Chapter 45 Chapter 42: The Reconstruction of the Tribal Government in the Narrow Sense (Part 1) The Qing Dynasty Takes Over

Three hundred years after Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty expelled Mongolia, Manchuria took over, which was the rebuilding of tribes in the narrow sense of modern Chinese history. The Manchu people had seen Bohai Kingdom and Jin Kingdom before. The Ming Dynasty is divided into three parts. First, Haixi Jurchen, second, Jianzhou Jurchen, and third, Savage Jurchen.But the savage Jurchen lives in the Heilongjiang River Basin, the farthest from China, and the tribute is impermanent.Haixi and Jianzhou pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty every year. The Manchurians were Jianzhou Jurchens, who first farmed and herded at the confluence of the Mudan and Songhua Rivers and then led the Jianzhou Wei in the Ming Dynasty.

Part of it moved south to the Tumen River Basin. His ancestor was killed by Ming general Li Chengliang, so he had a feud with Ming. At that time, Nurhachi was twenty-five years old, and with his father's thirteen armor, he hunted and killed his enemy Nikanwailan.At that time, the number of soldiers was only five hundred or even six hundred. The heirs merged with the nearby ministries and created the Houjin Khanate. Xingshi violated the Ming Dynasty, declared the Seven Great Hatreds to the heavens, and took Fushun.Shibuqi has 20,000 riders. Ming Dynasty sent troops to discuss it. Yang Gao is the commander-in-chief of the Fourth Route, stationed in Shenyang.Liaodong originally had a garrison army, and Jiajing originally had a quota of more than 90,000. As a result, they fled one after another, and most of them could not be used.The soldiers of the Four Routes of the Ming Dynasty came from Fujian and Zhejiang in the south, and Long and Shu in the west. They were recruited several times across the country, totaling 200,000.

Defeated by Saarhu. From Fushun to Saerhu Mountain, it can be seven or eighty miles away.Jun Du Song of the Central Route Army first crossed the Hun River, camped at Saerhu Mountain with 40,000 soldiers, and attacked Jiefan Mountain in Hunhebei with 20,000 troops.Nurha Chi's Eight Banners used 45,000 people from the Six Banners to cover up the Sarhu Mountain camp, and a total of 15,000 people from the two banners rescued Jiefan Mountain.Juniper was killed in battle, more than 300 Ming generals died, and more than 45,000 soldiers died.Manchuria then defeated all the soldiers and destroyed Yehe.In this campaign, Ming underestimated the enemy and divided his troops, leading to defeat.After a long period of peace and a lack of armament, Xu Guangqi said: "Juniper shoots the head, and Pan Zongyan shoots the back."

Therefore, Xiong Tingbi was ordered to manage Liaodong. At that time, Liao and Shen Dazhen, the soldiers and civilians in all the castles fled, and there were no traces of people for hundreds of miles. The Chinese and foreign people said that there would be no Liao.Tingbi went through the snow all the time, reviewed the situation, recruited people and moved them, repaired the guards, simplified the soldiers and horses, and followed the military orders.Its letter said: "There are four types of soldiers in Liaodong: one is the disabled soldiers, A dies and returns to B, and B flees to C, or seven or eighty, or three or two hundred, without a piece of armor, without an inch of weapons, and follow the camp. Mispayment, refused to go to war. The second is the amount of soldiers, who either died in the battle, or fled to recruit recruits. The third is recruiting soldiers, who voted for this camp in the morning, received the official monthly rations, and then went to the other camp in the evening. If you are famous, half of them will be sent out for service; if you are famous for your salary, half of them will be gone when you hear the police. The fourth is called reinforcements. In addition, Xinbai was timid; horses were too thin, and soldiers killed many horses, trying to serve as infantry so as not to go to battle; weapons were hard armor and sharp blades, long spears and firearms, all lost." Xu said: "Nuzhai North The door is where the blacksmith lives, and outside the chest and back, there are fellow soldiers. The thief is within five steps, and shoots at the face, and every time he shoots, he will be killed." This is the situation of the two countries at that time.

Tingbi was in charge of guarding the defense, and he resigned within a year.Yuan Yingtai replaced him, so Liaoyang was lost. After Ying Tai died, Jin then moved its capital to Liaoyang. In the Ming Dynasty, Xiong Tingbi started again and established a three-party arrangement strategy. Guangning is the front line, with infantry and cavalry guarding the banks of the Liaohe River.Tientsin and Teng and Levi backed up and defended the southern part of Manchuria with the navy.Xiong is the manager, stationed in Shanhaiguan, and controls the three parties. When Wang Huazhen was the governor of Guangning, he disagreed with Xiong.

