The ten masters of the Qing Dynasty, two hundred and sixty-eight years.
The Qing Dynasty treats the Han people, no matter whether they are gentle or high-handed, they must be very anti-guessing.
Nurhachi is extremely anti-Han.
The Han people were acquired, and the Manchus were distributed as slaves. Thirteen strong men were named as a village, and they were distributed according to the ranks of Manchu officials.If you get a Confucian student, you will be killed.It's fashion without ambition.
Taizong switched to Huairou policy.
The Manchus and Hans lived separately and were governed by officials.In the third year of Tiancong's reign, Xu Rusheng passed the examination and was exempted from corvee.
The traitors are especially deliberately used.
When Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming surrendered, Emperor Taizong treated them with courtesy.Hong Chengchou is especially respected, and he tried to compare it with the following, saying: "You are all blind (gu, 3) eyes, and now I have a guide, how can I be happy?" At that time, Zhang Chun, the governor of Yongping, was held unyielding, Emperor Taizong worshiped him himself; it is a crime not to scold him in spring.The reign name of Chongzhen was used for offering sacrifices to wives, and Emperor Taizong ordered him to go to the Shaolin prison, but Chun would not accept it.Anyone who stays for nine years and wants to move to Liaoyang is not allowed; if he dies without food, he will be buried in Liaoyang.
When the ancestors entered the customs, at the beginning, they used their surrenders and opened courses to obtain scholars.Then turn to high pressure.
Because the south of the Yangtze River has been set, the scruples are getting less and less.The Qing people won Beijing on the third day of the fifth lunar month in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen. On the fourth day, they ordered their hair to be shaved, and on the 24th, they listened to the freedom of the people.And when they went to the south of the Yangtze River, they issued an order to shave their hair within ten days.Both Jiangyin and Jiading suffered from massacres.In the seventeenth year, Zhang Jinyan prefaced Liu Zhengzong's poems, which had the phrase "the talents of the Ming Dynasty".This sets a precedent for future literary inquisitions.At the beginning, the purpose of "two ministers" was established, which means that ministers who are wise but not wise must not be loyal ministers.The case of Daxing Kechang, and the case of dismissal in Jiangnan, more than 13,000 people were exhausted, and there were no exceptions for the family of the gentry.Many of these things corrected the long-standing malpractices of the late Ming Dynasty, but the Qing court used it to oppress the scholar-bureaucrats to please the people, and it really had its own ruling purpose.
Until the early years of Kangxi, its momentum continued to increase.
In the second year, 70 people, including Pan Litian and Wu Chiming, were killed in the Zhuang family history case in Huzhou.For three years, Sun Xiafeng was accused of being accused.Seven years later, Gu Tinglin was imprisoned in Jinan.Huang Lizhou was arrested four times without a name.
And Wu Sangui's incident, the Qing court changed its face again.
In the twelfth year, Wu Sangui rebelled, and in that year there was an imperial edict to recommend a hermit in the mountains and forests.In the seventeenth year, he ordered to recruit erudite Confucianism.One hundred and forty-three people were selected from all over the country, twenty of the first class and thirty of the second class were awarded to Hanlin.Next year, the Museum of Ming History will be opened and ordered to usurp and revise the history of Ming Dynasty.It can be said that it is painstaking to use the great cause of national history to cage the people with lofty ideals.However, these applicants are all below the second and third ranks.People like Gu Tinglin, Huang Lizhou, and Li Erqu cannot be recruited.
The arrest of Yongzheng's successor was due to his harsh and suspicious nature, and also because China had bowed its head and listened to it, so it again exerted high pressure.
At that time, there were many literary inquisitions.In the second year, there were prisons for Wang Jingqi and Zha Siting, who were from Zhejiang.Four years later, there was Lu Liuliang, a native of Zhejiang, in prison.In seven years, there was the prison of Lu Shengjian (nan, 2) in Guangxi.Since the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the 50th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in Nanshan Jixing Prison, the Qing court's use of writing to kill scholars has become more and more popular.This is the consistent policy of the Qing court, and it is not a matter of Yongzheng alone.
