Chapter 9 Chapter VIII Construction of Various Systems of the Longdong Red Army

According to the basic principles of Marxism, if the proletariat and working people want to seize power and consolidate power after they seize power, they must build and strengthen their own people's armed forces.In the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Revolutionary Base Area, how to build a strong and solid proletarian new-type army in the remote mountainous countryside is an extremely important issue facing the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee and the Military Commission of the Communist Party of China.During the difficult and difficult revolutionary war, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Party and the Red Army gradually absorbed and learned from the successful experience of the Central Red Army and other revolutionary bases in the construction of the Red Army, combined with the local reality and the experience and lessons of the Red Army's own development, and formed a complete set of rules on the construction of the Red Army. The correct policies and systems of the Communist Party of China have gradually overcome the non-proletarian ideology in the army, making the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army an absolute leader of the Communist Party of China.A completely new type of people's army that is closely linked with the masses of the people.Thus ensuring the in-depth development of armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and construction of base areas.

1. The Political and Ideological Work of the Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier Red Army (1) Establish and improve the Party's work system and institutions, strengthen the Party's absolute leadership over the Red Army, and make the Red Army truly an armed group that carries out revolutionary political tasks The absolute leadership of the Communist Party of China over the Red Army is the most fundamental principle for the construction of the Red Army.As early as when the Nanliang Guerrilla was established, Liu Zhidan and other communists paid great attention to strengthening the leadership of the party in the army. Cadres hold military and political leadership positions at all levels.The Nanliang guerrilla army has become a revolutionary armed force led by the party since its establishment.According to the recollection of Comrade Wang Shitai:

"At that time, there were only 30 party members and six groups in the army. In name, Yang Shurong was in charge, but in fact, Comrade Zhidan led all the big and small things. Yang was the branch secretary. He had worked in the Gao Shuangcheng Department and participated in the Weihua riots. Fang Ying said that he was an eunuch. I am the organization committee member. Most of the party members are intellectuals, and some young and poor peasant party members have been developed. Many party members such as Liu Jingfan, Liu Yuesan, Wei Zumin, and Yang Furong are the backbone of the army. It really played a core leadership role. Good guns and horses are all in the hands of party members, and the main cadres of squadron commanders are all party members. It is very good to unite the masses. For those who are gangsters and bandits, they adopt a policy of winning over people who are bandits, and they worship brothers to promote personal feelings.” "In the party and among the masses, Comrade Zhidan has a high prestige, because he is better than our general party members in terms of military, political, and combat experience. He passed the Whampoa Military Academy and served as the director of the political department in Ma Hongkui's department. After the Weihua uprising, everyone knew that Comrade Zhidan was a member of the Communist Party.”①

During the guerrilla period in Nanliang, the party organization of the army maintained constant contact with the higher-level party organization, the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee. The Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee passed the party's instructions to the troops in a timely manner through the underground communication line, so that the troops could correctly implement the party's political policies. Task.However, since the Nanliang Guerrilla was the first revolutionary armed force established by the Communist Party of China in the Shaanxi-Gansu border area, there were also many deficiencies in the party's work in the army during this period: First, the party's political work system and institutions and the company's The political work system has not yet been established; the second is that the army has not established a party branch in the company, which has affected the construction of the party's grassroots organization.well known.The branch is built on the company, and there are seven groups in the squad and platoon. There are no party representatives above the company.This is a good tradition in the construction of grassroots organizations of the Red Army, which ensures that the work of the party goes deep into the masses, and keeps the Red Army in a vigorous revolutionary spirit throughout the bitter battle.However, the work of the party in the Shanyu Nanliang guerrilla army has just started, and these excellent systems have not yet been promoted and implemented in the army.

After the establishment of the Northwest Anti-Imperialist Allied Army, the principle of the party's work system has been further improved.In accordance with the instructions of the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, the Northwest Anti-Imperialist Allied Army established a party committee, with Xie Zichang as secretary and Liu Zhidan and Rong Ziqing as members.Party branch committees have been established in both detachments, so that the party's working organization has been improved.However, during this period, the Red Army’s political commissar system, political department system, company party branch system, and party representative system had not yet been established, which still affected the development of the party’s work in the Red Army.

After the birth of the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas of the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants, a whole set of work systems for the Red Army began to be established in the army, manifested in: first, the establishment of a political commissar system and a political department system, and the army established political commissar positions in the headquarters and each brigade. "The political commissar in the Red Army is the representative of the Soviet regime and the party in the Red Army. He has the same responsibility as the military commander for the discipline of the troops, the strengthening of political awareness and combat effectiveness. Consolidate the discipline and combat effectiveness of the troops. They work under the guidance of the political commissars. ... At the same time, they also established the Political Department, equipped with full-time political staff, and are responsible for the political work, propaganda and education work of the troops and the promotion of the Red Army. Disciplinary inspection work; the second is to establish a party branch in the company (called the brigade at the time), and set up a party representative (also called the political commissar at the time); the third is to establish a party committee in the army (called the team committee at the time), and the entire army is unified by the party committee Leadership, important issues must be discussed and decided by the party committee. Since then, the party's work system and organization in the Red Army have gradually improved.

After the establishment of the Red Twenty-Sixth Army, the party's work system and institutions have been further implemented.First, a party committee was established in the middle of the division and regiment levels of the Red Army. The company did not have a party branch or political instructor, and the squad and platoon set up a party group.As a result, a complete set of party work organizations such as the 42nd Division Committee of the Red Twenty-six Army-each regiment committee-each company branch was formed;The second is to establish party working institutions and systems in the guerrilla headquarters and various guerrillas, and to set up political commissar posts and party committees in the second and third guerrilla headquarters.Party branches were established in each guerrilla army, thus forming a working system such as the Political Committee of the General Headquarters of the Second and Third Route Guerrillas—the Party Branch of each detachment and the Party Branch of the Guerrilla Army; The party's special committee and the party's military committee were established to command and lead all revolutionary armed forces in the border areas and the work of the Soviet government, local government organizations, and mass organizations.

Due to the establishment and improvement of a set of party working institutions and systems in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army.Therefore, the Red Army is placed under the absolute leadership of the party.It has ensured that the party's correct line, principles, and policies are implemented in the army in a timely manner. (2) Establish an effective political work system, strengthen ideological and political work, and persist in educating cadres and soldiers with the revolutionary ideals and beliefs of communism When Liu Zhidan and other Communists founded the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army, they paid attention to putting political work at the top of the army-building work, making it an important factor for the Red Army to unite the masses and defeat the enemy.

