Chapter 35 The Underground Poetry of Adult Intellectuals

During the "Cultural Revolution", a large number of veteran cadres and intellectuals were thrown into the 18th hell, and almost no one was spared.Coupled with the literary prison, many people who wrote old-style poems in the past simply stopped writing to avoid disaster.Occasionally, writing is only communicated among relatives and friends, and it is never easy to show others.Nevertheless, after the end of the "Cultural Revolution", the collection of these hidden poems still reached a considerable number.Because these poems come from the painful age, there are very few entertaining, singing and arty works, so the works are more sincere and simple, not superficial.

Playwright Wu Zuguang was quarantined and censored from the very beginning of the "Cultural Revolution" movement.He had just returned from exile in the Great Northern Wilderness, and was taken away again, leaving behind his wife and children.Later, his wife Xin Fengxia also went to the cadre school, and her children went to the Corps, and the family was torn apart.Wu Zuguang wrote a collection of "Poems Under the Pillow" in the "May 7th Cadre School" in Tuanbowa, describing how he missed his family at that time. It's spring again and the green willows come, when the flowers bloom and the wild geese return.

Qiyao's eyes are full of thoughts and tears, and he seems crazy when he sees the family letter. The mighty spring is good for poetry, and the green is all over the world. Seeing that there will be a day for reunion, the arrangement is more than when we were young. Because of sports at that time, it was very common for a family to live apart.This kind of homesickness is often reflected in the poems at that time, such as Shu Wu's "Five Poems of Miscellaneous Odes in the Evening Coolness" in the "May 7th Cadre School" in Xianning, Hubei.Written on the same subject:

The calendar paper Ming Dynasty and the beginning of autumn, the years flow eastward without words; The bead curtain is still in the night and the moon is on the emei, and it will turn white when the reunion is over. The green blood and the beautiful face cause many dreams, so don't watch magpies fill the river tonight. Lao Chen's face is covered with frost, and the world has endured tears for seven years. After encountering civil strife, his family was ruined, he was expelled to the "May 7th Cadre School" for reform, and after reading all the ups and downs, the poet's voice was generally sad and desolate.These nostalgic works are a small part of them, but they recorded the real thoughts and feelings of the people at that time.

The political movement of the "Cultural Revolution" involved a generation of intellectuals and cadres in the vortex of struggle and endured hardships.Reflecting the experience of criticism and struggle has become an important content of underground poems during the "Cultural Revolution".After experiencing catastrophe and humiliation, it made the poets more stubborn and indomitable. Reading Yao's "Comment on "Hai Rui's Dismissal from Office"", I used Mr. Lu Xun's original rhyme to make fun of Wu Han Li Qing 1965 Jie Jie bookish, strict on the battlefield.

It became a knife under the wine again, covering up a hesitation. Li Qing was imprisoned during the "Cultural Revolution" for 8 years.Jiang Qing was released from prison after his downfall.Wu Han was persecuted to death by the "Gang of Four" on December 10, 1968. Qijue Liao Mosha Scholars like to invest in Wenwang, but now Gaoshi loves to bend his waist. Twisting arms and throwing head and jet dancing, the audience is full of strife and coquettishness. Liao Mosha is one of the "Three Family Village" gangsters. From the winter of 1966 to the end of 1967, he, Wu Han and Deng Tuo were dragged to factories and villages for criticism.There were two or three fights a day, every day without interruption, and the fight lasted for more than a year.Wu and Deng died of persecution, but Liao Mosha survived.This poem was written at the criticism meeting from July to August 1967.

Gao Han (1926-), formerly known as Chen Hangao, was born in Tiantai, Zhejiang.He participated in the revolution in his early years, and later worked in the studio of Beijing Film Studio. During the "Cultural Revolution", he was imprisoned for eight years.The single cell was extremely lonely, as if he was alone in the desert. One night, he heard frogs croaking from outside the iron window, as if he heard heavenly music. Unfortunately, the next night, the frog croaking never sounded again.He wrote two poems "Listening to the Frog" with emotion. In front of the small window of the frog drum last night, I couldn't bear to sleep all night.