By the Qianlong Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty had reached its full prosperity, and the reactionary psychology of the Han people had almost disappeared.
In the sixty years of Qianlong's reign, there was not a single one of the great scholars, ministers, and priests who were not humiliated.The Manchus called themselves "slaves" to the royal family, and they wanted to teach the Han people to be obedient.And the less the Han people resisted, the less scruples the Manchus had.At that time, there was a literary inquisition, such as Hu Zhongzao's hard-working poems, "A single heart discusses turbidity and purity"; During the Ming Dynasty, Zhenhe (he, 2) went to the Qing capital in one fell swoop, saying that he was offended, which is more trivial than the prison in the Yongzheng Dynasty.He also created and compiled Siku Quanshu. From the 38th to the 47th year, in the name of collecting books, he burned the banned books 24 times, 538 kinds, and 13,862 volumes.Until the 53rd year, there was still a strict edict to ban books, saying: "The provinces in the southeast have not been banned." No matter what happened during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, from matters related to the Liao and Jin Dynasties, there were more and more changes.That is to say every word, and never relax.The intention is profound and unprecedented.
The political system of the Qing Dynasty followed that of the Ming Dynasty without a prime minister, and university scholars were used to manage state affairs so that the monarch could be dictatorial.
Ordering officials follow the Yuan Dynasty, Manchu and Han are separated, and the real power is mostly in the Manchus.
Moreover, Manchuria and Mongolia have no small members, and the clan has no external appointments.
The monarch is respectful and the minister is humble, everything is farther than that of the Ming Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, officials and bureaucrats bowed four or five times, and in the Qing Dynasty there was a system of kneeling three times and kowtowing nine times.The ministers of the Ming Dynasty had to sit in wait, while the ministers of the Qing Dynasty all knelt down.The six imperial edicts of Cao Cao in the Ming Dynasty were all called "Qing", while in the Qing Dynasty they were all called "Er".While the Manchu and Mongolian officials played the concert, Xian called himself a "slave".
During the Yongzheng period, there was no military aircraft department, so the power of the cabinet gradually became lighter, and the power of the military aircraft department gradually increased.However, the Military Aircraft Department is still not a relevant post.
The Military Aircraft Department does not have an outstanding head, nor does it have the right to issue orders directly to the ministries, governors and governors.The Gai Military Aircraft Department is still only a royal office of the Qing royal family, and should not be regarded as the highest cardinal in the government.
There is also the so-called "edict sent by the court", the highest order is executed in the nature of military aircraft, and there is no room for foreign courts to intervene in opinions.
In the Qing Dynasty, all those who toured the mausoleum, went to the banquet, 蠲 (juan, 1) relief, dismissed the ministers and ministers, and gave instructions on Chinese and foreign affairs, issued the imperial edict with the Ming Dynasty, and handed it over to the cabinet, and then to the Ministry and the department.For matters such as admonishing ministers and workers, instructing military strategies, checking political affairs, and questioning criminals who are inappropriate, etc., they should send letters to the minister, and the Minister of Military Aircraft will write a draft letter after they leave. The silver seal (qian, 2) was sealed by the Ministry of War and sent to the post.
The six ministries are only the chief executive of the central government, and their powers and appointments have also been greatly reduced.
None of the six ministers of the Qing Dynasty had the right to directly issue orders to the governors and governors of the provinces, so they could not be called the chief executive of the whole country.In addition, the ministers and ministers of each department have the right to play independently, so the ministers of each department cannot be said to be the only chiefs in command of each department.In the Qing Dynasty, there were six ministers, the left and right servants were all full, and the Han each had one person, so there was one and six chief officials.Each of them has no special affairs, and they may even hold the power and balance in the court, and support the plan in the evening.