As early as when the Nanliang guerrillas were first established, Liu Zhidan and other Communists paid attention to the patient and meticulous ideological and political education of the peasants' green forest armed forces.With the help and education of Liu Zhidan and other comrades, Zhao Lianbi established a revolutionary idea. He expressed his determination to fight the world with Liu Zhidan for the poor, and resolutely handed over the troops to Liu Zhidan to reorganize into the Nanliang guerrillas.Yang Peisheng and Jia Shengcai also successively accepted the revolutionary thought.This prepared the conditions for the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Revolutionary Armed Forces.

After the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army, Liu Zhidan and other Communists paid more attention to political and ideological education among the troops, and repeatedly emphasized this issue at various meetings held by the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee, the Military Commission, and the Party Committee of the Red Forty-two Division. In summary, the main points include the following: First, the establishment of a strong Red Army is the first condition and a strong pillar for opening up the Shaanxi-Gansu border base area.In the fierce and brutal guerrilla warfare environment, it is necessary to strengthen and consolidate the main forces of the Red Army, local troops, and Red Guards.Any attempt to weaken the Red Army is absolutely not allowed.

Second, arm the minds of cadres and soldiers with the ideals and beliefs of communism, educate the troops with the correct line, principles and policies of the party, maintain a firm and correct political orientation, resolutely oppose and promptly overcome the erroneous tendency of "left" and right opportunism and trends of thought. Third, we must adhere to the system of chief division of labor and responsibility under the unified collective leadership of the party committee, and the Red Army must always be under the absolute leadership of the Communist Party of China.At the division, regiment, and company levels, we must strengthen the construction of the party's grassroots organizations, give full play to the role of the party committee and branch as the unified leadership and united core, so that the gun is in the hands of the party and the people, and prevent the occurrence of warlordism. Fourth, we must adhere to the purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly, and resolutely oppose the invasion of individualism, self-interest, and privileged thinking.The Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army also formulated a discipline based on Liu Zhidan's suggestion: All party, government, and military officials who embezzled more than ten yuan should be shot. Fifth, the Red Army soldiers must carry out the party's political tasks, carry out the agrarian revolutionary struggle to fight against the local tyrants and divide the land, organize the masses, mobilize the struggle of the masses, arm the masses, and help the masses establish political organizations and mass organizations such as poor peasants' leagues, women's associations, and young pioneers . Sixth, we must implement a series of flexible strategies and tactics for the people's war, earnestly study and apply the valuable experience gained in blood in the past, and pay attention to studying the new features of the war against "encirclement and suppression". Seventh, we must propagandize the masses, mobilize them to support the Red Army in its operations, implement the policy of turning all the people into soldiers, and crush the enemy's counter-revolutionary "encirclement and suppression." When the revolutionary battles of the Red Army won great victories.Liu Zhidan and other comrades used this to inspire the revolutionary enthusiasm of the soldiers and the masses. In April 1935, the Third Regiment of the Red 26th Army and the Northwest Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army won the first battle in the second anti-"encirclement and suppression" war. At the victory celebration, people from dozens of miles away came to listen to Liu Zhidan's speech.In his speech at the meeting, Liu Zhidan said wittily: "These victories now are just the beginning, just like what people often say, 'the mouse pulls the shovel, but the big head is still behind!'", which greatly encouraged the Red Army. The fighting spirit of the soldiers and the people in the base area. When the Red Army units suffered setbacks in the revolutionary war due to interference from "Left" errors, Liu Zhidan and other Communists infected the troops with a firm revolutionary stand and an optimistic attitude, convincing the soldiers that the difficulties and setbacks were only temporary Yes, victory must belong to the Red Army.He told the soldiers the truth that the revolution would surely succeed sooner or later, and vividly told the story of Mao Zedong's establishment of a revolutionary base in Jinggangshan, which strengthened the soldiers' confidence in victory. ① Winter of 1932.Due to the interference of the "Left" adventurism on the Red Army on the Shaanxi-Gansu border, the Sicunyuan guerrilla base was lost, the Red Army lost its support, and Lien Chan lost.For a while, the morale of the troops was low and there were many difficulties.Under such circumstances, Liu Zhidan took the lead and influenced the troops with his words and deeds. He personally cooked for the troops, made hemp shoes for the soldiers, stood guard for the soldiers at night, and explained the principles of revolution to the soldiers.With the exemplary actions of the unity of officers and soldiers and the unity of military and government, the morale of the army has been stabilized and morale has been boosted.During the days and nights when the Red Twenty-Sixth Army went south and failed, Liu Zhidan and others patiently educated them on revolutionary ideals and beliefs, enabling the soldiers to persist in fighting, overcome difficulties, and tide over difficulties.When doing the education and reform work of Guo Baoshan's troops.Liu Zhidan dispatched strong and powerful political staff to patiently explain the military discipline of the Red Army, publicize the policies of the Communist Party, and talk about who to fight for, and so on.On the basis of political education, “Later, a party branch was established, party members were recruited, political education was everywhere in the army, and no one deserted. Generally speaking, these people donated their blood to northern Shaanxi.”