The king fights, and the bear defends.Xiong said that after staying calm, you can fight.However, the real power lies with the king, and Zhang Minghe, Minister of the Ministry of War, believes in him, and he will accept all requests.Guangning has 40,000 soldiers, but Shanhaiguan has none. Disharmony between classics and caresses affects strategy. Lord Xiong defended Guangning firmly, saying: "The Liaohe River is narrow and the fort is small, so there is no room for large soldiers. The troops stationed on the river are weak. It is only appropriate to place rangers. From Liaohe to Guangning, there are more beacon battles (hous). Liaoyang is far from Guangning. Three hundred and sixty miles away, it is easy to prepare for the enemy." At that time, Fang Zhenru also said: "The river is not seventy paces wide, and it is not enough to rely on. Along the river for one hundred and sixty miles, it is impossible to build a city, and it is useless to erect fences." And Huazhen said that he was a cowardly enemy. , not guarding the city but guarding the river.

Guangning then fell. Sun Chengzong, a great scholar, was sent as the envoy of the Liao Dynasty, and Yuan Chonghuan was sent to guard Liaoyuan. The Guangning division collapsed, and the court discussed Shanhai Town.When Chonghuan was in charge of the Ministry of War, he rode out of the customs alone to see the situation. He said: "With my soldiers and pay, we can defend outside the customs." Sun Li advocated his plan and built Ningyuan City.I asked the supervisor to divide the key points of Jinzhou, Da, Xiaolinghe, Song, Xing and Youtun, and expand the land for two hundred miles.

Chengzong was in Guan for four years, and he was dismissed and replaced by Gao Di. Gao, Wei Zhongxian Dang.Now that they have come, they say that the outside of the pass must not be guarded, and all guards in Jinzhou cities will be withdrawn.Duning is far away from the lonely city. At that time, the capital of Jin was already in Shenyang, and they took the opportunity to commit crimes in the West. They were defeated by Chonghuan, and Nurhachi was wounded and killed. The fourth son of Jin Taizu, Huang Taijili, is called Taizong.First send troops to break North Korea, then attack Ningyuan and lose again.Ming people called it "Ningjin Great Victory".

The Ming court impeached Yuan Chonghuan again and replaced him with a minister of the king.Jinzhou was reconsidered and Jinzhou was withdrawn, and Ningyuan was guarded.Huixi Zong collapsed, Yi Zongli, Yuan Chonghuan recovered, and at that time there were bandits in the Ming Dynasty. Manchurian soldiers entered the customs through the intermediary way, and Yuan Chonghuan was imprisoned and died. Chong Huan heard that the police came to help.People in the capital were suddenly attacked by soldiers, and there were many complaints and slanders, saying that Chonghuan was indulging the enemy.Manchurian Zongjian said that he had a contract with Chonghuan, so that the eunuchs he got knew and left.The man sued the emperor, and Chonghuan was executed.

The descendant is that Manchuria fell into the Daling River, conquered Chahar, and had to go in and out of the Great Wall to disturb Shanxi and Zhili.At that time, the name of the country was changed to Qing Dynasty. And more and more traitors surrendered. In the sixth year of Chongzhen, there were Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming, Mao Wenlong's subordinates, who rebelled against Dengzhou and fled to Manchuria.The two supported more than 10,000 soldiers, and the Portuguese artillery was also imported into the Manchurian army.Next year, Shang Kexi will surrender, and he will also be under Mao's subordinates.Mao Wenlong, a general of the Ming Dynasty, was based on Phi Island, at the east mouth of the Yalu River.In the second year of Chongzhen, he was executed by Yuan Chonghuan.

