Chapter 59 2. Three mountains and five gardens

Beijing Jingsheng, the beauty is in Xishan.During the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, from Haidian to Xiangshan, more than 90 imperial palaces, royal gardens and gift gardens were distributed in a row for more than 20 miles.The quintessence of Xishan gardens belongs to the "three mountains and five gardens". "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" refer to Fragrant Hill and Jingyi Garden, Yuquan Mountain and Jingming Garden, Longevity Hill and Qingyi Garden (Summer Palace), as well as Changchun Garden and Old Summer Palace. "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" are characterized by:

First, it is surrounded by mountains and rivers, and has a long history.The eastern foot of the West Mountain is surrounded by mountains, lush trees, scattered lakes, abundant springs and beautiful scenery, which are the natural advantages of the scenery of the West Mountain.Such as Xiangshan Jingyi Garden.As early as the Liao Dynasty, Qingshuiyuan was built in Xishan, which is today's Dajue Temple.Since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it has continued to develop, built palaces and gardens, built temples and Taoist temples, and gradually established many isolated palaces in the Xishan area.Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty built a palace next to Xiangshan Temple.Emperor Qianlong promoted construction and restoration, and in the eleventh year of Qianlong (1746), Jingyi Garden was completed, named 28 Scenery and wrote poems.The twenty-eight sceneries of Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan are: (1) Qinzheng Hall, (2) Lizhu Tower, (3) Lvyunfang, (4) Xulangzhai, (5) Yingluo Rock, (6) Cuiwei Pavilion, (7) Qingweile, (8) Reindeer Slope, (9) Toad Peak, (10) Qiyun Tower, (11) Zhirakuhao, (12) Xiangshan Temple, (13) Tingfa Song, (14) Lai Qingxuan, (15) Jushuanggao, (16) Xiangyushi, (17) Xiabiao, (18) Yukongquan, (19) Xuanqiulin, (20) Yuxiang Pavilion, the above is Neiyuan 20 Jing; (21) Xiyang'a, (22) Furongping, (23) Xiangwu Cave, (24) Qiyue Cliff, (25) Chongcuiyan, (26) Yuhuaxiu, (27) Senyuhu, (28) Geyunzhong, the above are the eight sceneries of the outer wall.For example, the first scene is Qinzheng Hall.In the Qing Dynasty, Qinzheng Hall was built in Xiyuan, Changchun Garden, Yuanmingyuan, Jingyi Garden and Summer Resort.Emperor Qianlong said: "The family law is passed on to the diligent government, and you dare to forget it for a while!"Qinzheng Hall was burned when the British and French allied forces invaded, and it is now being rebuilt. "Beijing Times" on May 30, 2012, "Beijing·Current Affairs" published that six of the twenty-eight scenic spots of Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan have been rebuilt, one of Qinzheng Hall is being rebuilt, and the rest are planned to be rebuilt.Another example is Xiangshan Temple, which covers an area of ​​about 55,000 square meters, forming a pattern of "front street, middle temple, and back garden" and is also being rebuilt.Zhao Temple is a Tibetan Buddhist building.There is a glazed archway in the east, which is gorgeous and magnificent; in the west, there is a seven-story glazed pagoda, which is beautiful and majestic.Most of the other destroyed scenic spots are gradually being rebuilt."Xishan Qingxue" in Xiangshan is one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing.In the late autumn of Xiangshan, the forests are all dyed, the red leaves are all over the mountains, and the scenery is attractive!Xianglu Peak (Ghost Seeing Sorrow) is 557 meters above sea level, but "the mountain is not high". Because of its historical connotation and beautiful scenery, it has been selected as a world famous mountain together with Mount Tai, Mount Huang, Mount Lu and Mount Emei. On September 26, 2012, the World Famous Mountain Association accepted Xiangshan as a world famous mountain, and awarded the title and label of the world famous mountain.