① Due to the solid and meticulous ideological and political work, the Red Army troops on the Shaanxi-Gansu border can consciously implement the three principles of political work: the unity of officers and soldiers, the unity of the army and the people, the disintegration of the enemy army, and the lenient treatment of prisoners. We must uphold the conscious revolutionary discipline, carry forward the spirit of patriotism and revolutionary heroism, and carry forward the fine style of not being afraid of sacrifice and hard work.Make the entire Red Army look completely new.Throughout the history of the development of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army, we can see that despite the repeated setbacks and ups and downs of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army, the majority of cadres and soldiers have always held the revolutionary confidence and determination, made up their minds, and fought for the interests of the people. And struggle.On the battlefield, thousands of cadres and soldiers are brave and tenacious, not afraid to shed the last drop of blood.In prisons and courts, countless revolutionary fighters died with dignity and generosity.Zhao Guoqing, the commander of the cavalry regiment, was wounded and recuperated in the homes of the masses, and was later captured by the enemy.Wang Taiji, the commander of the 42nd Division of the Red Army, was arrested by the enemy when he was engaged in the work of instigating rebellion against the enemy. The heroic unit thus preserved the last base for the Party Central Committee and the National Red Army in an extremely difficult environment, and completed the arduous task entrusted to her by history. (3) Establish a democratic life system for the entire army, and form a new type of relationship between officers and soldiers and military-civilian relations unique to the People's Army Establishing and improving the democratic life system of the army is one of the fine styles of the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants, and it is also one of the distinctive signs that the Red Army is different from the warlord army.As early as before and after the birth of the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas of the Red Army, the army's democratic life system had already begun to be established in the army.Since the main components of the Ganbian Red Army were not differentiated from the Kuomintang army through uprisings, unhealthy styles such as warlordism and commandism did not have a great impact on the army.At the beginning of the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas of the Red Army, the army established a soldiers committee, and all matters were decided by it.The army is very democratic and the economy is completely public.The prizes won in the battle are also distributed by the soldiers committee.According to Yan Hongyan’s recollection: "At first, there were no cooks or breeders in the army, and the commanders cooked and fed the horses with everyone. The horses were all ridden by cavalrymen, traffic officers, and sick patients. The commanders never liked to ride horses. Once they arrived at the Yan camp, The commander divided the house and sent a sentry post. He also had to stand guard in shifts like the soldiers. If someone came to discuss something, he would find someone to take the post temporarily. What are the shortcomings? When the soldiers committee was held, the soldiers criticized him at the meeting. The funniest thing is that as long as someone at the meeting says that he does not approve of him as a commander, the commander will not be able to be a commander. Xie Zichang Comrade Xie Zichang and Comrade Liu Zhidan once asked everyone to be dismissed, and I also asked the soldiers to be dismissed. At that time, everyone thought it was right to do so. Comrade Xie Zichang and Comrade Liu Zhidan never complained when they were dismissed. It took a few days. Everyone felt that 'Old Xie' and 'Old Liu' could do it, so they re-elected him as the commander-in-chief. Once the troops won a battle, and the masses comforted them with two Hardman cigarettes. Comrade Xie Zichang The Lord distributed all the cigarettes to the wounded. The Soldiers Committee knew about it. They thought that this division was unfair and gave Comrade Xie Yuchang many opinions.”① At that time, the relationship between Red Army cadres and soldiers was completely equal, and the commanders lived and fought with the soldiers every day.Which soldier's name, what temperament, all figured out clearly.As soon as they arrived at the camp, the commanders went to various cave dwellings to see the soldiers, asking about their health and care.Xie Zichang and Liu Zhidan are older, and the soldiers openly call them commander-in-chief, but usually call them "Old Liu" or "Old Xie" affectionately.Comrade Xie Zichang sometimes put some fried beans in his pocket, went to the cave where the soldiers lived, grabbed a handful for this soldier, stuffed a handful for that soldier, and sat down to talk with everyone, or tell stories, jokes, soldiers They listened with gusto and burst out laughing.Therefore, the soldiers are very familiar with the commanders, and they are not restrained at all, just like brothers. Since the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army