The Ming abolished the prime minister and increased the real power of the six ministries, and the ministers of the officials and soldiers all made outstanding achievements in the Ming Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty, there was no prime minister, and the six ministries also had a few peers (chai, 2) among the members.In the thirty-first year of Guangxu, Minister Wang made a statement about political abuses, saying: "It is called the Ministry of Officials, but it does not have the right to weigh the signing of (che, 4). It is called the Ministry of Households, but it is in charge of cashiers." It is called the Ministry of Rites, but it does not have the right to rites and ceremonies. It is called the Ministry of War, but it does not have the right to control the affairs of the green battalion soldiers and the promotion of military positions." In this situation. , Covered since the early Qing Dynasty.
Although it is still set up for Shizhong, its nature has been transferred to a department of the imperial historian, and it has no right to refute the imperial edict.
All important ensembles in the Qing Dynasty belonged to the Military Aircraft Department, and the outer court was unpredictable.Set up six departments to Shizhong, and attached (li, 4) to the Metropolitan Procuratorate.Taiwan and admonishment are combined, and the inspection of the six departments and one hundred divisions is the main task, which is the same as the position of the censor, and completely loses the original intention of admonishing officials.
The power of the people is all out of the emperor's will.It does not belong to the Zaizhi, nor does it belong to the so-called "Ting Tui".
During the reign of King Yingyang of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, Cai Kuo was the Minister of the Ministry of Officials. Kuo called Fu Liang and said: "If you know everything about the election, you can see it and pay it. No matter. Otherwise, don't worship." After the dispersal, I have learned that I have appointed Cai, and I will not worry about it. From now on, it is advisable to share the similarities and differences." Kuo said: "I can't make papers for Xu Qianmu." So he didn't worship.
In the Tang system, there were "edict grants" and "decree grants".Those who are awarded by imperial edict, above the fifth grade, can be removed and worshiped by the minister.For those who are below the sixth rank, Quan Cai of the Ministry of Officials will give the position, and then make a statement, but the imperial edict should be followed by the painting, and it cannot be denied.Since ancient times, employing people have all belonged to the ministers and officials.
In the Ming Dynasty, the Prime Minister was abolished and the Ministry of Officials was given weight. The Quanzheng was in charge of the Wenxuan Department, and the officials of the Ministry and the Academy, and the officials of the government and county were all selected by the Ministry of Officials, while the big bureaucrats were recommended by the court council.In the Ming Dynasty, the cabinet scholars and officials were promoted by the court, or by special order.For those below the assistant minister and offering wine, the Ministry of Officials will recommend them in conjunction with the court above the third rank.Tai Changqing pushed down.Below the general participation, the Ministry of Officials will be elected by the Ministry of Hongzheng.Among the foreign officials, only the governor and the Futing are pushed, the nine ministers are in charge, and the officials are in charge.If there is a shortage of cloth and according to the staff, the officials above the third rank will be promoted.But the court pushes the power, but it is the Ministry of officials.You can refer to Zhao Yi's Notes on the Twenty-Two History of the Ming Dynasty's Ministry of Officials.
The courtiers use the house, but the power is still outside.In the Qing Dynasty, the system of dismissing the imperial court was the first, and all the internal and external officials had special letters.That is to say, those who have more than one life and are notified by some cases must also be introduced, and then they will go to work.Employing people in administration, relying on the arbitrariness of the monarch alone in everything, so as to be worthy of the reputation, this is indeed a pioneering situation in the history of China.
The political power is concentrated in the central government, and the governors and governors of the provinces are often supervised by Chang Chuan, so it is almost impossible for military administration to override civil administration.
In the Ming Dynasty, the local governors were mainly political envoys, and the governors and governors were all temporary envoys of court officials.After the matter is completed, the order is returned, and the post is also eliminated.During the Qing Dynasty, governors and governors were permanently stationed in the provincial capitals, and the governors were called "the governor XX and other places, and the admiral supervised the military affairs and food payment", or "concurrently the governor" and so on.The governor said, "Governor so-and-so and other places, and admirals for military affairs and rations" and so on.It is clear that he is a military officer.
