Chapter 38 Chapter 35 The Coming of the Storm: Mongolia Takes Over

The Southern Song Dynasty represented the traditional regime in China, which gradually moved from the north to the south, and finally collapsed. The Mongolian nation entered China, and for the first time in Chinese history, it fell under the rule of a non-traditional alien regime.China's political society has undergone drastic changes.Mongolia's rule is like a storm coming to China. The times before Mongolia entered China: Mongolia's military strength shocked Europe and Asia.In the invincible expansion of the Mongolian cavalry, only China is the only toughest enemy they have encountered.They took several steps to completely annex the whole of China.

From Genghis Khan's ascension to Kublai Khan's extermination of Song Dynasty, it took seventy-four years for the fifth generation. At that time, China was divided into three parts: a Song Dynasty, a Jin Dynasty, and a Xia Dynasty.The people of the Yuan Dynasty used troops in three steps.First take the land north of the Yellow River and destroy Xia.Then take the south bank of the Golden Yellow River.Regain the Yangtze River Basin and the South, and destroy the Song Dynasty.And each stage took a lot of effort. The Jin people lost Hebei, Shandong, Guanshan, and defended Henan. Genghis Khan died of hatred.

Afterwards, from the first year to the sixth year of Shaoding, the Mongols took six years of effort to take down Bianjing. Jin Aizong left Caizhou, Song soldiers encircled Mongolia and began to fall after more than a year. As far as Mongols and Song Qiqi quarreled, they also used a roundabout strategy, first attacking Dali from Xikang, and then attacking Jingxiang.But it took another six years after the fall to the end of the Song Dynasty. Without the surrender of Liu Zheng and Lu Wenhuan, the Song Dynasty would not have died out quickly.In addition, the ancestors of the Yuan Dynasty mostly used Han people, such as Wang Wenyong, Liu Bingzhong, Xu Qian, Yao Shu, Shi Tianze, Zhang Wenqian, Song Zizhen, Dong Wenbing, Yang Dong, Jia Juzhen, Dong Wenzhong, Zhao Liangbi, Liu Su, Li Chang (chang), Xu Shilong, Dou Mo , Wang E, Dong Wenyong, Shang Ting, Hao Jing, etc., so Yuan was in the north, and the politics had a certain scale, so they could continue to invade the south.And after the Song Dynasty was destroyed, the Han officials gradually thinned out, and the Yuan Dynasty also declined.

China has a vast territory, with mountains and rivers everywhere.The natural situation is both magnificent and varied.Moreover, as the cities face each other, there must be a city within a hundred miles.Therefore, although the Mongolian soldiers are rampant all over the world, and although the Song and Jin Dynasties are already weak, as far as the places conquered by the Mongolian all-superior team are concerned, only China is the most resilient and labor-intensive place. Since the Mongols took over China, they moved some of their masterminds there, forming a new ruling class in Chinese history, which lasted for more than a hundred years.

The Yuan Dynasty entered China, and there were eleven masters, one hundred and nine years. In this one hundred and nine years, the ancestors spent more than 30 years without soldiers.After the Southern Song Dynasty was established, it was also regulated overseas.Using officials who collect money internally, promoting unknown teachers externally, and being addicted to profit and militarism cannot establish a foundation for cultural governance. Now, because Mongolia did not have a system of early determination of the reserve, the throne continued and was supported by the kings, so there were frequent disputes.

Moreover, Mongolia relied on its superior military force. Before it entered China, it had its headquarters and four major khanates, with territories spanning Asia and Europe.Therefore, when he came to China, he was particularly amazed and envious of Yin Fu, which had the wealth of its people, and did not pay much attention to its culture and governance.Therefore, most of the emperors in the Yuan Dynasty did not know Chinese, and even the officials they used were as large as a province and no one was proficient in Chinese. Therefore, its political situation is completely different from traditional Chinese politics.

The first and most author, because of its obvious political class division, all status is unequal. The Yuan Dynasty is divided into four types according to the type. 1. Mongolia. Second, color eyes. Three, the Han people. 4. Southerners. The political treatment of these four classes is clearly divided into advantages and disadvantages. Han people and southerners are not official officials. Han people are not allowed to live in the prime minister's political affairs and the positions of left and right prime ministers.Participating in political affairs, after the middle period, there were few Han people.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were only three people who were not Mongolian prime ministers. At the time of the ancestors, there were people from Taiwan province in the southern world.After Chengzong, there were Han Chinese in Taiwan Province, but no Southerners. Below the Yuan Dynasty, most of the ruling ministers were entered by officials.Small folks in Zhongzhou who are able to read and write are able to manage documents, so they can enter the Taige Pavilion to write and write together.The people in the south are far away, and they can't go to the capital by themselves, and their scholars often disdain to be officials, so there are very few users.