had fewer troops in its early days and was still in the transitional stage of becoming a regular Red Army, it was natural for the troops to adopt this democratic way of life.However, this democratic way of life also has shortcomings. This is because absolute egalitarianism and extreme democratization tend to have a greater influence in the army, which is not conducive to commanders concentrating on studying army building and combat issues. Later, through the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, the Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier Red Army learned about and comprehended a set of democratic life systems in the Central Red Army of the Jiangxi Soviet Area, and also carefully studied the pamphlet "Gutian Conference Resolution" formulated by Ding Mao Zedong at the "Ninth National Congress" of the Fourth Red Army. , realized: "The danger of extreme democratization lies in damaging or even completely destroying the party's organization, weakening or even completely destroying the party's combat effectiveness, making the party unable to bear the responsibility of struggle, and thus causing the failure of the revolution." "Extreme democratization The source of this lies in the liberalism of the petty bourgeoisie, which, when brought into the party, becomes an idea of ​​extreme democratization in politics and organization. This idea is fundamentally incompatible with the tasks of the proletariat "① "The source of absolute egalitarianism, like the extreme democratization in politics, is the product of handicrafts and small-scale peasant economy, but one can be found in political life and the other in material life.". ② Since then, the democratic life system of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army began to gradually improve and perfect in accordance with the policy of "democratic life under centralized guidance".One is to establish the authority of the commander, which stipulates that the commander may not keep watch, and the army has staff officers.The troops have a simple division of labor, and the commander gets rid of a lot of affairs, so that he has more time and energy to consider the issue of army building and combat command. "In order to oppose the guerrilla habit, it is stipulated that we must salute each other. At first, we were not used to it. Some people could not help laughing while saluting." ③ Second, the resolutions of the party committee must be resolutely implemented, and we must not use various excuses to obstruct the party's policy implementation.The third is to establish the mechanism and system of democratic life, and set up the manager department (logistics work unit), infirmary, and Lenin room (club).A small armory was also set up, and the Soldiers' Council was further perfected, its rights and obligations stipulated.In this way, the democratic life system of the Red Army on the Shaanxi-Gansu border will be more complete. The democratic life system of the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border enabled the Red Army to truly achieve the unity of the army and the people, the unity of the military and the government, and the unity of the officers and soldiers, and cultivated the democratic style of the army.Liu Zhidan's democratic style is an example and model of the democratic style of the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border.Although he has held important positions such as commander-in-chief, division commander, and chairman of the Military Commission, whenever he went to a place, he immediately went deep into the masses to understand the local enemy and social conditions.Therefore, he is familiar with every mountain, every ditch, every road, and every village in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region. People call him a "living map".When marching, he arranged the camps and sentries of the troops very tightly.After he settled down, he often took time to twist the hemp rope and play straw sandals with the soldiers.He himself was like a warrior; clad in thousand-patch clothes, and sandals on his feet.His life was very difficult. At that time, his family only had two large bowls and two pairs of sorghum stick chopsticks.Once, a few people came to visit him at home, but he wanted to entertain but had nothing, so he finally found a pumpkin, cooked it, and had to take turns to eat it because there were not enough bowls and chopsticks.Because Liu Zhidan is approachable and loves the people, he has a high prestige among the Red Army and the people, and is deeply loved by soldiers. His democratic style and hard-working and simple character have also greatly promoted the formation of a good atmosphere in the entire army. . (4) Resolutely implement the three major tasks of the Red Army, carry out the Agrarian Revolution Movement in depth, and exercise and improve the political quality of the troops in the great struggle to create the revolutionary base areas on the Shaanxi-Gansu border The Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army is an armed group that carries out revolutionary political tasks.In China, there was the rural Red Army first, and then the urban regime. This is a characteristic of the Chinese revolution.Therefore, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly stated in the "September Letter" to the Fourth Red Army in the Central Soviet Area: "At present, the basic tasks of the Red Army mainly include the following: (1) to mobilize the masses to struggle, implement the agrarian revolution, and establish the Soviet regime; ( 2) Implement guerrilla warfare, arm the peasants, and expand their own organization; 3) Expand guerrilla areas and political influence throughout the country. If the Red Army cannot fulfill the three major tasks, it is no different from an ordinary army.” In the Shaanxi-Gansu border area, the conditions for the Red Army to perform three major tasks.facing