The governor and the title of "Censor of the Right Capital", and the title of "Censor of the Left Deputy Capital", the governor and the title of "Censor of the Left Deputy Capital", both have to participate in impeachment separately.The chief envoy is in charge of Xuanhua's succession. Whether the commander's mansion, prefecture and county officials can be honest in their posts can be tested from top to bottom, and reported to the superintendent and appraised by the Ministry of Officials.The power of planning is all in the supervision and care, and local officials depose according to their opinions.The power of supervision and care is becoming more and more important day by day, and the chief envoy is only like an official.
However, if the country has a large military service, the Minister of Economy and Strategy and the Minister of Counselor must be specially briefed, and the military officials will be sent to the army in person.
The ministers of economics and strategy, the generals, and the generals are all the kings of Jian, Baylor, Beizi, Gong, or all trusted ministers.In the event of a major conquest, it will be set aside.
It was peaceful and peaceful, and all provinces used Manchus as garrison generals.
The Eight Banners are garrisoned, and General Jian is in charge of them all, and the general is dedicated to Manque.
Even the green camps are often full.
In the sixth year of Yongzheng's reign, the imperial clan of the deputy capital, Man Zhuxi, said: "It is not appropriate to exclusively use Han people for less than the generals of the Beijing camp and more than a thousand generals." The decree was obtained.The number of people in Manchuria is small, and it is not enough to supplement Chinese and foreign needs.If the generals of the Beijing camp and below all use Manchuria, the number will not be sufficient, and there will inevitably be shortages and no replacements.During the Qianlong period, the military positions in various provinces were selected and distributed, and the rate was to be selected by Manchurians.The emperor said: "The generals of the green battalion are used by the Manchus and the Han. If the full staff are selected and sent out, the green battalion will be full of vacancies after a long time. It is not because of the wide selection to encourage talents." method.However, in the thirty-eighth year, the Ministry of War made a statement: "In the five provinces of Zhili, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan, from the deputy general to the garrison, there are six hundred and forty-seven shortfalls. From the deputy general to the garrison, each province has a total of one hundred and seventy. Nine vacancies are filled by the green battalion, and the number of people who are currently full and in the green battalion is more than twice the original amount.
The country's income should be used to support soldiers.
Liang Shizhengshu: "Every province saves money and food, most of which are reserved for soldiers' salaries. If it is not enough, neighboring provinces will help allocate it. There are fewer and fewer items for the Ministry of solution." He also said: "Every year, the world rents taxes for the salaries of officers and soldiers. All kinds of funds, only the rest More than two million people are not enough to prepare for floods, droughts and wars."
The governors and governors of the provinces also mainly use full staff, and it is especially unavoidable to use Han people.
When Shunzhi entered the customs, it was initially discussed that the governors and governors of all provinces should use all the Manchus.During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, San Francisco was leveled, and only Yishan and Shanxi were governed by Han people.At that time, there were still many Han people as supervisors and caretakers, so it was suggested to use Manchu people to patrol the square to supervise them.In the Yongzheng Dynasty, the seventeenth and eighth governors and governors were all Han army banners, and Zhu approved decrees, often denouncing the Han army as despicable and lowly.In the Qianlong Dynasty, there were many governors and governors of the province, and there were many Manchus. Han officials and foreign officials could be recommended to the two divisions, which was the best.And Ji Nian, the governors and governors dared not resist.After Xianfeng, Manchu and Han began to be eliminated.At the beginning of Tongzhi, Huguang, the official governor, was dismissed, and the Manchus disappeared for three years.Only Ying Han promoted (zhuo, 2) to governor of Anhui.During Tongzhi Jisi (si, 4) and Gengwu, the provincial governors, fu, ti, and towns, and the heroes of the Hunan and Huai armies accounted for more than half of them, but soon the Manchu power recovered.After Jiawu, Mandu and Fu went all over the provinces until they died.
