Chapter 2 Chapter One 1978

The year 1978 was the first year that the Republic entered the era of reform and opening up, and it was also a year that related to the development and historical destiny of the Republic.The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party held at the end of this year re-established the ideological, political, and organizational lines of Marxism, criticized the "two whatevers," and established the guiding principles of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and looking forward in solidarity , for the first time clearly established the transfer of the party's work center to socialist construction, and pointed out the direction of economic system reform.The plenary session also examined and resolved a number of major wrongful and false cases in the party's history and the merits and demerits of some important leaders.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the "Report on Removing All Rightist Hats" from the Central United Front Work Department and the Ministry of Public Security, pointing out that it is necessary to remove all rightist hats now, which is conducive to mobilizing all positive factors and turning negative factors into positive ones. factors and serve socialism.This decision enabled more than 550,000 "rightists" to regain their human dignity.In addition, with the approval of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Central Committee announced that on the Ching Ming Festival in 1976, the masses went to Tiananmen Square to mourn the beloved Premier Zhou, and angrily denounced the actions of the "Gang of Four".

This year, a great discussion on "practice is the only criterion for testing truth" was carried out across the country, which greatly liberated people's minds. "Class struggle can be stopped for a while, and the common people have hope to work hard." Deng Xiaoping put forward the original idea of ​​"one country, two systems" on October 8.This scientific idea was first proposed to solve the Taiwan issue.Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "When resolving the Taiwan issue, we will respect the reality of Taiwan. For example, certain systems in Taiwan may not be changed, the investment of the United States and Japan in Taiwan may not be changed, and the way of life there may not be changed. But we must unify . " The three "do not move" here, the core is the system problem.

On August 10, a few months earlier than the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out in the forwarding of the Communist Youth League’s “Report on the Red Guard Issue”: “As the Red Guard organization that emerged during the Cultural Revolution, it has completed its mission...the Red Guard organization can no longer exist". At the eighth Asian Games in Bangkok, China sent a sports team of 280 athletes.In the competition, the Chinese delegation won a total of 56 gold medals, 60 silver medals, and 51 bronze medals, ranking second in the total number of gold medals and medals.

This year, my country's foreign relations have made significant progress. On August 12, the "Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the People's Republic of China and Japan" was signed in Beijing.The entry into force of this treaty will help stabilize the situation in the Asia-Pacific region and maintain world peace. On December 16, the Sino-US "Joint Communiqué" was published. The United States recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government and within this scope reserved unofficial relations with Taiwan in terms of culture and business.The United States told the Taiwan authorities that the United States will terminate its "diplomatic relationship" with Taiwan from January 1 next year; at the same time, it will also terminate the "mutual defense treaty" between the United States and Taiwan and withdraw the US military and military institutions stationed in Taiwan.

Xinhua News Agency, January 1: Since October 1 last year, 6 out of every 10 employees in the country have increased their wages.The main targets of this wage increase are employees who have been working for many years, have low wages and perform well.Among them, 46% of the total number of employees in the country have basically increased their wages according to the current wage level; about 18% of them have also increased their wages appropriately due to the low wage standards.The person in charge of the State Labor Bureau said that the total wage increase and the number of people who have increased wages this time are the largest in the 28 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China.

On January 1, the Ministry of Education issued the "Opinions on the Arrangement of Postgraduate Enrollment in Higher Education Institutions in 1978", and decided to combine the two years of recruiting postgraduates in 1977 and 1978, collectively referred to as 1978 postgraduates.This is the first time after the "Cultural Revolution" to recruit graduate students.According to incomplete statistics from 27 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, a total of more than 63,500 people have applied for postgraduate entrance examinations.After preliminary examination and re-examination, 210 institutions of higher learning and 162 research institutions enrolled a total of 10,708 graduate students.This year, 26 key institutions of higher learning are recruiting graduate students in Hong Kong and Macau.

On January 18, the Ministry of Education issued the "Trial Draft of the Teaching Plan for Full-time Ten-year Primary and Secondary Schools", and issued a special notice for this. The "Teaching Plan" stipulates that the schooling period for full-time primary and secondary schools is 10 years, 5 years for secondary schools, and 5 years for primary schools.Middle school is divided into three years of junior high school and two years of high school.Unified fall admissions.Conditional areas can gradually implement primary school enrollment at the age of 6 and a half or 6 years old.There are 8 courses in primary school and 14 courses in middle school. The total number of teaching hours in 10 years is 9160 hours.