Yu Que said: "Therefore, the scholars from the north and the south also fell from each other, even if the Qin and Jin Dynasties were not the same as China. Therefore, the scholars in the south are very few." It can be seen that the political status of the Chinese scholars at that time was very small, while the southern scholars The status of man is even lower.Also press: The Jin Dynasty was also divided into Han people and Southern people.Firstly, people from the Liao region were taken as Han people, and then people from Henan and Shandong in the Song Dynasty were taken as Nan people.Jin Shizong said to He Yangting: "Southern people are bold and straightforward, while Han people are sexually adulterous, and they often take refuge in emergency situations. At the same time, southerners did not learn poetry and prose, so there are few middle-ranked people. In recent years, Henan and Shandong people have more first-class people, and they are almost better than Han people." .It is said: "Han people are sexually adulterous, and they often seek refuge when things happen", because they have been trapped in a foreign race for a long time, and they have been persecuted for a long time, and their virtues have gradually deteriorated.It is said that "people from Henan and Shandong do not learn poetry and fu", most of their scholars moved south with the Song Dynasty. as much.As the rule of the Jin people grew longer, the Sinicization gradually deepened, and the Henan and Shandong people also gradually rose up to cooperate with them.

At the time of Emperor Shun, the first imperial edict said: "Talented scholars from the south can follow the old system of the ancestors, and the Zhongshu Province, the Privy Council, and the Yushitai all use it." The local chief executive is hereditary. At the time of the ancestors, Lian Xixian said: "Since the founding of the country, Fanas and the ministers of the first order have been appointed for the world. It has been sixty years since then, and all descendants have regarded their subordinates as slaves. The chiefs of the counties and towns are all strong servants. .There has never been one before.”