When citing the Han people, it first introspects and suppresses Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
In the eighth year of Qianlong, Hang Shijun played: "The governors of the world are still Manchurians, half of them are Han, and the governors are all Han people. It is also because of the people who use the border provinces, and those who have not adjusted for ten years are all from Jiangsu and Zhejiang."
The separation between internal and external officials is strict, and local officials who are close to the people have little hope of promotion.
There is a system of meritorious deeds in the Ming Dynasty, and officials and county magistrates can be appointed as scientific officials.It was stopped in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty.
There is no room for expansion.
The Qing system was added to the county and the government, and the province, road, government and county have become four levels.There are governors and caretakers as the fifth class.The length is lengthened, and the temporary system is beneficial to secret.Local officials who are close to the people are too busy to admire and flatter them. How can they talk about real economic affairs?
After the chaos of the "San Francisco", all provinces saved money and food, and all of them were liberated from the capital. There was absolutely nothing left in the area, let alone construction.
Before Kangxi, there were still many miscellaneous money and grains that were incomprehensible to Beijing except for land and land items.Since the change of "San Francisco", there have been a lot of military supplies, so all the remaining funds have been released to the Ministry.Those who leave the place are only salary, work and other items.In addition, one grain at a time, all of them were released one after another.Although there is a tail owe, the Ministry will also order it to solve it.
After Yongzheng, "fire consumption" was included in the main item, and the local government had no surplus, let alone Shiji.
In the tenth year of Qianlong's reign, Chai Chaosheng said: "The legal system in the Kangxi period was lenient, and the prefectures and counties were outside the land, and the fire consumption was collected privately. Its bad rules and taxes were not exhausted. The self-consumption was envied and returned to the public. The evils of the first life are clear and clear. However, those who want to pay are privately collected, which is not the same as the funds. Some officials dare not take it, and the virtuous ones use the local wealth to manage local affairs. Therefore, Kangxi has many achievements in following officials. Since Consumption and admiration are returned to the public, the transfer of income is in the official supply, and the access is in the interior. There are things that should be done in the local area, and the battles that should be promoted, all of which are taken from the public money (tang, 3). Hey, those who are afraid of the burden of compensation for their wealth, but take the beauty of their work but have no real money, will work hard every day, and then become a great evil in the world."
Although the inside is like the Hanlin compilation and inspection, and the outside is like the Taoist and government officials, it is not allowed to talk about things.
In the Qing Dynasty, Beijing officials, except for ministries, court officials, and Daoist officials, and foreign officials except governors, governors, vassals, and masters, were not allowed to talk about things.The editing and review of the Imperial Academy are all appointed by Shu Jishi. Shilin admires them and thinks they are honored, but they don't participate in counseling, and they don't accept admonitions (zhen, 1).Liao friends have followed, but with poetry, Fu, and regular script (di, 3) and sharp (li, 4), the highest discussion of classics and exegesis (gu, 3) is over.Compared with the original intention of the Ming Dynasty to use the Hanlin to reserve talents, it is far behind.Dao led several counties, and the mansion led several counties. It was not disrespectful to be a foreign official. However, in the Qing Dynasty, both governors, governors, vassals, and norms were appointed, and it was forbidden to make special remarks, so that the prefects of the Han Dynasty could directly reach the emperor. They are far away from each other; it is even more difficult to compare with the fact that all officials and civilians in the Ming Dynasty had to write a letter.
It is also strictly forbidden for scholars to build a white army to benefit the people.
