Chapter 39 3. Tang Ying fired porcelain

When talking about the construction of the Qing Palace, one must talk about Jingdezhen; and when talking about Jingdezhen, one must talk about Tang Ying. Jingdezhen porcelain has a long history.The Ming Palace fired a large number of porcelains in Jingdezhen, which belongs to Fuliang County (now Jingdezhen) in Raozhou Prefecture (now Shangrao City), Jiangxi Province, and started in the early years of Ming Xuande.Emperor Xuande sent eunuch Zhang Shan to Raozhou, Jiangxi Province to supervise the construction, and later changed to inspect the roads.In the first year of Zhengtong (1436), Fuliang people paid more than 50,000 pieces (sets) of porcelain as tribute.This move not only ushered in development opportunities for Jingdezhen, but also brought great disasters to Jingdezhen.During this period, it is forbidden for folks to burn yellow, purple, red, green, blue, blue and white blue and white porcelain, and those who violate it will be punished with death.Then, the three main halls were rebuilt, and the nine dragons and nine phoenix dining tables and other utensils were ordered to be built.The great eunuch Wang Zhen thought that the porcelain had wen (wen, cracks), and sent a brocade-clothed command stick to the admiral, and ordered the eunuch to supervise the rebuilding.During the Chenghua period, eunuchs were sent to Jingdezhen to burn imperial porcelain. The quantity was large, the time was long, the cost was high, and the task was urgent.Since Hongzhi, more than 300,000 pieces (sets) have not been fired.In the thirty-seventh year of Jiajing (1558), 30,000 pieces (sets) of porcelain were built for the altar of the inner hall.During the Longqing period, Jiangxi was ordered to burn more than 100,000 pieces (sets) of porcelain.In the nineteenth year of Wanli (1591), 159,000 pieces (sets) were ordered to be made, and an additional 80,000 pieces (sets) were fired. (Volume 82 of "History of the Ming Dynasty Shihuo VI") only the above five batches amounted to more than 670,000 pieces (sets).

The Ming Dynasty died and the Qing Dynasty prospered, and at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, official kilns were established.In the Kangxi period, Lang Tingji was the governor of Jiangxi Province, and supervised the production of porcelain. He was famous for its exquisiteness. "Lang Hong" and "Lang Green" were the best products, and it was called "Lang Kiln" in the world.Afterwards, the imperial kiln flourished and the pottery was ready, and the imperial court sent officials to supervise the manufacture of porcelain.Nian Xiyao once served as an envoy to supervise the manufacture of porcelain, which is both exquisite and beautiful, and is known as the "Nian Kiln" in the world.There is a saying in Xi Yao's poems: "Tao Rong once revealed the secrets of the world, and his magical skills are amazing. Although the article system is different, it will not be the same in imitating ancient times." ("Qing Palace Shuwen") Yongzheng Six Years (1728) Later, Tang Ying was ordered to supervise the kiln affairs in Jingdezhen after Nian Xiyao, and successively supervised Guangdong Customs and Huai'an Customs.At the beginning of Qianlong, the Jiujiang Pass was transferred, and the kiln affairs were still supervised, forming a porcelain firing system in which the Huai'an Guan was remotely managed and the internal affairs officials were stationed in Jingdezhen. (Volume 5 of Qianlong's "Fuliang County Chronicles") The porcelain made by Tang Ying is also called "Tang Kiln".

Quantity Purchased Jingdezhen official kilns hire boats to send more than 600 barrels of round and cut utensils to Beijing every autumn and winter.Yearly cases: plates, bowls, clocks, plates and other colored round utensils, ranging from one or two inches to two or three feet, 16,000 to 7,000 pieces.There are still six or seven thousand pieces of the second color that have been selected, and they are all barreled and released to Beijing for appreciation.The vases, 罍, Zun, Yi and other colored cutters range from three to four inches in height to three or four feet in height, and there are more than 2,000 pieces of large ones.There are also two or three thousand pieces of selected inferior colors, etc., which will be bottled and released in Beijing for appreciation. ("Taocheng Chronicle") more than 28,000 pieces (sets) of porcelain are fired in the Qing Palace every year, but the local government has to pay for it.In December of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Jiujiang Pass fired porcelain, and spent 10,000 taels of silver under the surplus item of the pass every year. After that, the rate was 5,000 taels a year, and it was reduced to 2,000 taels during Daoguang period. ("Current Regulations of the Imperial Household Office") The gap is too big, and every effort is made to fill it.

