Chapter 40 Lecture 56 Imperial Physician and Imperial Medicine

Qingtai Hospital was first established in Dongjiangmi Lane, Zhengyangmen, Beijing, now near the north of Xikou Road, Dongjiaomin Lane.The gate of Tai Hospital hangs a plaque of "Tai Hospital".In front of the gate, on the left is the "Land Temple", and on the right is the "Audience Office".There are five halls in the Tai Hospital, where the poems written by Huang Yun, a famous doctor bestowed by Emperor Kangxi, are hung: "How can the sacredness be any more, and the prescriptions are the most affectionate. Preserve sincerity and be cautious about medicine, and benevolence will be used throughout life." Doctors emphasize the four characters of "sincerity, benevolence and benevolence". .The south hall on the left side of the lobby is the imperial doctor's office hall, and the right side is the north hall.Later, it was the Xianyi Temple, which enshrined the statues of Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi, and there was a plaque of "Yongji Qunsheng" written by Emperor Kangxi.There are bronze statues in the Xianyi Temple, and the Yaowang Temple outside the temple. The second hall and the third hall are connected to the lobby of the temple.

After the "Xin Chou Treaty" in the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (1901), Dongjiaomin Lane was designated as the area for foreign embassies and consulates in China.In the following year, the Taiyuan Hospital moved to the new government office. It is now located in No. 113, Anmen East Street. There are 3 halls in the east and west, and 3 in the depth.The east courtyard is a pharmacy.There are currently 28 households in the front yard, and the backyard is used by the No. 5 Middle School.The Tai Hospital is located in the north of Shangsi Hospital in the palace, and has a place for waiting for treatment and rest (formerly known as "Tatan" and "Tatan", also known as "Tatan", which is translated from Manchu, meaning "house, residence" in Chinese. ), the years have passed, and it is now gone.

The Imperial Hospital in the Ming and Qing Dynasties had four functions: the Ministry of Health, the General Hospital, the School of Medicine, and the Health Bureau. "History of Ming Dynasty Official Records Taiyuan Hospital" records: there is one envoy (dean) of the hospital, the fifth rank; two court judges (deputy presidents), the sixth rank; people), is the eighth grade.There is one ambassador (director) and one deputy envoy (deputy director) for the crude drug library and the Huimin Pharmaceutical Bureau.The Qing Dynasty is somewhat the same, but there are changes: First, there is one person (Manchu) who is in charge of the court affairs.Second, it is divided into five levels: court envoys, court judges, imperial physicians, official officials, physicians, and doctors.Third, after the court envoy, he was awarded the fourth rank, and after the court judged, he was awarded the fifth rank, both of whom were from the Han Dynasty.Fourth, there are thirteen imperial physicians, followed by six ranks, thirty officials, seven ranks and eight ranks, twenty doctors, crowns and belts for nine ranks, and thirty doctors.In the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, there were 111 imperial physicians in the imperial hospital on duty every day, and the total number reached 125. (Volume 15 of "Manuscripts of Qing History · Official Records · Taiyuan Hospital")

According to the tradition, imperial medicine is divided into thirteen subjects: Dafangmai, Xiaofangmai, women, sores, acupuncture, eyes, articulation, bone setting, typhoid fever, throat, golden arrowhead, massage, and Zhuyou.Dafangmaike, diagnosis and treatment of miscellaneous diseases in adults; Xiaofangmaike, pediatrics; Zhuyouke, not medicine, but spells.See "Nancun Stop Farming Record" and "Chinese Dictionary".In the Qing Dynasty, it was combined into nine departments: Dafangmai, Xiaofangmai (including pox), typhoid, gynecology, sores, acupuncture, ophthalmology, throat (including articulation), and orthopedics (including massage). by Branch.In fact, there is also "food medicine". "Zhou Li · Tian Guan · Zhong Zai" puts food medicine side by side with disease medicine and ulcer medicine.Han Zhengxuan's note: "There are foods and medicines." It can be seen that the ancients attached great importance to "food medicine".Western medicine entered the court during the Kangxi period, and later Western medicine and medicine were introduced.In May of the thirty-second year of Kangxi (1693), Emperor Kangxi recovered from malaria by taking cinchona cream (quinine) introduced by French missionary Hong Ruohan and others.On the fourth day of September in the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (1898), Dr. Dodford of the French Legation in China prescribed medicine for Emperor Guangxu.However, Tai Hospital has always been based on traditional Chinese medicine.