The most beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, the green seedlings are like pruning and the rain is like smoke. Where can I find a singing voice tonight, I dare say I have been caught by the "reaction". I hope that there will be no "Left" faction in the frog country, and the lonely prisoner will be encouraged by the wall. During the "Cultural Revolution" movement, poets encountered many "unprecedented" things, and they also described this unique situation and experience with their notes. Qilu·Lanye Li Rulun Outside the window, there is a magnolia tree with a height of ten meters. Due to the stray bullets of the fighting, the leaves floated into the window.It is the eight-sentence annals, and it is in the hope of August.

Stray bullets flew across the small courtyard, and a few orchid leaves fell into the window lightly. It's not about sickness, old age and autumn order, but it's bloody with the disabled. It is difficult for a useless scholar to ward off ghosts, and a bald pen is afraid of talking about soldiers. Hearing that the branches can't be shaken, shaking is the sound of hatred in my heart. Seven Laws Nie Gannu 1969 On the way to the Jin Dynasty, he was handcuffed with Bao and Gui, and he was given a play. The ghosts and snakes are the first car, and they look back at Jinghua repeatedly.

Once the sea was full of tears, so I went to the Great Wall, how could it be my home? Heaven above knows what is fair, and no one below drowns in ashes? ① Relying on each other and being embarrassed, they restrained each other and smiled "Ha..." naturally Lu Feiqian In 1962, while hunting, Zhongji accidentally killed a villager who was feeding a duck. Naturally, poultry is not wild duck, and romantic people have a time difference. Xu Lengwei's life is miserable, and Yinghui's sharp gun is boasting everywhere. For thousands of years, the song was in vain and lonely, and after a lesson, he was reborn and killed.