Tang Ying served Tang Ying (1682-1756), courtesy name Jungong, a Hanjun bannerman, was born in Shenyang, entered the inner court at the age of 16, and later became a member of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Wailang, and directly cultivated the heart hall.He is intelligent, erudite and memorized, loves calligraphy and painting, and is quite accomplished.In contact with great painters such as Wang Yuanqi, he emphasized that "interest lies between intentional and unintentional, when the color is faintly visible", pursued the realm of "intention in painting, painting in meaning", and advocated "seeking brush outside the brush, and ink outside the ink". "style of.When Tang Ying arrived in Jingdezhen, she was at a loss, but followed the craftsman's will.Tao Du Tang Ying, who is studying linguistics and working, said "Dumen thanked friends, worked hard, worked hard, and worked with craftsmen for three years." China's porcelain experts can be described as "crowned potters, wind and dust scholars"!Tang Ying pays attention to the pottery method, and has a lot of experience in directing the clay, glaze, blank body, color and fire in person.He wrote the "Taocheng Chronicle Stele", which contains funds and glazes of various colors, imitating ancient times and adopting the present, and there are fifty-seven kinds of them.Since Song Dynasty Daguan, Ming Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, Jiajing, Longqing, Wanli official kilns, Ge Kiln, Ding Kiln, Jun Kiln, Longquan Kiln, Yixing Kiln, Western and Oriental wares have all been imitated.Its glaze colors include white powder blue, big green, beige, rose purple, begonia red, eggplant purple, plum green, mule liver, horse lung, sky blue, Ji red, Ji green, eel yellow, snake skin green, oil green, European red , Oulan, Moon White, Emerald, Black Gold, and Purple Gold.There are also names such as pouring yellow, pouring purple, pouring green, filling white, tracing gold, blue and white, ink, five colors, cone flowers, arched flowers, gold and silver."Tao Ye Tu Shuo" edited by Feng Chi, Tang Ying and other "Tao Ye Tu Shuo" 20 chapters with pictures: quarrying mud, scouring mud, smelting ash and glaze, making saggers, round ware mold repair, round ware casting, cutting ware Making blanks, taking green materials, refining and selecting green materials, printing blank milk materials, round blue and white vessels, making painting cutters, dipping in glaze and blowing glaze, digging out the blanks, forming blanks into the kiln, firing blanks and opening the kiln, round cutting and foreign mining, The open furnace and the dark furnace are filled with grass and barrels, and the gods are worshiped to pay the original.Each attaches a detailed statement, preparing the order of work, and those who govern Tao will follow the law.Tang Ying supervised the manufacture of official kiln porcelain, which is known as "Tang Kiln" in the world. (Volume 550 of "Drafts of Qing History Tang Yingzhuan")

Tang Ying supervised the kiln, and there were many difficulties.For example, in the first month of the second year of Qianlong (1737), 47,120 pieces of court porcelain were burned at one time. The project was tight and the task was heavy.After it was completed, it was shipped to Beijing, and the higher authorities found fault: the pattern was far worse than before, and the transporter was damaged. They were severely punished, and even compensated for more than 2,000 taels of silver.In the winter of the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), Tang Ying was ordered to make snuff bottles of various styles.At that time, the soil was frozen, and the work was suspended every year. All kinds of craftsmen had returned home, and the fires in the kilns had also stopped.Tang Ying sent people to the craftsmen's homes to collect craftsmen, baked the frozen mud, made colored paintings, personally instructed, fired wood, starry night colored paintings, made forty pieces, and sent his family to the court respectfully.

Tang Yingshi has been working in pottery for nearly thirty years, half official, half field, half scholar, half worker. Food, sleep, prostration, and friendship run through the hearts of pottery people. It has become both a theoretical work in the history of Chinese ceramics and a A generation of ceramic masters with exquisite works.Porcelain made by Tang Ying or inscribed on it, such as Tang Ying’s famille rose landscape poetry square pen holder, blue and white lotus with Tang Ying calligraphy style flower goblet (pair), Tang Ying’s self-made imitation Ru glaze bamboo knot poetry square pen holder, Tang Ying’s coral The red-glazed pastel entwined poems and lying-foot bowls have been handed down to this day. ("Emperor Qianlong and Tang Ying, the pottery supervisor") Another famous porcelain master is Liu Yuan.

