Chapter 63 3. Eight temples outside the village

Outside the Summer Resort, the Qing Dynasty built twelve temples successively during the nearly 60 years from the fifty-second year of Kangxi (1713) to the forty-fifth year of Qianlong (1780), among which eight are the most famous. There are eight temples outside the villa - Puren Temple, Pushan Temple, Puning Temple, Anyuan Temple, Pule Temple, Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Shuxiang Temple and Xumi Fushou Temple.The other four temples are Puyou Temple, Arhat Hall, Guang'an Temple and Guangyuan Temple.These temples are arranged around the periphery of the summer resort like stars holding the moon, covering a total area of ​​about 470,000 square meters, becoming the world-famous eight temples outside the village.Its resplendent buildings and imposing groupings integrate the architectural features of Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan and other ethnic groups. "The concept of governing the country.

Every temple has a series of stories, like a magnificent epic.For example: Puren Temple and Pushan Temple - for the 60th birthday of Kangxi, the Mongolian ministries donated 200,000 taels of silver to build; Puning Temple——in the 20th year of Qianlong (1755), in order to commemorate the suppression of the Dawaqi rebellion of the Junggar tribe in Mongolia and solve the border troubles in the early Ming Dynasty for four hundred years, it was built in imitation of the Samye Temple in Tibet. The large Buddha statue in the Mahayana Pavilion, According to scientific measurements in recent years: the Xumizuo is 1.22 meters high, the Buddha statue is 22.29 meters high, and the total height is 23.51 meters, which is equivalent to the height of an eight-story building.The name of the temple "Puning" means "under the world, there will always be peace"; Pule Temple - the thirty-first year of Qianlong (1766), was built to commemorate the return of Durbert and others on the north and south roads of Xinjiang, highlighting the round pavilion style Building, commonly known as the round pavilion.The name of the temple means "Under the world, peace and tranquility";

Shuxiang Temple - Built in the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong (1774), the halls and pavilions of the temple are modeled on the Shuxiang Temple in Mount Wutai.The statue of Manjusri Bodhisattva enshrined in the Baoxiang Pavilion is said to be shaped according to the image of Emperor Qianlong. When he stayed in the villa, he often came to this temple to burn incense, and it was called "Emperor Qianlong's family temple"; Anyuan Temple——In the twenty-ninth year of Qianlong (1764), it was built in memory of Dash Dawa, the leader of the Junggar tribe in Mongolia, who moved to Rehe without recruiting himself.The temple has double eaves on the top of the mountain, three layers of black glazed tiles, backed by mountains, topped with blue sky, and stable the distant tribes;

The Temple of Sumeru Fushou - built for the sixth Panchen Lama to visit Emperor Qianlong in Rehe, preach scriptures, and live in it; the Temple of Putuo Zongcheng - built in the 32nd year of Qianlong (1767), and was built in the 36th year of Qianlong (1771) It was completed and built for the 60th birthday of Emperor Qianlong and the 85th birthday of his mother.The name of the temple "Putuo Zongcheng" is the Chinese translation of the Tibetan word "Potala". It is also called "Little Potala Palace" because it was built in imitation of the Potala Palace in Tibet.Before it was built, Emperor Qianlong sent officials, painters and surveyors to Lhasa to copy and draw.Putuo Zongcheng Temple is the largest temple among the Outer Eight Temples, covering an area of ​​220,000 square meters.The completion of the temple coincided with the return of the Mongolian Turghut tribe to the motherland. There is a story about Ubaxi here.

The Summer Resort and the Putuo Zongcheng Temple describe the heroic story of Ubaxi, the Turghut tribe.As early as the end of Ming Dynasty, in the area of ​​Tarbahatai (now Tacheng, Xinjiang) in the north of Tianshan Mountains, the Turhut tribe of Erut Mongolia was bullied by the Junggar tribe. At the beginning of Chongzhen, it migrated westward to Ejile The lower reaches of the river (now the Volga River) and the coast of the Caspian Sea, they developed their homes and worked hard.Tsarist Russia tempted them to leave China and submit to Russia, but they did not submit.Russia then reduced its nomadic lands, forced them to convert to the Orthodox Church, and forced its young and middle-aged men to fight against Turkey—both using them to expand their territories and killing them with swords.21 years of war, too much sacrifice.

After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Turhu Special Department paid tribute many times to express their yearning for the motherland to Emperor Kangxi, and Emperor Kangxi also sent officials to comfort him.Unbearable to be enslaved by Tsarist Russia, Ubashi, the leader of the Torghut Tribe, held a top-secret meeting and decided to return to his homeland in the east. He solemnly swore: go back to the motherland!At the beginning of the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), the news leaked out, and the assembly was assembled in the early morning, with the cold wind blowing, and the departure was urgent.Urbashi broke the boat and set fire to the wooden palace, and flames were also ignited everywhere.More than 33,000 Turghut households on the right bank of the Volga set off—to the place where the sun rises!Ubashi led 10,000 soldiers and hurried across the steppe between the Volga and Ural rivers.After Russian Empress Catherine II heard the news, she sent Cossack cavalry to chase after her.As the Turghuts carried their families and drove livestock, they marched slowly, and were overtaken by the Cossack cavalry, and 9,000 Turghuts died.When they reached the pass of the Oqin Canyon, the pass was first occupied by Cossack cavalry.Ubashi commanded the camel soldiers to attack from the front, and sent guns to surround them from the rear, almost wiped out the Cossack cavalry, and avenged the 9,000 sacrificed compatriots.Faced with casualties, diseases, hunger, cold, and a sharp drop in population, the Turghuts struggled to move forward.At the most difficult moment, Ubashi held a meeting to boost morale - "We would rather die than turn back!" The Turghuts traveled thousands of miles after eight months, not only overcoming the Russian army's encirclement and interception, but also overcoming the severe cold and plague Troubled by hunger, he fought bloody battles without hesitation, made great sacrifices, and achieved the feat of returning to the east. He finally returned to the Yili River and met the troops sent by the Qing Dynasty.

According to the records of the Qing Palace Archives "Manchu Sub-Memorial", of the 170,000 Turghuts who left the Volga grassland, "only half of them arrived in Ili."In March of the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (1771), Emperor Qianlong issued a decree: to welcome the return of the Torghut tribe.In the golden autumn season, thirteen people, including Obaxi, the leader of the Turhu Special Tribe, and forty-four entourages went to the Summer Resort to meet Emperor Qianlong.At that time, the temple of Putuo Zongcheng was completed and a grand ceremony was held.Emperor Qianlong received Obaxi and others in the Summer Resort, and ordered two huge stone tablets to be erected in the Temple of Putuo Zongcheng, and the imperial writing "All Turhuts Return to Shunji" and "The Records of the Special Department of Youshi Turhu".The Qing government allocated special funds to purchase livestock, fur clothes, tea, grain and rice, and helped the Turghut people to tide over their difficulties. The Erhut people work as pastures so that they can live and work in peace and contentment.The Summer Resort, Putuo Zongcheng Temple and its two steles have become the witnesses of this heroic epic.

The construction of the eight temples outside the Summer Resort, using the artistic techniques of Chinese Buddhist architecture, Tibetan style, and Han-Tibetan combination, witnessed the final formation of my country's multi-ethnic unified country, and is a historical monument of national unity. A summer resort, a history of the Qing Dynasty.The Mulan Paddock, the Summer Resort and the Eight Outer Temples are the memories of the rise of riding and shooting martial arts in the Qing Dynasty, a symbol of the integration of the strong and prosperous Qing Dynasty, and a monument to the decline of the Qing Dynasty.