Chapter 46 Lecture 58

The Confucian Temple and Guozijian are adjacent to each other, and each has its own courtyard.The Dacheng Hall of the Confucian Temple and the Piyong and Yilun Halls of the Guozijian are typical and exquisite historical and cultural halls. The Confucian Temple is a temple dedicated to Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, a great thinker and a great educator.As early as the beginning of Genghis Khan's army, Yelu Chucai advised the Mongolian Khan to respect Confucianism, and when it was adopted, Confucianism was also respected as national learning.The Confucian Temple was built in the tenth year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty (1306), and was rebuilt and rebuilt in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It has become the current pattern, covering an area of ​​22,000 square meters, with a construction area of ​​7,400 square meters.Touching the evil cypress: There are 108 ancient trees in the Confucian Temple today, and 43 ancient trees in the Guozijian. Among them, the largest cypress tree in the Confucian Temple is said to be hand-planted by Xu Heng, a nearly 700-year-old tree in the Yuan Dynasty. Tall and green.It is said that when Yan Song of the Ming Dynasty offered sacrifices to Confucius on behalf of Emperor Jiajing, he walked under the tree, and the branch took off his black gauze hat.A few years later, another tree tumor grew out, which looked like a dragon's claw grabbed a human head.People think that cypresses have knowledge and can distinguish loyalty from traitors, so they are called "touching traitor cypress" or "distinguishing traitor cypress".

There are three courtyards on the central axis of the Confucian Temple in Dacheng Hall.Inside the gate (Xianshi Gate) is the first entrance courtyard. There are stele pavilions in the east and west, and steles inscribed by Jinshi are arranged in the courtyard.Inside Dacheng Gate is the second entrance courtyard. The main building is Dacheng Hall, which is 9 rooms wide and 5 rooms deep. It is built on a 2.24-meter-high terrace with three exits and stone guardrails around it.The Dacheng Hall is 33 meters high, and there are statues of Confucius and gods in the hall, above which hangs the plaque of Emperor Kangxi's imperial book "Master of All Ages".The east and west verandas in front of the hall are symmetrical, with 19 rooms each, 80 meters long and 13 meters wide, covering an area of ​​1040 square meters.From April 1961 to April 1964, the China Bookstore moved the expert service department and some of the cabinet books to the east side of the Confucian Temple for business. At that time, I often went to read books and brought a steamed bun at noon.Sometimes I also go to the Rare Books Department of the Capital Library of the Imperial College of the Western Academy to read books.All the books in the Confucian Temple are open shelves, easy to read, and benefit a lot, and I still remember them to this day.There are 156 people who sacrificed to the sages and Confucians.Inside the Chongsheng gate is the third courtyard, where there are 5 Chongsheng shrines dedicated to the ancestors of Confucius, covered with green glazed tiles.In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), the edict on the seventh day of February: "August 27th is the birthday of the first teacher, and the officers and soldiers will fast for one day, as usual." (Vol. ) This is the "Confucius Festival" in the Qing Dynasty.The Confucian Temple is a symbol of Chinese traditional culture and embodies the soul of Chinese Confucian culture.Yanshui Lake: An ancient well in the Confucian Temple in Beijing. Because it is located on the water line from Deshengmen to Andingmen, the well water often overflows to the mouth of the well, and the water is clear and sweet.It is said that after visiting the Confucian Temple, the candidates for the scientific examination in Beijing will drink the "holy water" in the well, and they will be able to write and write flowers.Grinding ink with well water will make the ink thick and fragrant, and the pen will be like a god.Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty gave it the name "Yan Shui Lake".

The Qing Dynasty made major measures to improve the ritual system of the Confucian Temple: One, title. "Confucius, the most holy teacher of Dacheng", Confucius was honored as "the most holy teacher" after "Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang Wenwu" from "Wenxuan King". Second, the temple tiles.The Dacheng Hall was originally made of gray tiles, but was replaced with green glazed tiles by an edict issued in the 28th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1600).In the second year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty (1737), the Confucian Temple was ordered to "use yellow tiles for Dacheng Gate and Dacheng Hall". (Volume 50 of "Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty")

Third, the top of the hall.The roof of the Dacheng Hall is the veranda roof of the highest architectural level.It is the same roof as the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Fengxian Hall and Huangji Hall of the imperial palace.Its large and small square foreheads are painted with Hexi.The Dacheng Hall of the Confucian Temple in Qufu is also roofed with yellow glazed tiles. Fourth, the great sacrifice.According to Confucius' "virtue matches the heaven and the earth, and the teacher of all ages", he was promoted from a middle priest to a great priest. (Volume 566 of "Records of Qing Dezong") Confucian temples offering sacrifices to Confucius are listed as major sacrifices together with offerings to heaven, earth, sects, and societies.

In China, the Confucian Temple in Qufu, Shandong is the family temple of Confucius.There are Confucian temples in all prefectures and counties (today there are about 509 temples).In Taiwan, there was also a Confucian temple in the Taiwan government of the Qing Dynasty (now Tainan City).Today, the Confucian Temple in Taipei City is well-protected. In the Dacheng Hall, there is a plaque inscribed by Emperor Kangxi's imperial book "Master of All Ages". Abroad, Vietnam, Japan, and South Korea all have Confucian temples.The Confucian Temple (Confucian Temple) in Hanoi, Vietnam, has a history of more than 900 years and covers an area of ​​24,500 square meters. There are 82 steles inscribed by Jinshi, engraved with the names and hometowns of 1,306 Jinshi.The Confucian Temple in Tokyo, Japan used to be the National Confucian Temple. Today, the Ashikaga Confucian Temple still enshrines the seated wooden statue of Confucius. Today, the Nagasaki Confucian Temple stands majestically.South Korea's Sungkyunkwan is a layout of "former (confucian) temple and later (tai) learning", and there are also buildings such as the Dacheng Hall with the same name as the Chinese Confucian Temple.