Liu Yuan, courtesy name Banruan, was born in Xiangfu (now Kaifeng City), Henan Province, and belonged to the Banner of the Han Army.In Kangxi, the head of the official punishment department, enshrined in the inner court, with unparalleled skills.He once painted portraits of heroes and engraved them in the world.Bamboo murals in the palace hall, wind branches and rain leaves, are extremely vivid.It can also make clear smoke and ink, and it is regarded as an excellent product on top of "Liao Tian Yi" and "Qing Lin Sui"."Preface to the Pavilion of King Teng" is engraved on a wat, and the calligraphy and painting are completely new.In Liu Yuan's imperial kiln in Jingdezhen, he studied the past and judged the present, and developed new ideas. He painted figures, landscapes, flowers and birds in hundreds of porcelain shapes, competing for novelty and victory, surpassing the Ming kiln. (Volume 550 of "Drafts of Qing History Biography of Liu Yuan")

Enamel colored porcelain from the Kang, Yong, and Qian Dynasties, and the porcelain from the imperial kiln in Jingdezhen are extremely exquisite.The enamel-colored porcelain supervised by Tang Ying in the factory is mainly fired in the manufacturing office, and the quantity is very small, which is especially precious.During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, 9 kinds of Western enamel materials were used to create and burn. In Yongzheng, there was development and innovation.First of all, Prince Yi ordered Baitang Asong Qige and Deng Bage to try to burn 9 kinds of enamel materials. They were successfully fired, and they were self-smelted and fired into 9 kinds of pigments that Western materials did not have.During this period, the shapes, fetal bones, and glaze colors of enamel-colored porcelain, as well as the landscapes, figures, and flowers in the pictures, were colorful and elegant.

The Qing Palace fired a large number of porcelains. From the 19th year of Kangxi (1680) to the 25th year (1686), more than 152,000 pieces were fired.In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), 20,000 round wares of Qianlong's year were ordered to be sent to the Summer Resort.In the forty-fourth year (1779), it was ordered to send 35,000 pieces of rounds and cutters of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of Shengjing, 25,000 pieces of rounds and cutters of the year of Yongzheng, and 40,000 pieces of rounds and cutters of the year of Qianlong.The above three items total 120,000 pieces.It is conceivable that Kang, Yong, and Qian porcelain were rich in manufacture.Afterwards, the Qing palace stockpiled official kiln porcelain. According to archives records: in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (1781) in the fifth month, there were 149,251 pieces of Kangxi-style round wares, 5,747 pieces of cutting wares, and 92,125 Yongzheng-style round wares. , 5,013 pieces of cutting ware, 150,182 pieces of round ware made in the year of Qianlong, 12,833 pieces of cutting ware, and 148 pieces of enamel round ware. ("Records of the Ministry of Internal Affairs") There are a total of 415,299 pieces of porcelain in the above three dynasties of Kang, Yong, and Qian.

In the late Qing Dynasty, there were too many porcelains in the inner government, and they were sold off every few years and flowed into the people.According to historical records, in the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), Zouzhun Porcelain Warehouse sold more than 10,000 pieces of porcelain in various colors, including Qianlong and Jiaqing. ("Ministry of Internal Affairs") How much is the price?File records: 1,087 plates of various colors in the year of Qianlong, each with four points of silver; 2,722 bowls of various colors, each with three points of silver; 200 pieces of wine cups of various colors, each with one point of silver; 13 bottles of various colors, 91 bottles, and 41 pots There are 128 pieces and pots, each of which is one cent and five cents of silver; 1,000 pieces of target clocks of various colors, each of which is three cents of silver; 61 pieces of various color offerings, each of which is six cents of silver.Among the old porcelains sold are Ming Dynasty porcelains, which are exquisite in style, fresh in color, beautiful in texture, and exquisite in craftsmanship. There are dozens of seats prepared." (Miscellaneous Notes on the Bamboo Leaf Pavilion, Volume 2)

During the Kang, Yong and Qian Dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, it was the peak of ancient porcelain craftsmanship; although they are all gorgeous, they are different.Porcelain is like its people, and people are like its politics-Kangxi porcelain is simple, Yongzheng porcelain is elegant and heavy, and Qianlong porcelain is gorgeous.This is so similar to the people and administration of the three emperors Kang, Yong and Qian!