Chapter 36 Two Events and the Popularity of Manuscript Old Style Poetry

During the "Cultural Revolution", the old-style poems widely circulated by the people were often produced along with a certain political event or a certain movement, and they were named after the top leaders and spread by "hearsay".This makes this part of the old style poetry like a parasite of political events.This is due to the special environment of the "Cultural Revolution" era. In 1967, there was an upsurge of worshiping Mao Zedong across the country.At this time, a so-called "Qinyuanchun" written by Lin Biao was widely circulated among the Red Guards.This poem was actually written by Gao Heng, a professor of Shandong University, before the "Cultural Revolution", and was published in the Shandong University journal "Literature, History and Philosophy".This poem spread throughout the country because it was named after Deputy Commander Lin.And appeared on big-character posters, leaflets and Red Guard tabloids.

Qinyuanchun Reading Chairman Mao's Poems Koheng Thousands of years of history in the palm, millions of soldiers in the chest. There are winds and rains in the five continents in my eyes, and there is thunder in my pen. Arouse the stinging dragon to fly, extinguish the magic flame and charm fire, and slash the long whale with the sword. The world is full of spring, and the sun is shining and the fire flag is red. Express generosity, write fierce battles, and record the Long March. Tianzhang Yunjin weaves the pride of revolution. After careful inspection of Li Du in the poetry circle, and the translation of Su Xin's masterpieces, there is no such sound.

Climbing and singing with volumes, flowing rhyme and strong east wind. In the later period of the "Cultural Revolution", old-style poems were circulated on a large scale twice.The two old-style poems circulated nationwide were at the end of 1971 and the beginning of 1972.One was the political poems circulated around the September 13th incident; the other was the accompanying elegiac eulogy when "Chen Yi's Poems" was widely circulated throughout the country after the death of Comrade Chen Yi.The production and spread of these two batches of old-style poems all have their profound political backgrounds.

After the outbreak of the September 13th Incident in 1971, the "Criticism of Lin and Rectification" campaign was launched across the country. On December 1 of the same year, the Central Task Force issued one of the materials "The Struggle to Smash the Counter-Revolutionary Coup by the Lin-Chen Anti-Party Clique". The grassroots communicated it to the masses for study and discussion. After that, the second and third materials were successively distributed.At the same time, various gossip spread like wildfire.At this time, a group of old-style poems reflecting the September 13 incident were secretly circulated all over the country through gossip channels, and their content mainly revolved around the September 13 incident.

During this period, there were three poems written by Ye Jianying, one of which is now transcribed: The iron bird flew south and failed to rebel, but Lushan repaired the ancients and showed its might. Fleeing in panic and burying in the sand, the underground should be ashamed of Han and Li Ling. There are many different versions of this poem due to repeated copying.For example, in the second sentence, some people say that "Mount Lu is finally showing its might and spirit"; At that time, there were also Zhao Puchu's Sanqu: "Anti-Tingqu", "Anti-Tingqu No. 2"

Listen to what you say, listen to what you say, Not bad at all. "Hold high the red flag" But it has long been a black flag hanging from the sky "communism" It turned out to be the world of descendants and grandchildren. Shouting "together to kill and discuss together", the top croak, Who knew, the culprit of the first rebellion was him! in the end, Ended up fleeing in a hurry, Falling into a broken halberd, It's true, This bald head follows that bald head! that's, least expensive, least, least, Harvest the biggest, biggest, biggest, Yeah? ! ——

"Listen to the Reverse II" Accompanied by these poems, there are also some original Tang and Song poems.At that time, it was rumored that Chen Yi presented Chairman Mao with a poem by Bai Juyi. Give you a way to solve doubts, without drilling turtles and wishing you yarrow. It takes three days to burn the jade, and it takes seven years to distinguish the material. After Zhou Gong was afraid of rumors, Wang Mang was humble and did not usurp the time. Xiang Shi died at the beginning, so who knows if his life is true or not. At the same time, there is also a poem by Du Mu that Ye Jianying presented to Chairman Mao:

The broken halberd sinks into the sand and the iron is not sold, and it will be ground and washed to recognize the previous dynasty. Dongfeng does not make friends with Zhou Lang, and Tongquechun locks Er Qiao deeply. At the same time, it is also reported that Mao Zedong gave Chen Yi an old saying: "Yaoyao is easy to break, and bright and bright is easy to be dirty. The song of spring, the harmonious one is the widow. Under the famous name, it is actually difficult to match." He gave Premier Zhou and Ye Jian English "Zhuge was only cautious in his life, and Lu Duan was not confused about major issues." These rumors are of course a mass struggle against the ultra-left line of the "Cultural Revolution".