unfavorable conditions.The Shanxi-Kansu border area has never been hit by the storm of the Great Revolution. Until the establishment of the Red Army guerrillas, there had never been a trade union and peasant association as widespread as in the southern provinces, and there had never been an organized struggle between the workers and peasants and the gentry and landlords. "There used to be no party organization there, and the masses had never even heard of the term Communist Party." ① "The mass's ability to accept new ideas is very poor, especially the feudal superstition organization in that place is quite strong and widespread (among the adults in Gyeongbuk) Seventy-eight percent of the population), such as the Gelaohui, Tianmenhui, and the Buddhist Church, these organizations have a strong feudal conservative superstition, and they don't know anything about the revolutionary cause. Therefore, when developing party organizations, we must take these objective factors into account. There are fundamental conditions. If you blindly develop a large number of party organizations, not only will you not build a strong organization, but you will bury the party in these feudal superstitious sludge pits. This was something that we had to pay attention to at the time.” ② Judging from the above situation, the Shaanxi-Gansu border area and the Longdong area basically belong to "the kind of places that have not been affected by the democratic revolution".In such places, the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border faced more challenges than the Red Army troops in the south in terms of mobilizing the masses, attacking local tyrants, dividing land, launching the agrarian revolution movement, establishing the party and mass organizations, and completely eradicating the social and economic basis of the rule of the gentry and landlords. Harder, more onerous tasks. The Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border area performed the three major tasks of the Red Army stipulated by the Communist Party of China in an exemplary manner.In 1932, shortly after the birth of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army, the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas of the Chinese Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army issued the following announcement: The Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants passed through the provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu, and fought dozens of bloody battles with the Kuomintang warlords.Helping workers and peasants in dozens of counties including Zhengning, Shanshui①Fuping, Fangzhou②, Liquan, Yijun, and Central③ counties, and distributing millions of grain and property from landlords and gentry.The toiling masses and the Red Army guerrillas united to shake the rule of the warlords of the Northwest TUDP and promote the rapid development of the Northwest revolution, so that the vast number of toiling workers, peasants and soldiers of the White Army fought to overthrow the exploitation and oppression of the Kuomintang warlords and to liberate themselves. Fight, come and join the Red Army partisans.In order to support the Red Army guerrillas, hereby declare that the fundamental tasks of our army are: 1. Our army is the armed force of the poor workers and peasants. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, it will wage a mortal struggle against the Kuomintang army and will never compromise with any ruling force. 2. In the area where the army has been, all the ruling organs of the Kuomintang warlords-county government, district office, militia bureau, Lizheng, etc. shall be eradicated. 3. All exorbitant taxes, apportionment and extortion given by the Northwest Kuomintang warlords to the workers, peasants and toiling masses shall be null and void. 4. Help the poor workers, peasants, and soldiers of the White Army to rise up and distribute the grain property and land of the gentry and landlords. 5. All written and oral loan sharks, debts, and contracts shall be declared invalid. Sixth, seize the armed forces of the White Army, militia, and police, and arm the Peasant Red Guards to protect their own interests. Seventh, the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Conference - the Soviet government. 8. Create the Red Army of Northwest Workers and Peasants. The above are the fundamental tasks of our army.I hope that the toiling workers, peasants and soldiers of the White Army all over the country will have a deep understanding, and quickly cooperate with the army to implement it, so as to realize it as soon as possible. This is the most important thing. ① Commander Liu Zhidan Huang Ziwen, Director of the Political Department The second year of the Chinese Soviet Republic② From the above announcements, we can see that the Shaanxi-Gansu Red Army guerrillas have specified the three major tasks of the Red Army.Regarding the first task of the Red Army, the Red Army on the Shaanxi-Gansu border clearly proposed to eradicate the ruling organs of the Kuomintang reactionaries at all levels, abolish exorbitant taxes, apportionment and extortion, abolish usury, debts, and contracts of landlords and gentry, and establish a Soviet government; Regarding the second task of the Red Army, the Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier Red Army proposed to attack and eliminate reactionary warlord troops, confiscate enemy weapons, arm peasants, establish Red Guards, and create the Northwest Red Army; He proposed to shake the rule of the Kuomintang warlords in the northwest, promote the development of the revolution in the northwest, and expand the influence of the revolution. In this way, the development of the Red Army was combined with the struggle of the Agrarian Revolutionary Movement and the establishment of base areas. Later, Comrade Mao Zedong further clearly stipulated that the Red Army must carry out the three major tasks of "fighting and destroying the enemy; doing mass work and establishing base areas; raising funds for production".In order to learn from the successful experience of the Central Red Army, in the great practice of opening up the revolutionary base areas in the Shaanxi-Gansu border area, the Shaanxi-Gansu border Red Army further clarified the three major tasks of the Red Army according to the actual situation. In a series of resolutions made by the Nanliang Conference, the tasks of the Red Army were further stipulated. These tasks can be summarized as follows: First, establish a revolutionary base in the Shaanxi-Gansu border with Nanliang as the center, mobilize the masses, and carry out the agrarian revolution. Second, open up three-way guerrilla areas, widely carry out guerrilla warfare, and expand the revolutionary armed forces and revolutionary influence. Third, consolidate the main force of the Red Army as a strong pillar of armed struggle. Fourth, the military rations and funds of the Red Army were mainly obtained from the gentry and landlords, and they were seized from the enemy in a planned way, and mobile warehouses were established to disperse the reserves. They neither "mobilized grain" nor "welcome" grain to the peasants. Fifth, set up pastures to feed pigs and sheep to reduce the burden on the people. At that time, the Red Twenty-Sixth Army had already understood from several setbacks that "it was unwilling to do hard work to establish a base area, establish the power of the people, and thereby expand its political influence, but only wanted to use mobile guerrilla methods to expand its political influence." Political influence... All these manifestations of rogue ideology greatly hinder the Red Army from performing correct tasks, so eliminating rogue ideology is actually an important goal of the Red Army's inner-party ideological struggle."In order to fulfill the party's political tasks, the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border must go deep into the Nanliang area in the middle of the Qiaoshan mountain range in the Shaanxi-Gansu border, do solid, meticulous, and patient mass work, organize the masses, propagate the masses, arm the masses, and help the masses establish a revolutionary regime. Create party organizations.Only in this way can the political influence of the Red Army be truly expanded and the foundation of the Kuomintang reactionaries' rule in the Northwest region truly shaken. In practice, the Red Army on the Shaanxi-Gansu border also realized that due to the extremely strong counter-revolutionary forces in the northwest region, the Red Army was very weak. Therefore, it was necessary to expand the guerrilla area, establish a three-way guerrilla area, attack and rescue people everywhere, and expand the red area.In this way, the revolutionary struggle in the Nanliang base area can be effectively supported and covered, and the revolutionary base area can be expanded so that the revolutionary struggle can develop. Since the Shanxi-Gansu Border Base Area is located in an economically backward mountainous countryside, the majority of farmers live in extreme poverty. The Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red 26th Army adopted the policy of providing livelihood to the people, and decided not to collect food or distribute money to the farmers in the base area. The Red Army and the Soviet government The expenditures were mainly obtained from the gentry and landlords, relying on the local tyrants as the main source of finance. The public grain and livestock of the Red Army and the guerrillas were scattered and stored in the countryside of the base area to prevent the enemy from destroying them. The landlord's cattle and sheep are collectively raised for military supplies. The implementation of these systems in the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army enabled the Red Army to perform three major tasks: fighting, mass work, and raising funds for production. The Red Army was not only a combat team, but also a work team and production team.As a result, all the antagonism between the officers and soldiers of the old army, between the top and bottom, and between the army and the people was completely broken, so that the Red Army in the Shaanxi-Gansu border stood closely with the people, served the masses wholeheartedly, and ensured the unity of the Red Army and the people. , overcome all kinds of difficulties and endure any risks. 2. The military construction and strategic and tactical principles of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Red Army (1) Implement the armed force system of the three-in-one combination of the main Red Army, local Red Army and Red Guard Army The Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier Party and the Red Army gradually realized in the arduous revolutionary struggle that the Red Army's revolutionary war was essentially a peasant war led by the proletariat.If the Party and the Red Army cannot establish the most reliable and broadest alliance with the peasants and mobilize and organize millions of peasants, it will be impossible to defeat the brutal and ferocious reactionary warlords, and it will be impossible to create and consolidate the revolutionary base areas on the Shaanxi-Gansu border.To this end, it is necessary to establish a three-combination armed force system of the main Red Army, local armed forces, and Red Guards.With such a combination, the main force of the Red Army Corps can carry out super-local mobile combat tasks at any time, mainly to deal with and annihilate the regular army of the Kuomintang reactionaries.The local Red Army guerrillas continued to fight on the spot with the coordination of the Red Guards, Young Pioneers and other mass armed organizations, defending and consolidating the base areas, organizing and cooperating with the main Red Army to fight and annihilate the local enemies, thus forming a net to defeat the