From tunic suits, Lenin suits to "baner green", they were once popular fashion in China.This year, the Chinese finally opened up to the outside world and gained the freedom to wear clothes.So with big sideburns, wearing "toad mirrors", wearing a plaid shirt with a few buttons open on the top, flared trousers that can sweep the street, and a big radio in his hand, it has become the most fashionable attire.Although this sudden popularity began to be looked down upon and rejected by many people, it still failed to make some young people who like to follow fashion become the first "fashion pioneers" to eat crabs.

In the late 1970s, Shanghai-made watches, clothing, malted milk, toffee, Dacron, silk stockings, and white sneakers all became symbols of fashionable life.Anyone who can wear a watch will raise his sleeves to show off in case others don't know.The toffee produced in Shanghai has also become the favorite thing in the children's family. Even the crumbs that fall on the bench are picked up and stuffed between the teeth.There are also Dacron and corduroy from Shanghai, which are high-end products that girls yearn for day and night. In this year, young people can openly fall in love.In the previous 10 years, young people’s public dating was regarded as shameful and depraved. They could only conduct underground activities under the pretext of “talking about work”. The beginning of the love letter must be called a certain comrade, and the end must also be a revolutionary salute.But this year, love began to be slightly separated from "class affection", and lovers walked hand in hand in the park and on the road.Love can finally show people what it is.