The bean shed and the melon stand are eloquent, and they are used to divide wild and home for hunting. These three poems are like three "poetry talks", which are quite story-telling.The situations are more vivid.In particular, Lu Feiqian's "Zi Shi" adapts to the situation and forms a poem in seven steps to persuade the rebels, but the words are short and the meaning is long.After reading such poems, one recalls that absurd era, and the image of the poet also appears vividly on the paper. During the "Cultural Revolution", poets left behind a lot of old-style poems, among which there will be a considerable number of poems reflecting the experience and perception of the center of the "Cultural Revolution" movement.It's just that most of these poems are scattered in various newspapers and periodicals, and it is difficult to read, and some of them have been suppressed to the bottom of the box, which is a pity.Now I will collect and excerpt some of the poems and sentences with the characteristics of the "Cultural Revolution" as follows: Every year's investigation and trial are all criminals, and the jokes and chats are all on the outline—— "Poems Under the Pillow" Wu Zuguang His whole body is skinny and his bones are broken, his face is full of scars and tears—— Nie Gannu Naturally beautiful and indifferent, only write about autumn appearance but not spring—— "Twenty Rhymes Inscribed on Comrade Huang Yongwu's Jade Replacement Scroll", Autumn 1975, Wu Shichang (Note: Just when the "Owl Incident" Huang Yongyu was being criticized, the title was presented.) Poor Chao Cuo Lindong City, Zhu Zi court clothes have not been removed—— barren Obeying orders is easy to fight for revolution, seeking benevolence and sincerity is hard to get benevolence—— 1969.10 Gongmu Send you off without breaking three spring willows, swinging to and fro, only the trade wind—— "Gift to a Friend" Taro Farmer He offended Zhi Jinwu for no reason, and there was blood smeared on the pill under the stele—— "Sixteen Poems Ode to History" 1976.45 Tang Lan But one word can be shocking, and the commoner can hunt the public—— (same as above) Tang Lan Kyushu is powerless to call the dumb horse, who in the whole country will teach the diseased plum—— "Seven Rhythms Wind Evening" 1967 Li Qing At the end of Anning by the Anning River?Caress the calf and call the young to wait for the night light—— Li Yaqun I have hot blood that can't flow, and the fragrance of my heart is far away, and the clouds are high—— "Four Poems of Seven Absolutes" by Tao Zhu (Note: Outline of the swastika when imprisoned at the time, hearing about the Battle of Zhenbao Island) There is blood in the heart, and the history is smeared, and the tears are silently crying for the deceased—— "Comrade Hanging Wu Tianshi" Sha Yuanwei Aoi looks up at the sun with her disheveled head, and the fish looks back to the river with tired eyes—— Gongmu Hong Dunliu (1907-1972), a native of Huaining, Anhui Province, died in the "Cultural Revolution".In his early years, he studied in England and France and obtained a Ph.D. in economics.He used to be a professor in Hunan University, Lanzhou University and other schools.Intellectuals like him were naturally humiliated during the "Cultural Revolution".Two years before his death, that is, in 1970, he wrote four "chronic poems" with great pain, two of which are selected here: Thousands of parties are fighting fiercely, and the four seas are competing for the end. Let go of the cane, bow your head with the paper crown. Wife and children are sad and far away from the enemy, so they sigh silently. Anyone who knows the loyal will split the coffin even in the deep night. Hunger and cold, full and warm, everything is better than the past. Whoever is a tough guy will always guard against a soft iron whip. Sailiu Nong cut off the city, and abolished bachelors plowed the fields. After singing the "Three Loyalty Songs", I want to ask the heavens in a low voice! The reason why Hong Dunliu's posthumous works are touching is that he not only tells his personal tragic experience, but also has compassion for the common people. Li Rulun (1930-2010) was born in Fuyu, Jilin Province.Director of the Guangdong Branch of the Chinese Writers Association. He once wrote "Planting Melons and Reaping Beans" and "Spiritual Grass". The poem "Begging Wife" describes the deep suffering of the peasants at the bottom of society at that time in plain language.This poem is reminiscent of Bai Juyi's "The Charcoal Seller" The Beggar (1975) The dish on the surface is dull, and the patchwork is broken and leans against the street wall. The crumpled paper reverses the big characters of the book, three generations of poor peasants Heng Shanyang. He leaned forward and asked carefully, na na, his heart seemed to be accumulating anger. There are many irregularities in Tiangong's orders, and it is difficult for officials to adjust the wind and rain. Farmers dare not raise chickens and pigs, leaving an acre of garden for themselves. Even if there is a song but nowhere to be straight, who can say for the winter and summer! The year before last, the spring was famine and the autumn rain was overflowing. Last year, the husband died and the old man fell ill. I am weak and waiting to feed two hungry children, how can the three scorpions come out? I heard that the winter in the south of the Lingnan is less cold, and it is difficult to beg for a way across a thousand miles. The grandson of Yin Duan, Ning Pengpi, is old and young. After saying that, the sour tears both fall, and the moon is hard and half lame. Hu'er gave a big gift to thank uncle, I hope there are more kind hearts in the world. My analysis is that the difficulties are temporary, and the future will be prosperous. Hearing my words, my heart will drop, and my eyes will glow when I talk about my hometown. Fu'er in her arms suddenly choked, "Is grandpa and brother safe?" Look up and the cold wind blows at night, and turn back to face the wall with "grain as the key link". This poem records the unprecedented disaster brought by the ultra-left line to the people, especially the peasants.Such works that care about the suffering of the people and face the harsh reality have won the "true mantle of Tao Du" and inherited the fine tradition of realism in Chinese classical poetry. During the "Cultural Revolution", accusations were made against intellectuals, and everyone was in danger.In the case of a densely woven literary network, the poets' poems have become more