enemy.The implementation of such a combination can not only make all the people soldiers, but also enable the Red Guards to supplement the local Red Army guerrillas at any time, so that the local Red Army guerrillas can be gradually upgraded to the main force of the Red Army, and the people's red armed forces can be strengthened. In order to achieve the above goals, the Shaanxi-Gansu Frontier Party and the Red Army made the following regulations on the systems of Red Army units, local Red Army guerrillas, and Red Guards: First, in expanding the activities of the Red Army, implement the voluntary military service system to ensure the quality of the Red Army soldiers. Second, extensively set up guerrilla groups on the basis of the Red Guards and Young Pioneers to carry out guerrilla activities. Third, the establishment of private outposts to help the Red Army do intelligence work. Fourth, establish a three-way guerrilla headquarters in Guanzhong, Longdong, and northern Shaanxi to uniformly command the actions of the Red Army guerrillas in various places. Fifth, after the masses joined the local Red Army guerrillas, after a period of military training and combat tempering, they were organized into companies and platoons into the main force of the Red Army to enrich and strengthen the main force of the Red Army. Sixth, the armed ammunition of the Red Army, guerrillas, and Red Guards mainly relied on seizing the enemy and confiscating the weapons of the gentry and landlords.Collected weapons are used by collectors; the masses are encouraged to buy weapons, and special rewards are given for buying new weapons. After the implementation of these systems and policies, significant results have been received.The people in the revolutionary base areas on the Shaanxi-Gansu border set off a movement to "expand the red", and moving scenes of "mothers sending their sons to the battlefield and wives sending their husbands to the Red Army" can be seen everywhere, and the armed forces of the Red Army have been constantly replenished and expanded.The strength of the 42nd Division of the Red 26th Army, the main force of the Red Army, expanded to more than 2,000. The local Red Army guerrilla units under the command of the general headquarters of the guerrillas from all walks of life developed to dozens of units with more than 3,000 soldiers. The Red Guards also developed to More than 5000 people.The combat effectiveness of the main force of the Red Army, local Red Army guerrillas, and Red Guards has been further improved. In the construction of the main Red Army, until the end of 1934.The 42nd Division of the Red 26th Army already has 5 regiments.Its compilation sequence and leaders are as follows: Commanders of the 42nd Division of the 26th Red Army Wang Taiji, Liu Zhidan, and Yang Sen, and political commissars Gao Gang and Xie Zichang (concurrently). The first regiment (leader Chen Guodong, political commissar Zhang Zhongliang); The Second Regiment (Leader Liu Jingfan, Political Commissar Hu Yanying); The third group (head Wang Shitai, political commissar Huang Luobin); Cavalry regiment (heads Huang Zixiang and Zhao Guoqing, political commissars Yang Sen and Zhang Xiushan); Northwest Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army (commander Guo Baoshan, political commissars Ren Langhua, Huang Luobin, Ma Peixun); The Red Forty-Second Division has a total strength of more than 2,000 people and more than 1,500 rifles. It is also equipped with light and heavy machine guns, mortars and other modern weapons, which have significantly improved the combat capabilities of the main Red Army. In the construction of the local Red Army, the guerrillas under the command of the second guerrilla headquarters include the security guerrillas, the Heshui guerrillas, the Qingyang guerrillas, the Ansai guerrillas, the Qingbei guerrillas, the Huachi guerrillas, and the Yuancheng guerrillas. The guerrillas, the Yuele guerrillas, the Jingbian guerrillas, the Ganquan guerrillas, the Yan'an guerrillas, the Wazichuan guerrillas, the Kunxian guerrillas, and the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th detachments of the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrilla teams, etc. The Red Army guerrilla has more than 1,500 troops. The guerrillas under the command of the General Headquarters of the Third Route Guerrilla Army include three detachments in Ningxian, four detachments in Pingzi, five detachments in Zhengning, eight detachments in Qiutou, sixteen detachments in Longzuizi, Zhongyi guerrillas, Xunyi guerrillas, and Weibei guerrillas. There are 14 local Red Army guerrillas, including the 14 local Red Army guerrillas, the Yaoxian guerrillas, the Zhaojin guerrillas, the Chunhua guerrillas, the Jianzhuang guerrillas, the Binxian guerrillas, and the spy team, with a strength of more than 1,500 people. The local Red Army guerrillas in the above-mentioned second and third guerrilla areas had a total strength of more than 3,000 people and 1,500 rifles, and they had quite strong combat capabilities. In terms of the construction of the Red Guard Army, it was stipulated that at least one person from each household should participate in the organization of the Red Guard Army, except that local and rich peasants were not allowed to participate.The Red Guards are mainly composed of poor young peasants. Its main task is to set up sentry posts in every village. One person during the day and two at night to pass on news, and immediately report to the township chairman and the government as soon as they find the enemy.Most of the local people are illiterate, and most of the letters sent are folded from a corner of paper, with chicken feathers inserted on it, indicating that the situation is urgent.这些信传递得很快，一村转一村都按时送到了政府；清查外人，对进入本地区的陌生人立即报告政府进行审查；打土豪，在红军和政府组织下，赤卫军打击土豪劣绅，没收财产和田地，分配给贫苦农民。赤卫军同地主民团武装展开武装斗争，保卫农民的胜利果实和根据地的治安。另外，根据地各村都有少年先锋队组织，在赤卫军领导下，承担站岗、放哨、查路条、侦察敌情、传递消息等任务。 