On January 6, 1972, Chen Yi died of illness.Chen Yi's death caused a huge shock in the hearts of the people.The obituary of Chen Yi's death and the large photo of Mao Zedong shaking hands with Zhang Qian cordially wrapped in black gauze were published in People's Daily, and people had mixed feelings.Telegrams and letters of condolence flew to Beijing from all over the country and from all continents of the world. After the memorial service, Comrade Zhang Qian received many condolence letters and telegrams, including Chen Yi's former comrades-in-arms and colleagues, but more from the masses of workers, peasants, soldiers and young people.They sent their own eulogy and eulogy, and enthusiastically urged Zhang Qian to compile and publish Chen Yi's poems as soon as possible.At that time, Zhang Qian had been diagnosed with lung cancer and underwent surgery. While fighting the disease, she sorted out Chen Yi's poems.In the process of editing poems, he was taught by Zhao Puchu.The collection of poems was completed at the end of 1973.At this time, the speeches of Zhang Chunqiao and others came from Shanghai: Don't think that Chairman Mao attended Chen Yi's memorial service, and Chen Yi was not wrong.In this severe political atmosphere, it was impossible for the collection of poems to be published publicly.And with the development of political movements, the political environment further deteriorates, and political oppression will come again at any time.In order to preserve Chen Yi's poems so as not to be confiscated or lost, Zhang Qian chose the method of "collecting poems for the people" and took them out for young people and the general public to copy and disseminate.She is convinced that Chen Yi's poems have infinite vitality.

From 1972 to 1973, a large number of prints, mimeographs, carbon copies, and manuscripts of "Chen Yi's Poems" appeared all over the country.Chen Yi's poems such as Miscellaneous Odes on a Winter Night, Title of Red Leaves on the West Mountain, and Showing Danhuai, and Telling Haosu, Xiaolu, and Xiaoshan were warmly praised by the general public, especially young people. These poems most directly reflected the thoughts and feelings of the people at that time.This is the fundamental reason why Chen Yi's poems can spread like wildfire and become household names. "Selected Poems of Chen Yi" is a poetry collection that has achieved outstanding achievements in both artistry and ideology.Marshal Chen Yi's character and spirit have been integrated into the blood of the younger generation through poetry, inspiring them to face the harsh fascist rule of the "Gang of Four". Many verses in "Chen Yi's Selected Poems" have become tools for direct struggle against the enemy.A poem like "The heavy snow presses the green pine, and the green pine is straight and straight" appeared in Tiananmen Square during the "Fourth Five-Year" Movement in 1976. "It's impossible for floating clouds to cover the sun, and spring buds to bloom after the severe winter" also became a well-known poem at that time.