During the "Cultural Revolution", my country's colleges and universities were demolished, relocated, and merged, reducing a total of 106 colleges and universities, resulting in a lack of successors in various places and departments.On February 17 this year, the State Council forwarded the "Report of the Ministry of Education on Restoring and Running National Key Colleges and Universities".The dismantled and merged colleges and universities and the effective rules and regulations in the past were gradually restored, and a number of colleges and universities were newly built, increasing the number of new students enrolled in colleges and universities. Xinhua News Agency reported on March 7 that during the "Cultural Revolution", the determination and promotion of college teachers' professional titles was interrupted.Today, the State Council approved and forwarded the Ministry of Education's "Report on the Resumption and Promotion of Teachers' Titles in Colleges and Universities", and decided to resume and promote the work of teachers' titles in colleges and universities. On April 1, the State Council approved the restoration and establishment of a number of colleges and universities.These schools include: Guangxi Institute of Light Industry, Jinzhou Institute of Technology, Beijing Institute of Chemical Fiber Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Industry, Nanchang Institute of Aviation Industry, Zhengzhou Grain Institute, Hubei Institute of Light Industry, Xiangtan Coal Institute, Xi'an Institute of Technology, Anhui Agricultural Machinery Institute, Shandong Construction There are 55 colleges including Engineering College, Gezhouba Hydropower Engineering College, and Chengdu Meteorological College. On April 17, the State Council approved the restoration of Jinan University and Huaqiao University.Both schools were forced to close in 1970.After this restoration, Jinan University was established as a comprehensive university, and Huaqiao University was established as an engineering university.Both schools mainly recruit overseas Chinese, compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao, and young students from Taiwan, and also recruit some returned overseas Chinese and children of overseas Chinese relatives.After graduation, overseas Chinese and students from Hong Kong and Macao can be assigned by the state to participate in the construction of the motherland according to their wishes, and they can also return to their original places of residence to work. At the end of 1978, Ba Jin opened a column of "Capricious Thoughts" in Hong Kong's "Ta Kung Pao", with the purpose of making a personal reflection on the "Cultural Revolution". As soon as the column "Caprice Records" came out, it caused a sensation in the society. It was considered as a starting point for Chinese left-wingers to reflect on it. The academic circles gave it a very high evaluation, thinking that it marked the end of the exaggerated era of literature in the new era. We have entered the era of telling the truth and respecting people. On April 18, "People's Daily" published an article by a special correspondent of Xinhua News Agency: "How to view legitimate family sideline jobs?" ".The full text is based on four aspects: whether the family sideline business of the members is the tail of capitalism, whether running a legitimate family sideline business is the development of capitalism, whether it is necessary to keep the family sideline business of the members, and what is the key to the development of the family sideline business. Clarified the right and wrong of some issues.The issue of family sideline business has been brought up again and has attracted the attention of many people. The famous linguist Lu Shuxiang and Ding Shengshu successively acted as chief editors. After 22 years of painstaking efforts, the first "Modern Chinese Dictionary" was officially published this year, filling the gaps in the normative dictionary of modern Chinese in my country. It has made a significant contribution to the popularization and promotion of Chinese culture. During the "Cultural Revolution", one of the people's strong protest signals against Jiang Qing was - "We miss Yang Kaihui!" Yang Kaihui's revolutionary activities.The whole play reproduces Mao Zedong and Yang Kaihui sowing revolutionary fire in Qingshuitang, Changsha, and engaging in peasant movements in rural Hunan; it shows that after the failure of the Great Revolution, Mao Zedong turned the tide with the great courage of a proletarian revolutionist, raised the banner of armed struggle, and established the Jinggangshan Revolution. The base areas ignited the spark of the armed separatism of the workers and peasants, and opened up the only correct path for the Chinese revolution to establish a rural revolutionary base area, encircle the cities with the countryside, and finally seize the national power by force. The drama "In the Silent Place" was staged this year.The play was written by Zong Fuxian, directed by Su Leci, and performed by the amateur drama team of Shanghai Workers' Cultural Center.It was first staged in Shanghai, which aroused strong repercussions from the broad masses of the people and the literary and artistic circles.Subsequently, many troupes performed this drama one after another, which also aroused unprecedented strong repercussions.For the first time, the play praised the great revolutionary action of millions of people in Tiananmen Square mourning Premier Zhou and crusading the "Gang of Four" as a just act on the stage in 1976, and successfully portrayed Ouyang Ping, who was not afraid of violence and dared to fight for the truth. A typical hero of dedication, deeply welcomed and appreciated by the masses. "Wangxiang", a Japanese film originally called "Sandakan No. 8 Brothel", had an unprecedented impact on Chinese people after it was released in China. . "Versace" is the famous Italian fashion designer Gianni?Versace founded and named after him a clothing fashion brand.This year, Versace successfully held the first women's clothing exhibition with its own signature in Milan, and the "Versace" clothing brand was born from then on, and then it landed in China as the first top international fashion brand. In May, the official publication of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, "Literary News", was republished, and then, literary and art publications such as "Literary Review", "Sprout", etc. were resumed one after another.At the same time, successively established publications include "October", "Contemporary", "Zhongshan", "Flower City", "Liuquan", "Kunlun" and so on.This also marks that my country's socialist literature and art has entered a new historical period of development. The Central Party School of the Communist Party of China published "Practice is the only criterion for testing truth" in its 60th issue on May 10. On the 11th, "Guangming Daily" reprinted it in the name of a special commentator.This sparked a national debate on the standard of truth.This article