In the ninth year of Shunzhi, a monument was erected in the Minglun Hall of Confucianism in each province.All soldiers and civilians are not allowed to write a letter to make a statement.If there is a word to make a statement, it will be punished as a violation of the system.In addition, the students are not allowed to rectify the number of people in the party, set up supervisors to form associations, control the government, and arbitrarily judge the rural music.The written words are not allowed to be printed indiscriminately, and those who violate them will be punished by the officials.
Press: Ming History Election Annals: "In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, twelve prohibitions were promulgated, and (juan, 1) was engraved on a monument." Members are not allowed to make suggestions.” However, it is not forbidden to set up prisons to form associations and publish texts.That is, the prohibition of not being allowed to build white was actually a document in the Ming Dynasty.Therefore, the students controlled the place, and Gu Tinglin proposed to call it "Wei Boya Army, Chengdu General".Until the Qing Dynasty, the three major freedoms of speech, association, and publication of scholars were strictly prohibited.In the early Qing Dynasty, people like Jin Shengtan sighed and suffered (li, 2) innocent people because of this.Since then, scholars have never dared to commit crimes.
The Qing government also designated Shanhaiguan as the three eastern provinces, and their political systems were different from those of the mainland.
Note: Liaodong and West Banks are part of China for a long time.For example, Prince Dan of Yan fled to Qin, Wei Man became independent, and Gongsun Du proclaimed himself emperor during the Three Kingdoms period. The combination of them is the counties of China, and the division is also the cause of the Chinese.Manchuria started from outside the Changbai Mountains in Jilin, and both sides of the Liaohe River were gradually taken from the Ming Dynasty.After entering the customs, I feared that China would not be able to occupy it for a long time, so I specially used the outside of the customs as a forbidden area, and prepared to retreat.Feng, Ji, and Hei are called the three eastern provinces, and they are ruled by generals and capitals, and Han people are not allowed to leave the customs.Traveling to and from Shanhaiguan requires a paper ticket.
Not only the two provinces of Kyrgyzstan and Heilongjiang cannot be developed, but because of the isolation of Liaoning province from China, its local culture has also declined.Until the last years of Guangxu, roads, prefectures, prefectures, and counties were set up in imitation of the inland provinces, and people from Zhi and Shandong provinces were allowed to go out and cultivate.The backwardness of Northeast culture in modern China was actually blocked by the Qing people with selfish intentions.It is also forbidden to privately add land to private households in Guihua City and Daqingshan in Shanxi.Zhili Pingquan, Jianchang, Chaoyang, Chifeng four prefecture counties, today Rehe.It is also not allowed to cultivate one mu more and live in one more household.Taiwan also prohibits people from the mainland from smuggling.These prohibitions were all abolished in the Guangxu period.
For Mongolia, Tibet, and Qinghai, the old customs are used (mi, 2).
Supporting the lama's power, prohibiting Han and Mongolian trade, all of which are deliberately blocked by government decrees.A province in Xinjiang is also designated as a forbidden area for food and clothing for the full population.After Zuo Zongtang led his troops back, the ban was relaxed, and the Han people transplanted one after another, so the development of the land was better.
There are no Han people in the Lifan Academy, so that the Han and Mongolian are not connected, so that they can control the selfishness of the rule.
There is one Manchuria, the Minister of Management of the Lifan Academy, one Manchuria for the Shangshu, one for the left and right servants, and one for the extra servant.
Its torture and cruelty also followed the system of Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
In the 31st year of Guangxu, Shen Jiaben, the Minister of Revising the Law, and others wrote: "Please delete the three things that emphasize the law: one is Lingchi, the head of the owl, and the slaughter of corpses. Lingchi, there was no such name before the Tang Dynasty. The Criminal Law of the Liao Dynasty was included in the official punishment. After Song Xining , Gradually continued to be used. Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the appearance has not been changed. The head of the owl was only used in the Qin and Han Dynasties to kill the Yi people. The laws of Liang, Chen, Qi, and Zhou in the Six Dynasties began with the name of the owl. From the Sui Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty , It was abandoned again. Today’s beheading of owls is still in the Ming Dynasty. The only time for killing corpses was when the army rebelled against Cheng (jiao, 3) in Qin Dynasty, and all its military officials beheaded and killed corpses. Law.