Until the second year of Zhiyuan, the prefecture and county magistrates began to be hereditary.Four years later, the Marquis was dismissed and Mushou was placed. Because of the hereditary title of emperor, all officials in the early Yuan Dynasty had no salary.In the 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty, Cheng Wenhai, a direct scholar of Jixian, stated five things. One said, "Salaries are given to officials in the south of the Yangtze River."At the beginning of the later Wei Dynasty, there was no salary for all the officials, and it was not until the eighth year of Xiaowen Taihe that the salary was divided. It was created as a secretariat in the middle of the line, so as to facilitate its private intention of partitioning and slaughtering. In the three provinces of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty abolished the Shangshu and the sect, leaving only the Zhongshu.It also set up the Xingzhongshu Province, which is in charge of the general affairs of the country, governs the prefectures and counties, towns and borders, and the capital and provinces as the exterior and interior.At the beginning, there was a campaign of conquest, and the military and civilian affairs were divided into military and civilian affairs. They were all called provinces, and there was no custom.During the period from Zhongtong to Yuan Dynasty, the Ministry of Public Affairs of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was established separately. It is not necessary to set up officials for business reasons.All of them are led by provincial officials.The prime ministers are all titled in the provincial department of the executive office.Later, it was too heavy on the outside world, so it was changed to a certain office.Military affairs are important, and they are all taken care of.This is actually a disguised form of feudalism where the central government often sends important officials to suppress the localities.However, the status of the local governments of Han and Tangzhou counties is no longer available.This system was largely inherited from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it caused great damage to the advancement of local political affairs.Since then, only the central government has temporarily controlled the localities, and the meaning of the central and local governments to jointly implement state affairs has been lost. The governor of the province is as noble as a king, and he kneels down in the same row to report white, just like a small official.All honest visiting envoys must choose Mongolians.If it is lacking, it will be done by the descendants of semu Shichen.Next, I began to join the Israelites and Han people. State and county officials are either promoted from general schools, or from Minquan, and they are ignorant of politics.County lieutenants mostly have color eyes, and they are young and ignorant of things, so they get them by virtue of their inheritance. They don't know Chinese, and thieves are overflowing. Han people and southerners are neither allowed to be important officials in Taiwan Province, nor can they only seek low ranks in prefectures and counties. Later, there are two ways to receive millet and gain merit, and the rich seek progress through this. Even those who seek later will never agree with them.If you have merit but no money, you will stop doing things.According to the volume 7 of the record of quitting farming: "until the spring of Zhengyi, the Minister of Zhongshu entered to play, and Liu Qian, a member of the military department, was sent to the south of the Yangtze River to recruit people to make up the road. From the fifth rank to the ninth rank, there was a difference in grain It is not the same as those who specialize in tea and salt work in the old practice. Although the fame is compelling, there is no one who is willing. After arriving in Songjiang, Cui Sicheng, the magistrate at that time, took on the mission, arrested twelve members of the county's rich family, and handcuffed them. Looting, suppressing envoys and subjugation, filling in the blanks and telling them to teach them, but no one applied." However, seeking advancement by accepting millet is only limited to the rascals in Zhangli, and it is not necessarily true for those who are self-satisfied. The "Qi Xue" in Mongolia is slightly equivalent to the ancient bodyguards. They were originally selected as inner guards with the qualifications of noble children, which is a kind of righteous background in feudal politics.However, after a long period of peace, the habit of corruption has spread everywhere, and cowardice can also be redeemed. When Zheng Jiefu became the emperor, he said: "'Qi Xue' was called Daiwei in ancient times. Zhou Li's cooker, cooker, inner feaster, outer cooker, oarer, cooker, and scorpioner are also known as 'Boerchi' today. People, officers, officers, raiders, internal governors, today's "Su Zhan'er Chi" also. Palace people, today's "Zhu Shichi". Not limited to personnel, not responsible for duties. But with heavy capital, there are ladders to help If you vote under the door, you can report your name, ask for food and grass, and get rewards. They are all called "Qi Xue". It is possible to get involved in the palace ban. There is also a first-class subordinate official in the palace, who has no place to stay, and has nowhere to go, so he is invested in trying to improve. There are many people who are trending, and they are getting older every year. " Zheng's imitation of Zhou officials with cowardice is very true.The Mongolian system mostly has the meaning of ancient feudal society.In the early Han Dynasty, when Lang Guan became an official, he was also like cowardly Xue Chai.However, in the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu and Gongsun Hong advocated Xiaolian and doctoral disciple Bulang, and then reformed the feudal Yi-Song.Mongolia is just the rot of feudal politics itself. The Mongols looked down on the Han and the Southerners, so they couldn't make good use of the Hans and the Southerners, but only used the bad ones among them. Want it.They lack a reasonable political ideal, and they do not have the so-called political responsibility, so they do not have the so-called political career.In short, their politics consisted of only two things: one was to prevent reaction, and the other was to collect taxes. Therefore, in the Yuan Dynasty, there was a system of "pushing and buying" in taxation. In the 11th year of Emperor Taizong of Mongolia, Liu Tingyu, a rich man, asked to pay 1.4 million silver to buy the world tax, but he stopped with Yelu Chucai's advice.Later Huiren Odu Raheman asked to buy it at 2.2 million taels. Although Chu Cai tried his best, he couldn't. Although the ancestors were regarded as the founding lords of the country, they also dedicated their ministers to financial planning and collection. The amount of various business taxes is increasing day by day and month by month. In the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, the quota of Zhulu courses was 45,000 ingots.Over the past ten years, Jingzhao and others have increased their class quota from 19,000 ingots to 54,000 ingots.Ahema still wanted to increase, but Shizu stopped it.In the twenty-sixth year, at the invitation of Prime Minister Sang Ge, the business tax of the world was greatly increased, with 200,000 ingots in his stomach and 250,000 ingots in Jiangnan.It has been regarded as a seven-year quota increase of more than ten times.In the thirteenth year of Shizu's reign, the Transshipment Department of the Tea City was set up in Jiangzhou, and one-third of it was taken, and more than 1,200 ingots were collected.By the 18th year, the amount had increased to 24,000 ingots.By the time of