After Ming Yongle moved the capital to Beijing, Guozijian was established in Beijing.There were two Imperial Colleges in the Ming Dynasty, one in Nanjing called Nanjian and one in Beijing called Beijian.The main hall of the prison is Minglun Hall (Yilun Hall).Gongsheng and Jiansheng of Guozijian study in the six halls of straightforwardness, Taoism, sincerity, justice, aspirations, and broad industry respectively.Taixue has complete facilities, including dining hall (restaurant), kitchen, storeroom, bathroom, and collective dormitory for supervising students, called "number room".Supervisors with family members have to live outside, and are given a fixed amount of rice every month as living expenses.

In the Qing Dynasty, the Guozijian had students from Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Han and other ethnic groups, as well as overseas students from Korea, Siam (now Thailand), Annam (now Vietnam), Russia, Japan and Ryukyu.When there were more than 10,000 birth supervisors.For example, Ryukyu has sent 8 batches of more than 30 international students to study in Guozijian.The Qing gave more preferential treatment to Ryukyu students, and set up a "Ryukyu Academy", which provided them with 1 chicken, 2 catties of meat, 5 yuan of tea, 1 catty of tofu, pepper, sauce, oil, and vegetables per day.The Qianlong Dynasty added 1 bottle of rice wine, 1 catty of vegetables, 1 tael of salt, and 2 taels of oil to each foreign student.In spring and autumn, brocade gowns and gowns are given, silk, boots and socks, and summer hats; in summer, gauze gowns and trousers are given; Socks, quilts, mats and pillows are all available; stationery supplies are paid one to two five yuan a month, and everyone has a share.

Inside the gate of the imperial school of the Imperial College, there is a glazed archway, and Piyong is to the north of the archway. The center of all the buildings of Piyong Guozijian is Piyong.Piyong is a square hall with a width of 16.96 meters.It was built in the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784). It is 22.44 meters high, with pointed roofs at the four corners of the eaves and yellow glazed tiles on the top.It is located in the center of the circular pool, surrounded by four stone bridges and surrounded by white stone guardrails, which constitutes the architectural pattern of round sky and surrounding water.Why is it called Biyong?The ring-shaped clear water is like ancient jade, so it is called "Piyong".Piyong is a tall, harmonious, graceful and luxurious ritual building imitating the shape of the Zhou Dynasty.Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong went to Guozijian to give lectures, and the forum was set up in Piyong.

In the spring of the 50th year of Qianlong (1785), the 75-year-old Emperor Qianlong held a grand "Linyong Lecture" ceremony in Piyong.The content of his speech is the famous saying in "University": "To be a ruler, stop with benevolence; to be a minister, stop with respect; to be a son, stop with filial piety; to be a father, stop with kindness; to be a friend, stop with trust." Princes, ministers, teachers and students of the Imperial College all knelt and listened. There were 3,088 students alone, plus officials at all levels and North Korean envoys, etc., the total number was no less than four to five thousand.There were no microphones at that time, and the voices were transmitted layer by layer through the officials of the "Chuanlu".After the speech, the teachers and students of Guozijian went to Chengxian Street to see them off on their knees.

On the east and west sides of Piyong, there are 33 peripheral houses with eaves and corridors, and every 11 rooms form a hall, which is set up as six halls in the east and west.In the east are the three halls of straightforwardness, Taoism, and Guangye, and in the west are the three halls of sincerity, justice, and aspirations. They are the places for Guozijian to study in different classes.In the evening, there is a self-study in the evening. "The third watch is quiet, and the six halls are lit with lights", which is a true portrayal of the students studying scriptures hard. Yilun Hall hangs the plaque of "Yilun Hall" written by Emperor Kangxi.The Yilun hall has the functions of visiting the court, visiting Yong, and meeting lectures. In the Qing Dynasty, the "Tang Period" of Guozijian was on the first or sixth day (the 16th was changed to the 15th) to offer wine and perform the etiquette of attending the court.Before the construction of Piyong, the emperor came to the Yilun Hall to give lectures.Xinke Jinshi conducts Shi Brown (he) ceremony in the temple: the first three of Xin Ke Jinshi who have been appointed, wear top clothes, hang court beads, and lead the second and third class Jinshi who are in regular clothes, first pay a visit to the Confucian Temple to perform the ceremony of releasing dishes, Then he took off his civilian clothes and changed into official uniforms at the Guozijian Jijiu Shop, and began to serve as a soldier. ("Guozijian Zhi" Volume 29), "beginning to be a scholar" (beginning to become a scholar).

The rank of the officials of the Guozijian is not high.Qing Guozijian Jijiu (principal of the university) one man and one Han (from the fourth rank), Si Ye (vice principal) one man, one Han and one Mongolian (the sixth rank), two doctors (equivalent to professors) (from the seventh rank) , several teaching assistants, and other teaching and management personnel.Although the officials of Guozijian are not high in official rank, the character and academic quality of the Guoshi are respectable even today.