"From the 16th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, there was a law on killing corpses, which specifically refers to the murder of grandparents and parents. Because of this, the country even extended it to robbers. It is called Yuanzuo. The system of Yuanzuo originated in Qin Dynasty. And the law of receiving and sitting together. After Henkel removed the order of the three clans, Emperor Wen removed the law of accepting the concubine (nu, 2). But the punishment of the Yi people is still used. There is still a law of family members following the Jin Dynasty. The law of the Tang Dynasty was only rebellious , Evil rebellion, immorality, the law is predestined to sit.
"Today's laws are related to treacherous parties, making friends with close servants, rebelling against prisons, and heresies. Dozens of people are involved in one case. One is tattooing. Tattooing is ancient ink punishment. Emperor Wen of Han abolished physical punishment and tattooed (qing, 2) It is also abolished. Although the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties had thorns for fugitive slaves and robbers, they were spun around and abolished. Sui and Tang dynasties did not have this method.
Based on this, we know that punishment was used in the Qing Dynasty, and the heavy laws of the past dynasties were actually used.Although it is not as miserable as the factory guards in the Ming Dynasty, the depth of the literary inquisition is far beyond the Ming Dynasty.
The minister was a little frustrated, and he went to the outer court to convict him, showing his magnanimity and benevolence, but the outer court followed his breath and became stricter and harsher, thus creating an unprecedented precedent.
The most famous author, such as Nian Gengyao, was arrested in the capital, and he was the Minister of State, the Three Legal Departments, and the Jiuqing Huibian (ju, 2).The prison sentence: "Nian Gengyao's crimes of great rebellion are five, the crimes of bullying are nine, the crimes of usurpation are sixteen, the crimes of madness are thirteen, the crimes of arbitrariness are six, the crimes of jealousy are six, the crimes of cruelty are four, and the crimes of greed ( The crime of du, 2) is eighteen, the crime of corruption is fifteen, and all ninety-two items should be eliminated." Then Yongzheng ordered him to die.This is the case where the Qing court killed ministers.
Especially those who are ridiculous, Qing Dynasty, national sympathy, all ministers should shave their hair after a hundred days.Empress Xiaoxian of Qianlong died, Jin Wenchun, the prefect of Jinzhou, was impeached and violated the system, and was arrested by the Ministry of Punishment to be executed.Qianlong thought it was inappropriate and blamed Shangshu Sheng'an for selling his reputation and severely condemned it.An Ning, governor of Jiangsu, also ordered Zhou Xuejian, governor of Jiangnan River, to shave his hair like a mellow, and ordered him to be arrested.In addition, it is ordered that those who violate the system and shave their hair will not be punished, but they will be famous.At that time, Sai Leng's forehead was the governor of Huguang, and he also shaved his hair.Qianlong ordered Wenchun to be executed, but he didn't know that there was Zhou Xuejian among the governors and governors, and there was Sai Leng'e among the ministers of Manchuria.However, Xuejian was finally punished for his crime.Under the prestige of Gai Jiwei, the courtiers only did their best to avoid disasters, and even punished the two ministers by shaving their hair.And the discrimination between Manchu and Han in the Qing court is even more obvious.
Compared with the Yuan Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, the degree of Sinicization in the Qing Dynasty was extremely high, and it was a tribal regime in a narrow sense.
As far as the military force of the Qing Dynasty was concerned, it was able to occupy the banks of the Liaohe River for a long time and enter the customs. Xu Youming was in the dark and was helped by traitors.
Heping "San Francisco" also uses Han generals.The green battalion officially rose up on behalf of the banner soldiers.