fundamentally negates the "two whatevers", breaks through all kinds of obstacles and forbidden areas set up to set things right, and argues that the criterion for testing truth can only be social practice, and practice is the only criterion for testing truth.After the article was published, it aroused strong repercussions in the whole party and the whole country.This discussion quickly developed into a nationwide Marxist education movement and ideological emancipation movement. This year, a large number of Beijing summer skirts appeared on the streets of Beijing. In addition to most simple ordinary skirts, suit skirts, oblique skirts, pleated skirts and other novel and unique skirts have also joined this year's skirt team. Wen Wei Po, July 11th It seems that overnight, in Chinese cities, people began to perm their hair.In some big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, etc., it is often seen that there are long queues waiting for perm in barbershops. From September 7th to 13th, the International Capital Construction Committee held a conference on urban housing construction.This is the first housing construction meeting held since the founding of the People's Republic of China.The meeting pointed out that in the past 29 years, the construction area of ​​new residential buildings in 3,400 cities and towns across the country has reached 493 million square meters.The living conditions of the masses have been improved to some extent.However, housing in cities across the country is still very tight, and the average living standard is very low.Especially in large and medium-sized cities with concentrated population and rapid industrial development, the housing shortage is more prominent, and the masses have a very high voice to solve the "housing shortage" problem. This year, the Beijing Zoo has made artificial insemination of giant pandas a key scientific research project.Artificial experiments were carried out in other wild animals, and after obtaining reliable data, artificial insemination was performed for the 8-year-old panda "Juanjuan" in April. "Juanjuan" was 138 days pregnant. On September 8, she gave birth to two cubs, but only one survived.The mother weighs 89 kg, and the surviving newborn weighs 125 grams.This experiment has accumulated a certain amount of experience in artificial sperm collection and artificial insemination of giant pandas.It is of great significance to the protection of giant pandas, an ancient fauna. During the "Cultural Revolution", my country's work of sending overseas students stopped for a while. After 1972, my country resumed sending overseas students, but most of the people who went abroad were studying and researching foreign languages.On August 4 this year, the Ministry of Education issued the "Notice on Additional Selection of Overseas Students", instructing to expand the number of overseas students to countries with advanced science and technology to study science and engineering (including agriculture and medicine).Then, according to the conditions for selecting personnel to go abroad, various units preliminarily selected 13,383 people to participate in the national foreign language examination.After a comprehensive review, 3,348 preparatory personnel for going abroad were selected and admitted. The editorial department of "Literary News" held consecutive symposiums in the capital in early September this year, and made enthusiastic reviews of more than 10 short stories such as "The Class Teacher", "The Position of Love", , "The "Unsatisfactory" Brother-in-law".More than 40 writers, critics, editors of newspapers and periodicals, radio stations, reporters, and university teachers participated in the symposium.Since the publication of "The Head Teacher" in November last year, many short stories have appeared one after another that reflect the struggle of the masses against the "Gang of Four".These works make people sad, indignant, tearful and thought-provoking, and have aroused strong repercussions in society.Comrades who participated in the symposium believed that these works proceeded from reality, relatively truly reflected the struggle life of the people, sharply raised social issues of common concern to millions of people, and strongly touched the hearts of readers.The emergence of these works is a new atmosphere and breakthrough in literature. In September, the leading comrades of the central government proposed to establish a labor service company to be responsible for employment introduction.As a result, labor departments in some areas and urban streets have established various labor service companies one after another to implement economic services and technical training with work and study without work.This has also become a good way to develop the collective economy and solve the employment problem. The 7 brands of watches produced in my country will be sold at a reduced price this year, and the price reduction range is 10% to 20% of the original price.The 7 brand watches that have been reduced in price are: Hongqi, Guangzhou, Yan'an, Butterfly, Sea Lion, Shancheng, and Golden Anchor.Among them, the red flag brand produced in Dandong, the Guangzhou brand produced in Guangzhou, the Yan'an brand produced in Xi'an, the sea lion brand produced in Shanghai, and the retail price of each 17-diamond all-steel three-proof men's watch were reduced from 90 yuan to 80 yuan. Anhui Provincial Hospital has successfully developed the XZ-IV stereotaxy instrument, which has contributed to the development of stereotaxic research and filled the gap in our country. Making Chinese characters into computers is a major research topic.The most difficult part of this subject is that Chinese characters are square characters.In order to solve this problem, Zhi Bingyi, chief engineer of the Shanghai Electrician Research Institute, created the law of "reading characters and codes".This method is exactly after analyzing the pronunciation of Chinese character, font and Chinese phonetic alphabet, carries out encoding with 26 Latin letters, represents a Chinese character with 4 Latin letters.Because the code of each Chinese character is fixed, it brings great convenience to the storage of computer codes and the application of soft equipment.In addition, "reading the code by seeing the characters" is based on the dual relationship between the sound and the shape of the characters, so you can recognize the codes by seeing the characters, and you can type the codes by seeing the characters, and you don't have to memorize them by rote. The initial success of "Knowing Characters and Codes" and its application has opened the door for the establishment of Chinese computer networks and data databases. On December 9, the Eighth Asian Games was held in Bangkok.Our country sent a sports delegation composed of 280 athletes.In the competition, Chinese athletes won a total of 56 gold medals, 60 silver medals, and 51 bronze medals with their tenacious fighting spirit, ranking second in the total number of gold medals and medals.