hidden, with a desolate and profound charm. Zhang Cai'an (1905-1991) was born in Panyu, Guangdong.Later, he was the editor-in-chief of Guangzhou Liyuan Poetry Society, and wrote "To Be Burned Collection" and "Huo Huan Collection".His poems describe the tragic scene after the "Cultural Revolution". Qi Tianle·Firefly 1970 There are countless yellow curtains and green windows in autumn, Xiao Xiao takes advantage of the coolness to fly. At the third watch of the broken moon, the grave is seven feet old, and Tim's soul whispers. The star millet millet, and the green and broken phosphorus, want to live and live. Under the cold light, the soil and flowers are wet and dyed with dew at night. Is the predecessor Lan or Du?The root of the spirit has rotted away, and Wei Yu is entrusted with it. Calling in the grass, praying in the shadow of the wall, and where did you drift. Back then, an embroiderer asked if Sufeng knew about the new cutting of sewing fans. And go to call the lamp, the guest window should read you. The author has a feeling of loneliness and anger smoldering in his chest, and this song "Qi Tian Le·Ying" is like a poem sung by ghosts in autumn graves.Few of the works reflecting the "Cultural Revolution" are as thrilling as Zhang Cai'an's writing, as if entering a ghostly world. Chen Bangyan (1920-) graduated from a Chinese university in his early years, and was sent to a factory as a worker at the beginning of the "Cultural Revolution".He has written works such as Fanzhen in the Tang Dynasty, Collection of Clouds and Smoke in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China, and Appreciation of Quatrains in Tang and Song Dynasties.He used to be the director of the editorial office of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. On the Mid-Autumn Festival in 1968, he wrote this song full of grief and indignation Niannujiao Mid-Autumn Festival Total Moon Eclipse How many times have I seen such a bleak tonight in the sky on earth! Where is Yuyu Qionglou?The sky is like ink. The precious mirror is piled up with dust, and Chang'e hides her face, looking bleak and colorless. The love day is also old, and several people escaped with white hair. Thinking of the osmanthus shadow whirling in the distance, is it still forbidden to climb and fold when you throw a catty ax horizontally? It should be read that all the flowers in the world are gone, and don't teach Guanghan to rest. Who invites a glass of wine?It's hard to ask the blue sky, it's really worrying at this moment! But in the coming night, Jin Ou will return me everything. Chen Bangyan also wrote the word "falling flowers", which is desolate and desolate.A high-level summary of the tragic fate of people in the "Cultural Revolution" catastrophe. Congratulations to the Groom·Falling Flowers (1969) A flower flew away. All over the world, thousands of times and hundreds of turns, it is difficult to keep it. The life experience is long and the water is passing away, and Jinse's youth is light. It's the only way to leave home. Talking about wandering fate is not good, but thinking carefully, it is always careless and wrong. Hugh complains more, wind and rain. Who is the owner of the golden valley every year? It is expected that spring will come, and the peaches and plums will be silent, and the heart will remain the same. If you ask where is the person who fell from the building?Smile and point to the dust among the flowers. I'm afraid there is, it's hard to express affection. The Tao is a ruthless thing that falls into red, turning into spring mud, willing to protect the flowers and branches. Based on this meaning, who speaks together? During the "Cultural Revolution", due to the dictatorship of cultural fascism, writing poems in private, there will be criticism at any time, and even imprisonment and beheading.Therefore, poets often form a satirical style with "deep sustenance and euphemism".These unique poems, read now, are heroic and cohesive, meaningful, and quite interesting. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Qi Zhang (1976.10.19) Eternal heroism, meritorious service is high in the world. Jiang Liu is full of hatred, and Jiang Liu doesn't know his heart. Fan resentment Romy (1966) The Wan fan is slightly cool, and the slender hand shakes like jade. Self-painted a plum, the autumn wind will not fall. (Luo Mi (1932-) styled Sumei. Born in Yiyang, Hunan. He graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in his early years. He was a government official and part-time editorial board member of Yuelu Poetry Society.) Two Poems of Watching Acrobatics Zhao Puchu (1968) Whoever knows the male and female will turn the fake into the real, and the monkey will be crowned and honored. Climbing has been used to since ancient times, and the head of the pole is curled up. The dragon, the fish, the mouse, and the tiger are full of doubts, and the curtain of the illusion is half opened. Suddenly seeing Fei Qiong return to Wuxiu, Zhuang Rongduan came out to guard the palace. (Note: Feiqiong is Xu Feiqiong, a fairy in ancient mythology. Shougong is a gecko, a small reptile. The poet alludes to Jiang Qing here.) Li Shiqi Zhang Cai'an (1969) Zonghengxiu Xiaoli is mad, and the momentum of the sword army is already rampant. One is not a Confucianist, but some people specialize in Taoism to learn from Gaoyang. The cup is full of dry food, how can there be life-threatening soup on the tripod. If you want to find the ancient meaning of alcoholism, the wind of willow flowers is tight and the clouds are cool. (Note: Li Shiqi, a politician in the Western Han Dynasty, who claimed to be a drunkard in Gaoyang, was trusted by Liu Bang. Later Li Shi acted as a lobbyist for Liu Bang and was killed by Qi Wang Tianguang. The poet used him as a metaphor for the "political pickpocket" in the "Cultural Revolution".) During the ten years of catastrophe, although the classical poetry was hit unprecedentedly and the poets were devastated, after the classical poetry was transferred to the underground, after a long period of hard work, the underground poetry accumulated little by little, still achieved the achievements it is today.They not only record the scenes of the political movement in the "Cultural Revolution" era, but also provide a new historical starting point for selection, inheritance, innovation and renewal for modern people's creation of old-style poetry.They will become a valuable historical source and artistic resource for the development of modern old-style poetry.