhachi moved the capital to Shenyang. It is commonly known as the Octagonal Hall and the Great Yamen.When Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor and determined the name of the palace, he named it "Dukong Palace" and later renamed it Dazheng Palace.Most of the grand ceremonies and banquets in the palace are held in the Dazheng Hall (Dugong Hall).After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the Qing Emperor also held celebrations and banquets here during his east tour.

The architecture and layout of the Dazheng Hall (Dugong Hall) have Manchurian characteristics, which are very remarkable: First, the Dazheng Hall is an octagonal building with double eaves and pointed roofs, which is only seen in the main halls of Chinese palaces in all previous dynasties.Its plane is a regular octagon, and it is located on the 1.5-meter-high Xumizuo platform.Second, the roof of the hall is made of yellow glazed tiles inlaid with green trimmings, and two golden dragons are entrenched on the front porch columns.This style integrates Manchu, Han, Mongolian and Tibetan cultures and architectural techniques, and has become the soul of the Shenyang Imperial Palace East Road building, and it is also the most ethnically distinctive building in the Shenyang Palace.Third, there are ten king pavilions in front of the hall, five on the left and five on the left, symmetrical from east to west. It is a pavilion-style hall for Baylor, the leader of the Eight Banners, and the left and right kings to handle political affairs and banner affairs.Speaking of this, someone asked: Why is the roof of the Dazheng Hall not all yellow, but yellow glazed tiles with green edges?There was no written record at that time, and many scholars gave their own explanations.In my opinion, the yellow tiles and green trimmings on the top of Dazheng Palace are the product of the combination of the farming culture of the Central Plains (loess) and the forest culture of the Northeast (green trees).The East Road building is mainly the foundation laid by Nurhachi.

On the middle road, inside the Daqing Gate, there are mainly the Chongzheng Hall (the Hall of Lizheng), the Phoenix Tower, and the Qingning Palace (the emperor's empress palace).Huang Taiji has "one concubine and four concubines" - the queen lives in Qingning Palace, and the four concubines live in Guanju Palace (Concubine Chen, sister of Concubine Zhuang) and Yanqing Palace (Concubine Shu, widow of Lin Danhan) in the East Palace. ), the Linzhi Palace (big imperial concubine, Lin Danhan's widow, Bomu Boguoer's biological mother) and Yongfu Palace (Zhuang Concubine Bumbutai, the biological mother of Emperor Shunzhi) of Xibei Palace, all of them are surnamed Borzigit.The famous concubine Zhuang lived in Yongfu Palace, where she gave birth to the ninth son Fulin (Emperor Shunzhi).There is Chongmo Pavilion in the west courtyard, where famous documents such as "Manchu Laodang", "Jade Document" and "Sheng Xun" are stored.The middle road building is mainly the foundation laid by Huang Taiji.

The four emperors of the Qing Dynasty made ten visits to the East to worship their ancestors. The four emperors of the Qing Dynasty made ten visits to the East. Emperor Qianlong in the eighth year (1743), nineteen years (1754), forty-three years (1778), forty-eight years (1783), Jiaqing in the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), twenty-three years ( 1818), Emperor Daoguang in the ninth year of Daoguang (1829).Among them, Emperor Kangxi three times, Emperor Qianlong four times, Emperor Jiaqing twice, and Emperor Daoguang once.They started from Beijing, passed Shanhaiguan Pass, passed through Shenyang, and arrived at Xingjing (now Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Fushun, Liaoning), with a round trip of 4,000 li.Emperor Kangxi made his second eastward tour, as far as Ula, Jilin (now Jilin City, Jilin Province), riding a horse for a long distance, exercising his muscles and bones, which is good for health.Emperor Kangxi spent 67 days outside the customs during his east tour, and shot 39 tigers, with a maximum of 5 tigers a day. (Volume 100 of "Records of the Holy Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty") Emperor Qianlong visited the east and built West Road as a palace.

The West Road was added during Emperor Qianlong's east tour, including a stage, Jiayin Hall, Wensu Pavilion, etc. Among them, Wensu Pavilion was specially built for the storage of "Siku Quanshu", which is the same as Wenyuan Pavilion and Wenjin Pavilion. "Siku Quanshu" is the three existing complete "Siku Quanshu".Wen Su Ge's "Siku Quanshu" is now in the new library of Gansu Provincial Library (Lanzhou). In the Shengjing Palace, the famous "Three Cases" happened.