When Le Erjin was stationed in Jingzhou, he buried the cannon made by Nan Huairen and retreated first.Lai Cai Yurong insisted on avoiding those who wanted to surrender north of Xiangyang.It can be seen that the morale of Manchuria was already exhausted at that time.In the previous confrontation with the Ming Dynasty, there was no absolute victory.The green flag soldiers used at that time.Up to four hundred thousand.The mountainous areas of Yun and Guiduo were all followed by green battalion infantry.Afterwards, Zhunbu, Huijiang, and Jinchuan also all made green flag meritorious service.
When China is unified internally, there will be some martial arts for external exceptions.
At that time, most of the famous generals were Han Chinese.
For example, Yao Qisheng and Shi Lang (lang, 2) in Taiwan were surveyed during Kangxi.During the Yongzheng period, Nian Gengyao and Yue Zhongqi, who conquered Erut, and Zhang Guangsi, who was diverted from Miaojiang.Yue Zhongqi in the Battle of Jinchuan during the Qianlong Period.During the Jiaqing period, Fu Nai from Lake and Guizheng Miao, Li Changgeng from Jinghai in the southeast, Yang Yuchun, Yang Fang, and Liu Qing from Sichuan and Chujiao bandits.At the time of Daoguang, Yang Fang and others were appointed to return to Xinjiang.Mostly, there are many Manchus who are marshals, and those who are determined to be knighted are extremely rewarding, and there are many Han generals who are successful in Qianji.For example, there are many generals from Shaanxi and Gansu in Ping San Francisco, many Shu generals in Ping San Province, and many Fujian generals in Ping Southeast Pirates.
Wei Yuan Shengwu Ji said: "The seven chapters on the martial arts of Jinrenji Dynasty are often said to be victorious but not defeated, and the merits of the book are not guilty. For example, in the battle of San Francisco, the king of Shuncheng County and Prince Jian forced Chu to be forced, and Belle Donge lost the opportunity. In Shanxi, General Shushu waited and watched in Guangdong; in the battle of Junggar, Mongol King Danjin invaded the Orkun River; nothing was written about it. Even the defeat of Fu Erdan and Tongbo, and the defeat of Elente Karawusu were also briefly mentioned. Unknown. Counselor Eledeng Ezu aided in Burma, Wen Fuyu (fen,4) worked in Jinchuan, Bazhong, Chengde, and Ehui bribed in Tibet, and teacher Hengrui was in Taiwan.
As for Qianlong's Shiquan martial arts, it has become the end of the powerful crossbow (nu, 3), it is just a whitewash, and it consumes the country itself.
In Qianlong's first battle of Jinchuan, the military expenditure was more than 20 million taels.In the battle of Zhun and Hui, there were more than 33 million taels.In the battle of Burma, there were more than nine million taels.The second battle of Jinchuan cost more than 70 million taels of troops.In the battle of Gurkha, there were five hundred and twenty thousand taels in one thousand.In the battle of Taiwan, there were more than eight million taels.The total is more than 150 million taels.
The incident in Burma occurred in the thirty-first year of Qianlong and ended in the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong, and has been read for more than twenty years.Shuaichen has repeatedly changed hands, costing more than nine million yuan, but the work has not been completed.Wei Yuan Shengwu Ji said: "Yi Xiaoyi's spirit has not been exhausted (jian, 1), Tiangu Shaoyan it." It is also said: "When the skill of stabbing the tiger and holding the snipe (yu, 4) is in use, it is not in the power of the world. To ask for it."
At the beginning of the incident in Jinchuan, both Wen Fu and Agui said: "One man in the army, and three men in the green battalion. It is better to stop the army and use more green battalions." In the battle between Sichuan and Chu, Le Bao also said: "One man in Heilongjiang can be recruited. It is better to recruit dozens of courageous people from the countryside than to go far and recruit near." Shiquan martial arts also has many Han manpower.
This kind of unhealthy control cannot be maintained in the end, and the Qing Dynasty has entered an irreversible decadence since Qianlong.