The Qing Dynasty became more and more prosperous, and entered the customs again and again. Hong Chengchou was the governor of Jiliao, and his troops were defeated. The rogues trapped Beijing, and Wu Sangui opened the Shanhai Pass to welcome the Qing soldiers. From Nurhachi to Huangtaiji in the Qing Dynasty, a small tribe had two generations for nearly thirty years, and they suddenly entered the customs and broke Beijing. There are several reasons: 1. Ming Wanli was under middle age, and his politics were extremely corrupt. 2. First of all, after a long period of peace, the military equipment has been weakened, and the enemy has been underestimated again. 3. Later, such as Xiong Tingbi, Yuan Chonghuan, Sun Chengzong, etc., all supported the border affairs with more than one person, but the Ming court either punished or dismissed them. 4. Mistakes due to disputes in the court. In the first year of Taichang, Xiong Tingbi saw and dismissed Shangshu: "Today's discussion in the hall does not know anything about soldiers. During winter and spring, the enemy slowed down with ice and snow, and they coaxed that the teachers and seniors were short of money, so they immediately promoted the war. When the army was defeated, it began to be angry (qiao) Don't dare to say anything again. Bichen tidied up and decided, but those who were reckless were again coaxed to blame the battle. The battlefield affairs should be listened to by the battlefield officials themselves, so why use picking up posts and enclosing words? Fu) Ran angry." In the second year of Apocalypse, the dispute with Wang Huazhen was discussed: "The people who I want to kill in the east, west, south, and north are suitable for meeting in difficult situations. If you can accommodate the frontiers, you can tolerate them, and if you can't accommodate them, go away; Why is it necessary to borrow cabinet ministers internally and externally to caress the Dao to make each other difficult?" He also said: "If the classics and the Fu are not in harmony, we rely on the officials who speak. There is no hope now." In the first year of Chongzhen, Yuan Rudui said: "With the strength of the ministers, there is more than enough to guard the Liao Dynasty, but not enough to mobilize the public. Even if you don't use power to constrain your ministers, you can also use your opinions to confuse your ministers." Outside, the Liao people guard the land of the Liao Dynasty, and the people of the Liao Dynasty use the land of the Liao Dynasty to support the people of the Liao Dynasty. Guarding is the right thing, fighting is the way to be strange, and peace is the way to go. The law is in the gradual, not in the sudden; in the real, not in the empty. Controlling the border ministers is only about success or failure In view of the overall situation, there is no need to pick out the slight flaws in words and deeds. The task is heavy, and there are many grievances, and it is very difficult for the frontier officials. If there is a danger in the middle, I have to sue." , To Manchuria, because of the court's discussion, it was impossible to make peace, which led to the subjugation of the country.If you make peace first and focus on suppressing thieves, you can still be saved. Five, traitors are attached. When Kong and Geng left, they all surrendered with their troops.Hong Chengchou and Wu Sangui's subordinates are all elite soldiers from outside the imperial court, and they have swept away hundreds of thousands of foreign attachments. How can China regain its defense?Afterwards, troops such as Liu Liangzuo and Gao Jie surrendered one after another, ranging from tens to millions. Sixth, the bandits collapsed. The bandits started in Shaanxi.First, the Ming Dynasty started with the Liao army and added Fu many times. In the forty-sixth, forty-seventh, and forty-eighth years of Wanli, Shenzong raised troops in Liaodong, with a total increase of 5.2 million successively.In the third year of Yizong Chongzhen, it is strange to add another 1.65 million.There are 6.85 million in total, and they are collectively named "Liaojiao".He added another 2.8 million "suppressed salaries" and 7.3 million "refined salaries".A total of 16.95 million taels was added successively.Before orthodoxy, the world's annual levy totaled 2.43 million taels, an increase of almost seven or eight times.The people's poverty and wealth are the source of chaos. Another famine year. A prefecture in Yan'an, Shaanxi eats elm stones, and even feeds on children. So rebels, postmen, and hungry people formed groups. First of all, Gao Yingxiang, the chief chieftain, harassed the four provinces of Qin, Jin, Henan and Hubei. In the second year of Chongzhen, he called himself King Chuang.In the fourth year of Chongzhen, Hong Chengchou supervised and suppressed Kejie, Guanzhong was in trouble, and he went to Shanxi.In six years, he crossed the river and went south again, and fled to Shaanxi again.In the eighth year of the General Assembly Xingyang, there were thirteen families and seventy-two battalions, which were divided into five divisions to plunder. Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong succeeded him. In the ninth year of Chongzhen, Sun Chuanting arrested Gao Yingxiang.Li Zi became Chuang Wang and left Gansu.At that time, the Ming court used Lu Xiangsheng to specialize in the southeast, and Hong Chengchou to specialize in the northwest.Zhang Xianzhong was defeated by Lu Xiangsheng and went to Hubei. It has been reported that the strong men were captured as soldiers, and there were also orders and laws. Do not hide platinum.You can't live in the city you pass through.Do not take his wife with you.Bedding is a single cloth.There is one elite soldier, and ten masters, masters, and cuans.One soldier has four horses.Dissection of a person into a manger.When the army stops, it will be more riding and shooting.All crossings pass by.Siege, surrender without killing.If you defend the city for one day, you will kill three out of ten; for two days, you will kill seven out of ten;The most important thing to capture is horses, followed by bows and blunderbusses, and the second is coins, silk and jewels.Scatter the looted property, relieve the hungry people, sing slogans, saying: "Welcome the king of Chuang, but don't pay for food." There are Juren Li Xin and Niu Jinxing as the masterminds. Attack Xiangyang to become Xiangjing. Shi Koumou went straight to Beijing, thinking that he would not retreat in case of defeat.He also ordered to go to Jinling to cut off the food in the north, thinking that its momentum was slow.So he focused on tackling Guanzhong and Shanxi, and then went to Beijing. That year, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty died, and his third son, Fu Linli, was only six years old.The rogue bandits rushed directly from Shanxi to Beijing, and Wu Sangui called Qing soldiers to enter. The inability of the rogue bandits in the Ming Dynasty to be quickly pacified was also related to the inappropriateness of the local province system.The people of the Yuan Dynasty divided the provinces and established them, completely abolishing the old ways of the Tang and Song Dynasties.Combine Henan and Hebei into one, and the Yellow River is in danger of losing.Combine Jiangnan and Jiangbei into one, and the Yangtze River is in danger of losing.Combine Hunan and Hubei into one, and Dongting is in danger of losing.The east of Zhejiang and the west of Zhejiang are combined into one, and Qiantang is in danger of losing.Huaidong, Huaixi, Hannan, Hanbei, prefectures and counties are wrongly assigned, and Huai and Han are in danger of losing.Hanzhong was attached to Qin, Guizhou was attached to Chu, and Neijiang and Waijiang were integrated into one, while Shu was in danger of losing. There is nothing to block when the bandits come, and nothing to detect when they go.If a county is destroyed, a prefecture will be shaken; if a prefecture is destroyed, a province will be shaken; if a province is destroyed, all provinces will be shaken.The governor may go to the seven towns, the governor, the governor or the eight provinces, seven provinces, five provinces, or below the governor and listen to restraint. The second quarter of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, as well as the chaos in Sichuan, Chu, and Guangdong in the Qing Dynasty, all suffered from this disadvantage.He also supervises and caresses full-time temperance, which is not the same as soldiers.And those who join the army are not allowed to pay, and those who pay are not allowed to join the army.Those who exercise temperance must not exercise troops, and those who exercise soldiers must not exercise temperance.Therefore, the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties did not worry about the autocracy of feudal towns, but they could not prevent the rise of disorderly people from the flat ground as a disaster. The northern capital of the Ming Dynasty fell, and the south fought to support it. King Fu is in Nanjing. Tang Wang is in Fuzhou. King Gui is in Zhaoqing. In less than twenty years, one after another collapsed. However, the most important reason why the Qing people were able to annihilate Nanming was because of the help of traitors. After entering the customs in the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou used Hong Chengchou to manage the five provinces in the south of the Yangtze River, Kong Youde played a role in Guangxi, Shang Kexi and Geng Zhongming played a role in Guangdong, Wu Sangui played a role in Sichuan and Yunnan, and Sangui made a great contribution.The elite soldiers and generals from all directions belong to their subordinates. Since the Qing Dynasty relied on the traitors to occupy the whole of China, the rewards were fixed. Wu Sangui was granted the title of King Pingxi and lived in Yunnan. Shangzhi envelops King Pingnan, who lives in Guangdong. Geng Jingzhong was named the King of Jingnan and lived in Fujian. The "San Fan" was not at ease. In the twelfth year of Kangxi's reign, he asked himself to withdraw from the feudal domain. Geng and Shang both had fifteen assistant leaders, six thousand green flag soldiers each, plus two thousand Yu Ding, and each had eight thousand fan soldiers.Wu Sangui has fifty-three assistant leaders, the green flag has two thousand, and Yu Ding has four thousand, but there are only six thousand.Speaking of his military pay, Ai Yuanzheng, the censor of the left capital in the eleventh year of Kangxi, said: "The border provinces need to allocate more than 1.7 million yuan in Yunnan, more than 500,000 in Guizhou, more than 800,000 in Sichuan, and more than 1.6 million in Fujian. There are more than 1.2 million in Guangdong, and 170,000 to 80,000 in Guangxi." Except for Sichuan, the rest are all paid by the San Francisco Association, with an age of more than five million; , has saved one-half.The Zheng family in Minhai still exists, and the military pay is heavy.However, the withdrawal of the vassals is the idea of ​​the Manchu court, and it is not necessary to withdraw the San Francisco. Wu Sangui started first, and within a few days, the six provinces of Yunnan, Shu, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, and Guizhou responded, and the momentum was very strong. But soon lost. 1. Because Sangui is a traitor, he cannot be believed by the people of the country. Second, the San Francisco cannot be consistent. 3. Sangui is old and tired, unwilling to leave Yunnan, and dare not cross the Yangtze River. Fourth, Xuanye Fang, the lord of the Qing Dynasty, dealt with the young Yingrui properly.The generals of the Green Banner said: "Since the ancient Han people rebelled, stop using Han soldiers to suppress the pacification. How can there be full soldiers to help in the war?" The changes during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were largely due to political issues within the Ming Dynasty itself, not the aging of the nation.