Around Chen Yi's death, a group of excellent mourning poems and elegy also emerged.These eulogies spread rapidly along with the rumors that Chairman Mao Zedong attended Comrade Chen Yi's memorial service. At that time, it was rumored that Mao Zedong himself circled the words "merit and demerit" in the eulogy.Zhang Qian once personally asked Premier Zhou that she only needs to include "excellent party members" and "loyal fighters" in her eulogy.It is also said that Mao Zedong held Zhang Qian's hand and said, "Chen Yi is a good comrade!" "Lin Biao is against me, and Chen Yi is supporting me." Mao Zedong said to Prince Sihanouk: "There are sometimes quarrels in our family. , quarrels are inevitable, don’t you also often quarrel in your family? But you are united in overthrowing the Lon Nol reactionary clique.” Mao Zedong objected to mentioning the news of “February Adverse Current”.These gossips brought great spiritual encouragement to people under the high political pressure at that time. In these "hearsays", it is also said that Commander-in-Chief Zhu De went to the 301 Hospital to bid farewell to Chen Yi's body, saluted Chen Yi, and said with tears: "Comrade Chen Yi died too early" (meaning he was persecuted to death.) And Zhu De wrote There is a five-character quatrain: Life is a revolution, and the coffin will be settled. Do not follow the teacher closely, the route is correct. It is said that the poet Zhao Puchu wrote an elegy with his "not old notes", and threw the pen straight to the mourning hall after writing, and gave it to Zhang Qian.Zhang Qian took the elegy, folded it into a square with sobs, and put it in Chen Yi's breast pocket, so that the deep friendship of poetry friends and chess friends would accompany Chen Yi on the road in the fire.This rumor was also confirmed after the burial, because the elegy poems passed down at that time were included in Zhao Puchu's anthology of poems published publicly after the "Cultural Revolution": "Pian Shi Ji". Outstanding honors are shining in the world, and their voices are all over the world. Just avoid ghosts and monsters in the intestines, and the lightning strikes. It depends on Yao's daily protection, so that he can avoid cutting with the foot and axe. The expectations are high, when will the big tree be uprooted? Don't you just know what you have felt, a hundred years of words. Weeping is not selfish, the wind and rain darken China. At that time, the elegiac poems that were recited together, as well as the so-called unpublished elegiac poem "Qinyuanchun" by Chairman Mao, also spread like wildfire and spread widely among the cadres and masses: The star dies on Shuofang.The sky and the earth are pale, and the mountains and seas are dull. It's a hero who builds a coffin with a loyal heart; a poetic masterpiece with a thousand lines of history. How many demon kings have been dealt with in the north and south, before and after dawn? Lit the spark, struggled with the Communist Iron Army, Luo Xiao Jinggang. Today, when I vomit my heart, the athletes all over the world burst into tears. Praise the all-powerful, righteous and sensual; Chanting the sun and the moon, Zhibin Huazhang. In the old age of a martyr, his anger is getting stronger, and his ambition is stronger than ten thousand husbands. Going to the underworld, chasing the traitors, fighting thousands of bloody battles! Later, it turned out that this poem was written by Chen Mingyuan—another historical misunderstanding.The original title of the author's poem is "Qinyuanchun Buyong Shiyun mourns Comrade Chen Yi".The author uses the original rhyme of "Ode to Stone" because of his friendship with Chen Yi in the poem "Ode to Stone".He gave this mourning poem to Zhang Qian, and copied it to several friends. After the memorial service for Chen Yi in Babaoshan, it spread along with the mourning poems of Zhu De, Zhao Puchu and others.In this word, the last sentence was originally "one bloody battle", which was changed by Zhao Puchu to "a thousand bloody battles".After the change, it is not only vivid, but also more lawful. Among these elegiac poems that have been circulated, the most distinctive one is "Manjianghong" by Chen Haosu (the eldest son of Chen Yi), which was said to have been written by Chen Danhuai (the son of Chen Yi) at that time.It was recorded as follows: Man Jianghong · Papa Filling Dying for a Moment Fifty years of revolution has never stopped. Talking about Xunlao, he was famous at that time, a martyr without regrets. The years of the South River and the North War are spent, and the years of internal affairs and foreign affairs are eliminated. What can you ask for?May the world be popular all over the world, I am so eager. Teach children, make frost and snow. Wipe out the obsequious bones. As a Zhuang language, it once taught the sky to fall apart. The predecessors see the liver and gallbladder when they die today, and the younger generations lose their sincerity and painstaking efforts. For two generations, all their thoughts are turned to the east and toward the sky. This poem was loved by the majority of young people and spread rapidly. After the "Cultural Revolution", Chen Haosu modified this word and included it in his published poetry anthology "Song of the Red Army". There were still some obvious hypotheses in the poems that were circulated at that time.For example: Mao Zedong's "Seven Rhythms Mourning Chen Yi", Ye Jianying's "Mourning Chen Yi", one of the seven rhymes, and Mao Zedong's "To Chen Yi", one of the five rhymes.The so-called "To Chen Yi" poem by Mao Zedong is introduced as follows: The style of conversation is strong, and the poetry and prose are self-contained. Soldiers and horses live in peace, and they have traveled all over China. Those who are selfless dare to speak out, and those who have the courage can observe by themselves. The goshawk is supported by the giant hand, and the bald crow is raised with a horizontal eyebrow. When Wanmu returned to spring, the bad news was not false. Tears make the south of the Yangtze River rain, and the grass is all over the world. This poem reflects the people's love for Comrade Chen Yi.The upsurge of copying "Chen Yi's Poems" surrounding Chen Yi's death and the emergence of a number of mourning poems actually formed a wave of ideological emancipation against the "Gang of Four".This is a preview of the Minganmen Mass Poetry Movement during the Bingchen Qing Dynasty two or three years later.