Second, the royal garden, quiet depth of field.Such as Yuquan Mountain Jingming Garden, in the sun of Yuquan Mountain, with the mountain behind and the spring facing.The spring water is Baotu, crystal clear like jade, so it is called Yuquan, and the mountain is also named after the spring.At the foot of the mountain, the Furong Hall was built in Liao Dynasty (no longer exists today).In the 19th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1680), a palace was built at the southern foot of Yuquan Mountain, named "Chengxin Garden".In the fifteenth year of Qianlong (1750), the Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain was expanded, and sixteen scenes of Jingming Garden were built, and sixteen scenes were added later, for a total of thirty-two scenes.The sixteen sceneries of Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain are: (1) Grand Duke Kuoran, (2) Sunshine of Furong, (3) Baotu of Yuquan, (4) Zhuyu Shanfang, (5) Comprehensive Painting of Shengyin, (6) Embroidered wall poetic style, (7) Xitian Kegeng, (8) Qingliang Zen cave, (9) Caixiangyun path, (10) Xiaxueqin sound, (11) Yufeng Pagoda shadow, (12) Fenghuang Qingting , (13) mirror shadow Hanxu, (14) Liebo lake light, (15) bells outside the clouds, (16) Cuiyun Jiayin.For example, there are idyllic Xitian Kegeng and Cuiyun Jiayin, there are mountain and rock caves like Caixiangyun Path, Qingliang Zen Cave, there are palaces and pavilions like Grand Duke Kuoran, Zhuyu Shanfang, and Qingzhao of Furong with clear springs and ponds. , Xia Xueqin sound, there are beautiful mountains and rivers, the shadow of Yufeng Pagoda, and the light of Liebo Lake.Among them, "Yuquan Baotu" is one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing.Emperor Qianlong praised the beautiful scenery of Jingming Garden as "a momentary meeting, the front and back are very different, one step moves, the direction is different", and the scenic spots still arouse great interest of people.

Third, multiple functions are integrated into one.Such as Changchun Garden.In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), Emperor Kangxi built Changchun Garden on the abandoned site of Tsinghua Garden (not the Tsinghua Garden of Tsinghua University) of Li Wei, the grandfather of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, and became his first permanent residence in the western suburbs of Beijing. Leaving the palace.Changchun Garden is divided into three roads: middle, east and west. It is the place where Emperor Kangxi governed and lived in the western suburbs.Among them, Mengyangzhai is hailed by the West as the Royal Academy of Sciences of China.Mengyangzhai has three functions of teaching, compiling and researching.For teaching, select students from the Eight Banners and those with special talents, including university scholars He Guozong, Mei Chengcheng, Ming Antu, etc., to study traditional calendars and Western sciences, including geometry, logarithms, trigonometric functions, astronomy, etc., led by Jesuits Lectures; in compiling books, mainly compiling three books, namely "Lixiang Kaocheng", "The Essence of Mathematics" and "Lv Lu Zhengyi", which are combined into "Law and Calendar Origin", a total of 100 volumes; The combination of Chinese and Western astronomy and calendar advanced to the highest peak of the imperial era.

Fourth, the south shows off the north and the north meets the west.Such as Yuanmingyuan. The Old Summer Palace was originally a gift from Prince Yong.After Emperor Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, he fully rebuilt the Old Summer Palace, added many buildings, and expanded its area from 300 mu to about 3000 mu.Emperor Qianlong went to the south of the Yangtze River six times, ordering to imitate the famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, and build them on a large scale. The Changchun Garden was added to the east, and the Qichun Garden (Wanchun Garden) was built to form the famous three gardens of Yuanming, but they are collectively called Yuanmingyuan.The construction area of ​​the whole garden is equivalent to that of the Forbidden City, and the water surface area is approximately equal to that of Kunming Lake.It has both the grandeur of the north and the beauty of the south.On the inner wall of Qinghui Pavilion, there is a panoramic painting of Yuanmingyuan.The Wanfang Anhe Hall in the "Forty Views" of the Old Summer Palace is located on the platform in the middle of the lake, facing the water on all sides, in the shape of a swastika, with exquisite design and beautiful shape.The forty sceneries of the Old Summer Palace are: (1) upright and bright, (2) diligent and virtuous, (3) Kyushu Qingyan, (4) engraving the moon and opening the clouds, (5) natural pictures, (6) Bitong Academy, (7) ) Ciyun Puhu, (8) Shangxia Tianguang, (9) Xinghuachun Pavilion, (10) Open and open, (11) Rugu Hanjin, (12) Changchun Fairy Pavilion, (13) Wanfang Anhe, (14) Wuling Spring Scenery, (15) High Mountains and Long Rivers, (16) Yuediyunju, (17) Hongci Yonghu, (18) Huifang Academy, (19) Ritianlinyu, (20) Peaceful and Serene, (21) Yingshui Orchid Fragrance, (22) Shuimu Mingse, (23) Lianxi Music Place, (24) Duojia Ruyun, (25) Yuyueyuanfei, (26) Beiyuan Mountain Village, (27) Xifeng Beauty , (28) Siyi Bookstore, (29) Fanghu Shengjing, (30) Bathing Body Yude, (31) Pinghu Qiuyue, (32) Pengdao Yaoyu, (33) Jiexiu Shanfang, (34) Unique Caves, ( 35) Jiajing Mingqin, (36) Hanxu Langjian, (37) Grand Duke Kuoran, (38) Sitting on a stone facing the stream, (39) Fenghe in Quyuan, (40) Deep in the cave.The high mountain and long water hall is divided into upper and lower floors, surrounded by hills at the back, surrounded by a stream in front, and there is a wide field in front of the stream.During the Lantern Festival, Emperor Qianlong often led his concubines to watch the lanterns upstairs.There are 5,000 people dancing lanterns in front of the hall, pavilions and pavilions, the lights are shining, and the dancing lights are undulating, like dreams and illusions, forming a world of bright lights.Then the fireworks are released, the fireworks rise into the sky, accompanied by singing and dancing, colorful and wonderful flowers.There is a huge lake in Yuanmingyuan, called Fuhai, surrounded by ten islands, among which are Penglai, Yingzhou, and Fangzhang.