There are eight main duties of imperial physicians: serving straight, entering the imperial court, serving as a retinue, serving as an envoy, storing medicines, offering sacrifices to former doctors, consulting prisoners, and administering medicines.The attendants are each specialized in a specialty and divided into shifts. They are called Gongzhi in the palace and Liuzhi in the outer court.Gongzhi was on duty in the imperial pharmacy and various out-of-the-court rooms, and Liu Zhi was on duty in the outer rooms (such as Changchun Garden and Yuanmingyuan).The retinues, the emperor's patrols, and the imperial physicians either ordered them to be used, or ordered them to be used by liners. They all loaded the horses and vehicles with medicinal materials, and returned them to the accountant's needs.In addition, imperial physicians went to the royal palace, princess palace, civil and military ministers, etc. by order.It also treated prison inmates and plague patients.Therefore, not all imperial doctors can treat the emperor, and not all imperial doctors can treat the emperor.

The imperial physicians who were transferred to the Imperial Hospital were selected from all over the country. From folk doctors, Juren, Gongsheng and other people with titles, those who were proficient in medical science and willing to serve the palace were selected and hired according to their ability.For example, during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Le Xianyang, the founder of Beijing Tongrentang, served as an official of the Taiyuan Hospital. His son Fengming inherited his father's business.The Tai Hospital also has a teaching hall to train medical talents.After going through six cold and heat, and passing the examination, you can be hired as a doctor or a doctor. ("Guangxu Daqing Huidian Case" Volume 1115) For their promotion, they will take an exam once every six years.Examinations were influenced by stereotyped essays. For example, the title of an examination was "Those who know enjoy water, and those who are benevolent enjoy mountains." Calligraphy was also valued.When an imperial physician prescribes a prescription, the handwriting must be correct.The advantages and disadvantages of this personnel recruitment and promotion system are: first, the examination, selection and transfer are limited to the hospital, and the number of transfers and transfers is small, which is conducive to the stability of the talent team; Examination method selection and merit-based recruitment are conducive to the improvement of professional level.

Salary and treatment: The envoys of Taiyuan Hospital have three taels of silver per month, the judges of the left and right courts, and the seven-rank imperial doctors have an average of two taels of silver per month, and the monthly silver of officials and doctors is one tael and five taels of silver. ("Guangxu Daqing Huidian Case" Volume 250) In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), it was stipulated that doctors and doctors should pay one or two and five yuan for public meals and nine buckets of rice every month.And an ordinary eunuch has two taels of silver per month, which shows that the salary of an imperial doctor is relatively low.

"History of the Ming Dynasty Official Records" records that there are six things to see a doctor for the emperor: first, a team should be formed, and the envoys, imperial doctors and ministers should share the responsibility and supervise each other.Second, consultation and joint diagnosis.The third is to jointly select medicines and jointly seal medicines.Fourth, we must jointly monitor the decoction.The fifth is to taste the medicine together, that is, every two doses are combined into one, fried, and divided into two vessels, one part is tasted first by the imperial doctor and the courtier, and the other part is entered into the imperial court.The Qing Dynasty was stricter than the Ming Dynasty in tasting medicine: one device was tasted by the imperial doctor, court judge, and internal supervisor in turn; the other device entered the imperial court. ("Guangxu Daqing Huidian Cases" Volume 1115) The prescriptions of the Six Essential Pulses are archived for future reference.

The pharmacy has a drug storehouse to store medicinal materials.Medicinal materials are priced according to regulations, purchased by drug dealers, and cut and processed by doctors in internal pharmacies.There are many pharmacies in Qing Palace, such as Imperial Pharmacy, Shou Pharmacy, East Pharmacy, Western Pharmacy, Internal Pharmacy, Outer Pharmacy, Qianqing Palace Pharmacy, Wuying Palace Lufang, Changchun Palace Pharmacy, Yonghe Palace Pharmacy, etc.It has the functions of storing medicine, decocting medicine and preparing medicine.