正是由于陕甘边党和红军逐渐形成了主力红军、地方红军游击队、赤卫军相结合的武装力量体制，陕甘边红军主力部队在反“围剿”作战中，发挥了高度灵活机动的作风，驰骋疆场，有效地打击和歼灭敌人，并在人民的掩护下，进行整编训练和休养生息，特别是在人力、物力上得到了源源不断地补充，得以坚持长期的革命战争。 （二）实行一系列灵活机动的战略战术，掌握反“围剿”战争的主动权 在中国工农红军陕甘游击队成立初期，刘志丹、谢子长同志就注意利用敌人的弱点，采取了长途奔袭、声东击西、避实击虚等战略战术，在每次战斗中均集中主力，实行歼灭战的指导方针，使红军在强大的敌人的围攻下，始终掌握战争的主动权。但是，党内“左”倾冒险主义者指责陕甘游击队的这种战略战术是“游击主义”、“逃跑主义”、“右倾机会主义”，强令红军不顾条件，或是进攻敌人的关中平原中心地区，或是死守五顷塬，限制了红军的机动作战能力，导致了红军三次大的失败（即1932年6月陕甘红军游击队东进韩城的失败，1932年7月陕甘红军游击队死守五顷塬的失败，1933年6月红：二十六军第二团南下渭华的失败），给革命事业造成了无法弥补的损失。 在失败和挫折面前，陕甘边党和红军逐渐认识到，要想赢得战斗的胜利，必须运用灵活机动的战略战术，掌握战争的主动权。1933年9月17日，在红二十六军南下渭华失败后，陕甘边红军临时总指挥部根据敌我力量悬殊的情况，决定，红军的作战方针是：打小仗不打大仗，集小胜为大胜。在反围剿作战中，采取主力部队转入外线。避其锋芒，待机歼敌。地方红军坚持照金根据地斗争的战略战术。后来由于运用了这种战略战术，红军主力北上陇东攻克合水，痛歼赵支治团，重创谭世麟民团军，打得敌军狼狈不堪。红军虽然暂时放弃了照金苏区，但却开辟了辟了广大的南梁根据地。 在此以后，反“围剿”作战中，红二十六军始终采取“避实矗亍虚”、“避强打弱”的主动灵活的战术，与敌周旋，拖增敌人，然后抓住战机，给敌人以歼灭性的打击，因而获得了反“围剿”作战的胜利。在反“围剿”作战中，红军也逐滞积累了丰富的经验，从而形成了陕甘边红军独特的反“围剿”作战的战略战术原则。概括起来说，这些战略战术原则主要有以下几点： 第一，红军必须依托根据地作战，充分发挥根据地地理、社会和群众条件等方面的优势，弥补武装装备和兵力的不足，使红军由劣势变为优势，造成陷敌于灭顶之灾的人民战争的汪洋大海。 第二，集中优势兵力，选择敌人弱点，在运动战中有把握地歼灭敌人的一部或大部，以各个击破敌人。 第三，根据地不宜仅选一块，应同时建立数个根据地。形成犄角之势，互相呼应，互相支援，同时也能扩大红军的作战区域，使红军有广大的周旋余地，有利于粉碎敌人的“围剿”，有利于根据地的进一步巩固和扩大。 第四，红军作战方式以带游击特色的运动战为主，辅之以游击战，实行歼灭战的指导方针 第五，在反“围剿”作战中，红军针对敌军“围剿”部署的特点，或诱敌敌深入，或迂回外线，纵横驰骋于无堡垒的地带，抓住战机，打击和歼灭疲惫虚弱之敌，使敌顾此失彼，陷于被动和不利的境地。 第六，主力红军的大部担负外线机动作战的任务，地方红军和部分主力红军担负内线作战的任务，掩护群众，坚壁清野，保护根据地党政机关的安全。 由于陕甘边红军实行了上述正确的战略战术，这样就保证了红军在历次反“围剿”作战中的主动权。在当时，从总的情况来看，尽管红二十六军在反“围剿”作战中的兵力仅仅是敌军兵力的二十分之一，敞我力量众寡悬殊，但红二十六军总是能掌握战场主动权，甚至能在毛沟门战斗、西华池战斗等一系列作战行动中，一次歼灭大于自己兵力的敌军，使敌军闻风丧胆。 红二十六军及地方红军游击队之所以能取得十分辉煌的战绩，原因就在于坚持了保存自己、待机破敌的原则，充分发挥了游击战灵活机动、避实击虚、奇袭速决的特点。毛泽东同志在淡到如何以小部队打破强大敌人的“围剿”时指出，首先而且严重的问题，是如何保存力量，待机破敌。红二十六军实际上坚持了这一原则并针对敌人的清剿方针，逐步总结了切合实际，符合这一原则的战略指导方针。 毛泽东指出，游击队的会走，正是其特点。走是脱离被动恢复主动的主要的方法。红二十六军及地方红军游击队利用陕甘边桥山山脉层峦叠嶂、沟深林密的有利地形，往返穿插，时东时西，忽南忽北，使敌军难以掌握红军的行动规律，无法形成对红军主力的围追堵截。但是，红军的走不是消极的，条件对我有利时，就抓住战机，歼敌一部后又走，使敌军无法捕捉红军的行踪。红军正是用这种走中抓住时机就打，打了又立即走的方法，保存了自己，消灭了敌人。 毛泽东讲过，根据情况灵活分散兵力或集中兵力，是游击队的重要方法。在第一次反“围剿”作战中的第一阶段，红二十六军主力集中活动。这时敌人的封锁线尚未完全筑成，加之指挥不统一，行动不协调，担任驻剿任务的敌军往往滞留一地，坐等红军就范；担任追剿任务的敌军则孤军追击。而红军则集中行动，以大踏步的进退，拖着敌追击部队，趁其疲惫、麻痹之际，利用有利地形给敌以沉重打击，创造了西华池战斗以弱胜强的战例。在第一次反“围剿”作战的第二阶段，敌军在陕甘边根据地之间的各点线上筑成了密织如网的封锁线，红军大部队反而难以活动。高凤坡战斗中红军作战陷于被动，原因就在于此。为了更有效地打击敌人，保存自己，刘志丹同志确定红三团和骑兵团分散活动的方针，这既便于在敌后机动穿插，又保持了一定的作战能力。红军分散活动一段时间后，又按预定的时间、地点集中。总结经验，布置新的任务。在第二次反“围剿”作战中，刘志丹又采取了集中兵力为主，分散兵力为辅的方针，以红二十六军第四十二师第三团和西北抗日义勇军北上陕北，与红二十七军第八十四师会师，组成西北红军主力兵团，集中兵力打击敌八十四师高桂滋部，同时以红二十六军第四十二师骑兵团、第一团、第二团分散活动，牵制和打击敌三十五师、六十一师、四十二师的进剿行动，保证了西北红军主力兵团作战的顺利进行。 在活动地域和对敌斗争的策略上，红军基本上坚持避实趁弱、避实击虚的方针。陕甘边红军初建时期，因经验不足，加之“左”倾错误的影响，主要在敌重点清剿的关中地区活动。这一时间，红军主要用兜圈子的办法，以求得保存自己，待机打击敌人。但因杜衡的错误指挥，红二十六军在南下作战中失败。1933年10月，红军再次北上陇东，往返数百里，打乱了敌人的部署，取得了攻克合水，痛歼赵文治团等战斗的胜利，获取了在大踏步运动中抓住敌人薄弱环节给以痛击的经验。随后在第一次反“围剿”作战和第二次反“围剿”作战中，刘志丹将避强趁弱、避实击虚的作战方针具体化，从而保证了红军以小的代价换取大的胜利。事实说明，在敌我力量绝对悬殊的条件下，红军只要坚持避强趁弱、避实击虚的方针，就可以得到生存和发展。 在战术上，红二十六军充分发挥了游击战速决、奇袭的特点。从1931年9月南梁游击队的诞生到1935年10月，中央红军长征到陕北，在四年的艰苦作战中。陕廿边红军的主要作战方式是伏击战和长途奔袭战，在敌军骄矜麻痹和疲惫之际，利用有利地形，以迅雷不及掩耳之势迅速解决战斗。红军还常常采用了化装战术，妆扮成敌军官兵，大摇大摆地进入敌人的城镇或据点，趁敌不备，突然将枪口对准敌人，一枪不放地就将其全部缴械。这种化装战术尤如一幕幕惊险动人的活剧。这是战术上的一个创造。 红二十六军的干部战士来自工农，在长期的革命战争中经受了无数次胜利或挫折的考验，继承和发扬了勇猛顽强的战斗作风。进攻时迅速、勇猛，打得敌人措手不及，难以招架，并且勇于短兵相接，解决战斗干脆。防御时，不畏强敌，顽强抗击，能够打退敌人连续冲锋，并能适时地组织反击。转移时，行动敏捷，且有日夜行军，吃大苦、耐大劳，攀绝壁，跳悬崖，战胜一切天然险阻的坚韧力，并能边走边战，使敌人堵不住、追不上。化装进入敌人据点时，沉着机智，应对自如，具有压倒一切敌人的英雄气概和随机应变的能力，这种优良的作风是一种无形的力量，红军战士凭着这种力量，克服了重重困难，战胜了强大的敌人。 三、陕甘边红军的统战政策和经济待遇政策 陕甘边红军吸取了以往革命斗争中的经验教训，注意开展统一战线工作。在这方面的政策主要有： 第一，对具有政治背景的反动土匪武装和为群众所痛恨的惯匪，坚决消灭。对一般土匪，则采取各种办法去争取改造。 第二，对极端反动的地主民团坚决消灭，对同情、靠近共产党和红军的民团，则与之建立友善关系，互不侵犯。对那种既不反对，也不愿接近红军的民团，在实际斗争中教育他们，使之转变对共产党和红军的认识，并向红军靠近。 第三，对白军俘虏一般采取教育、改造的政策。 第四，对哥老会采取争取的政策，建立长期的统战关系，对其中的反革命分子，发动群众去清除，对扇子会、红枪会、硬肚、软缠等会道门组织，采取争取的政策，逐步加以改造。 刘志丹等红军领导人认为，对绿林土匪武装应进行阶级的分析。有些土匪武装如张廷芝、贾德功、杨谋子，①红军就采取坚决打击的政策。但对出身贫苦、成分基本上是农民群众的一般土匪，则采取耐心教育，争取他们走上革命道路的政策。如对郭宝珊部就采取了团结、争取、教育的政策。这支部队起义后，改编为西北抗日义勇军，党组织还派去政治工作人员，建立政治工作制度，并帮助戒除吸食大烟的恶习。随着成份的改变，陆续在部队发展了一批党员。这支部队的政治素质、军事素质有了很大的提高，逐步成长为一支能打硬仗的红军队伍，郭宝珊本人也成为优秀的红军指挥员。西北抗日义勇军的改编，是陕甘边红军改造绿林武装成功的例证。毛泽东曾经指出：游民无产者，“这一批人很能勇敢奋斗，但有破坏性，如引导得法，可以变成一种革命力量。”“这个阶层是动摇的阶层；其中一部分容易被反动势力所收买，其另一部分则有参加革命的可能性。”①陕甘边红军对绿林土匪武装的政策，完全符合毛泽东的这一英明论断。 同时，对民团武装，陕甘边红军也具体分析，区别对待。有些民团武装如谭世麟的陇东民团军，是一支极其凶恶残暴的反革命武装，对此就采取坚决消灭的政策；而有些民团武装，如合水东区民团贾生财部、中部县小石崖民团罗连城部，他们同情革命、帮助红军，红军则采取了教育、团结的政策，贾生财部后来改编为南梁游击队的一个大队，罗连成部从各方面积极支援红军，为红军解决了不少的物资弹药，安置了伤员，对红军帮助很大。由于陕甘边红军采取了上述政策，这样就最大限度地争取了一切可能争取的力量，集中力量打击最顽固的敌人，使革命斗争获得了广泛的同情和支持。值得注意的是，陕甘边红军的统一战线政策是在王明“左”倾关门主义错误在全国各个苏区的发展处于顶峰时期逐渐形成的，这说明了在陕西省委被破坏后，陕甘边红军暂时（大约有一年半左右的时间）摆脱了王明“左”倾冒险主义的束缚，坏事变成了好事。刘志丹等党和红军领导人从实际出发，认真思考，独立自主地解决问题，从而正确地探索出统一战线的政策和主张，因此，陕甘边红军的统战政策的实施是非常难能可贵的，它是陕甘边党和红军实事求是、积极探索的结晶，对红军和根据地的发展起到了极大的促进作用，开创了党在西北地区开展统一战线工作的先河。 在经济待遇方面，陕甘边党和红军也采取了一系列正确的政策： 第一，在扩大红军活动中，实行自愿兵役制。 第二，红军、游击队一律实行供给制。从领导干部到一般工作人员，从干部到战士，经济待遇一律平等，所有费用都由政府财政委员会筹措，统一安排。 第三，红军家属有分得好地的优先权。凡家住在苏区的红军战士，都应分配土地，白军士兵暂时不分配给土地，应分部分暂留作公用。 第四，对红军家属实行救济政策。 第五，对阵亡红军战士，均发给埋葬费，对烈属实行抚恤政策。 第六，红军军粮和经费依靠打土豪筹集，不向根据地群众征粮征款。 第七，建立小型农牧场，解决部分军费开支，减轻人民的负担。 上述政策的实施，既密切了党群关系、军民关系，也体现了拥军爱民，拥军优属的精神，鼓励和保护了根据地人民支援红军、支援革命战争的热情，培育了老区人民的优良传统。 四、陕甘边红军的教育方针及政策的实施 中国工农红军陕甘游击队创立之初，就在部队中成立了军政训练队，分两个班次，一个是高级班，训练排长以上干部，一个是普通班，训练班长与优秀战士。主要课程有“游击队的活动方法”等，主要任务是讨论部队的改编问题。军政训练队当时设在正宁县三嘉塬，1932年春该训练队结业。 1932年4月，中共中央在《关于陕甘边游击队的工作及创造陕甘边新苏区的决议》中明确要求：“在可能的情况之下，即刻开办红军的随营学校与干部学校来训练新的指挥员。”根据这个指示，红二十六军第二团成立后于1933年舂在照金苏区开办了随营学校。后来红二十六军第二团南下渭华失败，随营学校也随之解体。 后来，随着陕甘边南梁根据地的不断扩大和武装力量的深入发展，在“扩红”运动中，广大的贫苦农民参加红军。使红军部队迅速扩大，但他们的军事知识较差，急待训练，加之部队迫切需要党政工作的干部，“干部人才缺乏得很。”①鉴于此种情况，陕甘边党和红军重视发展文化教育事业，制定了一些政策，主要内容包括： 第一，成立红军干部学校，培养干部。 第二，信任政治上清楚的知识分子，分配适当的工作，并注意予以培养。 第三，开办列宁小学，并在学校开设军事课。 1934年10月，根据刘志丹的提议，红色政权在南梁荔园堡创办了红军干部学校，校长由刘志丹兼任，政委由习仲勋兼任，吴岱峰任军事主任，主持日常工作，马文瑞。蔡子伟等兼任教员，学校主要培养来自部队中下级干部，还有少量地方干部。教学内容主要有政治、军事、文化和政权建设。政治课包括“工农红军”、“党的基础知识”、“土地革命政策”、“党的'六大'决定（十大纲领、革命性质等）”。军事课包括“制式教练”、“基本动作”、“尖兵活动”、“游击战术”等。刘志丹亲自担任军事课教学工作。文化课因为学员文化程度较低，基本上以扫育为主。 陕甘边苏维埃政府成立后，红军干部学校改名为党政干部学校，培养对象除来自红军外，还有少量地方干部。校址迁到了豹子川的张家岔。 张家岔，位于豹子川河源头的两条溪流交汇之处。这里古木参天，荒无人烟。山根下有五孔废窑洞作校址，又发动学员自己动手开挖了一些新窑洞，用本柴制成门窗，土炕作为就寝和讨论场所，因陋就简，开始进行艰苦的教学工作。 刘志丹同志在教学中注重以身作作则，言传身教。有一次，陕甘边苏维埃政府主席习仲勋经过党政干部学校的操场时，刘志丹正带领学员上军事课。他立即喊了一声“立正”口令，并向习仲勋敬礼报告，请习仲勋检查工作。出于当时习仲勋年龄较轻，向来把刘志丹当成上级领导来尊敬，这突如其来的场面使他一时手足无措。刘志丹认真地说：“你是政府主席，