Changchun Garden, because Emperor Qianlong was granted the Changchun Immortal Pavilion in the garden before he ascended the throne, so the garden was named after "Changchun" after he ascended the throne.The Chunhua Pavilion in the garden was named after Emperor Qianlong re-engraved the Song Dynasty famous post "Chunhua Pavilion Tie".The Lion Forest in the northeast corner of the garden was built in imitation of the Suzhou Lion Forest.In the north of the garden, there are Western-style garden buildings such as "Western Building" and fountains.It includes Harmonious Fun, Bird Cage, Square Appearance, Haiyan Hall, Water Storage Building, Ten Thousand Flowers Array, etc.These buildings were mainly designed by Jesuits Lang Shining and Jiang Youren, and built by Chinese craftsmen.Among them, the water observation method (fountain), a water storage building is built next to the pool, and the twelve zodiac signs are cast in copper in the fountain, namely rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. , every two hours, a zodiac animal gushes out of the fountain from its mouth, and it takes a round of the day and night.Another example is Wanhuazhen, imitating the garden maze popular in Europe at that time.The Qing emperor once ordered the eunuchs to play hide-and-seek inside, and watch for fun by himself.The Fang River was also built, and the "Xianfa Mountain" was built beside the river, and the model of Venice was placed in the river.The Qing emperor sat on the "Xianfa Mountain" and enjoyed the "beautiful scenery of Venice" in the river.

Qichun Garden, also known as Wanchun Garden, was built in the middle of Qianlong period and was formed by merging several small gardens.After the Qichun Garden was destroyed, it was rebuilt during the Tongzhi period and renamed Wanchun Garden. There are 10 kilometers around the Three Yuanming Gardens. There are 40 scenic spots in Yuanmingyuan, 8 scenic spots added later, 30 scenic spots in Changchun Garden, and 30 scenic spots in Wanchun Garden. There are 108 scenic spots in the three gardens.In addition to the beautiful scenery and magnificent buildings, the whole garden also has calligraphy and paintings of celebrities, secret government books, bells and tripods, ancient ceramics, jewelry, gold and silver, famous wood furniture, etc., which have concentrated the essence of ancient Chinese culture.The Old Summer Palace inherits China's two thousand years of excellent gardening tradition, draws on the essence of Jiangnan scenery and gardens, and absorbs Western classical gardening techniques to build the most magnificent and beautiful royal garden in the Qing Dynasty.The Old Summer Palace is known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens" by the world.Relying on national unity, stable political situation, rich financial resources and abundant materials, the Qing court enlisted skilled craftsmen from all over the country. After more than 150 years of careful construction in Kang, Yong and Qian, the Yuanmingyuan became the most brilliant masterpiece in the history of Chinese gardens.However, in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the Yuanmingyuan was looted and its buildings burned.

The famous three mountains and five gardens, after the baptism of history, the three mountains still remain, and the five gardens remain.I will focus on Qingyi Garden (Summer Palace).