Renzong Huangqing, it gradually increased to 192,800 ingots.In the seventh year of Renzong Yanyou, it increased to more than 289,000 ingots.Depending on how many or three hundred times the original amount.In the first year of Yanyou, Tiemu Dier, Prime Minister of Zhongshu Youcheng, said: "The amount of lessons is fifty times that of the beginning of the country." Shihuo Zhi said: "The total amount of the calendar is as much as a hundred times the amount set in the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty. .” In addition to the regular Fu, there is another "sectoral difference", and its amount is extremely heavy. In Yuan Yuchang's taxation and those who took it from the people, Taizong fashion only had two kinds of silk and small taxes.In the time of Ningzong, the package of silver was added, and in the time of the ancestors, the salary was added. General households should pay six taels per jin of silk, four taels of silver, one tael of banknotes, and three stones of millet.All of these are two additional subjects. However, at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a Central Plains, and after Fang Jing Bingxian (xian), he used more Chinese scholars, so he paid attention to taxation, and he was still able to pay attention to the farming of the people. In the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Secretary of Agriculture was established, specializing in agriculture, mulberry and water conservancy, and agricultural officials and those who knew water conservancy were still distributed to patrol the counties. Yu Jiyun: "There was a Central Plains in the Yuan Dynasty, and ten envoys were set up to persuade farmers. The matter of plowing and mulberry farming is the top priority. All orders in the world are under the title of persuading farmers, and both walls of the gates of counties and counties are written with pictures of plowing and weaving." Also set up a "president" in the countryside. According to the custom at that time, every fifty families in the village Tuan (tuan) belonging to the county established a commune, and one person who was a senior who knew about farming was selected as the head, to teach agriculture and mulberry, and put up a sign on the side of the field, writing "so and so in a certain commune".Based on the time point, the president admonishes those who do not lead the teaching, and uses their names as the promotion officer.Although there was this system in the early years of the ancestors, since the Ping of the Southern Song Dynasty, the appointment of Han people has declined slightly.Zhao Tianlin said: "In the sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty, every society established a righteous storehouse. Since then, for more than 20 years, the storehouses have been empty. It was abolished at the time of the ancestors.In the 23rd, 25th, and 28th years of the Yuan Dynasty, the number of schools attended by Dasinongsi reached more than 20,000.Since Gai Yuan annexed the Song Dynasty, he had no intention of following the teachings of the Han people. The merits of dredging water conservancy are quite commendable. At that time, Guo Shoujing was the most famous person who was able to promote water conservancy.Others such as Dong Wen used in Xixia, Zheng Ding in Pingyang, Lian Xining in Jiangling, Zhao Zhi in Changge, Yelu Bojian in Qingyuan, Zhang Lidao in Kunming, Wang Changling in Weihui, and Pi Yuan in Chengzong As for Wenzhou and Ugu Sunze as for Leizhou, they are all adapted to local conditions, and the people benefit from them. Democracy after the chaos is gradually increasing, depends on a little revival. But since the Song Dynasty was destroyed, their mentality was different.Officials are divided into duties, and finance is more important than civil affairs. At the beginning of Shizu's accession to the throne, most of them were Han people.At that time, disciples such as Wang Wentong, Xu Heng, and Liu Bingzhong discussed the past and present for them, considered changes in time, and established the ranks of internal and external officials, which had a certain scale.However, after the destruction of the Song Dynasty, the Han people gradually neglected their duties because they were all focused on making money.Licheng and Wu sects, custom-made Yin Buguan from the sixth rank and down, from Shengquan, first in charge of Jingu, the upper, middle and lower, with the difference of time, and at the end of the year, they were ordered by the court to be Xu Dian Minzheng.Shangshu Province is actually a place for checking wealth and wealth, Quan Diao is not related to Bai Zhongshu, officials are the city, and laws and regulations are shattered.Even as small as a jade or as thin as a bow and sword, there are all officials who have honored them, and their names and positions are so diverse that they have never been seen before. Corruption was a common event in Yuan Dynasty politics. At the time of Chengzong Dade, Qi Dao was envoy Xuan Fu envoy to dismiss corrupt officials, eighteen thousand and seventy-three officials.During the reign of Emperor Shunzong, Su Tianjue governed the capital and corrected nine hundred and forty-nine corrupt officials. And the Yuan Dynasty specialized banknotes. Chu Chao first appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the people of Shu had "Jiaozi" first, and then "Huizi" in the Southern Song Dynasty, which began in Shaoxing.The gold people can't even see money to implement the money law.However, at the end of the Song and Jin Dynasties, the banknote method was very bad.Yuan inherited the gold system, and also specialized in banknotes, but the money was almost useless. Its first folks still called it convenient. The "Zhongtong Banknote" was made first, and then the "Zhiyuan Banknote" was made, with one as five.The right of son and mother to each other, there should be no redundancy in the new one, and no waste in the old one.All the gifts of the year, the lack of weeks, and the salary of the army are all based on the central banknotes. At the end of the day, ten ingots of banknotes are easy to fight with millet. During the reign of Wu Zong, the "big banknotes" were reformed with more money than money.Roughly five times as much as Zhiyuan banknotes than Zhongtong, and five times as much as Zhiyuan banknotes.Not only has the banknote method changed three times in fifty years, but its price has also been twenty-five times.And Emperor Shun went to Zhengzhong, and then reformed to Zhengyin to make Zhongtong banknotes, called "new banknotes", and the second pass equals the old banknote ten passes.Then ten ingots of banknotes were easy to fight against millet, and Yuan also died. From the Ming Dynasty, the banknote law could not be revived, and the replacement of silver coins was also an important change in Chinese history. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, only grain and silk and money have been used in private transactions, and there is no example of using silver.Silver is a treasure for ornaments.In the Tang Dynasty, grain was rented out, silk was produced, and silk cloth was transferred out.And the two tax laws are enforced, so that money will be paid.In the Song Dynasty, the states lost money every year, so later generations called it "money and grain".Because of the fraudulent use of banknotes, gold is in the form of silver.After the recovery of money, special silver notes are used.At the time of Aizong, banknotes were not good enough, and the folks traded in silver, which was the beginning of using silver for later generations.In the early Ming Dynasty, the field Fu did not use silver.There is a calendar ban on private transactions in silver.However, the banknote method will not work, and silver will eventually emerge to replace it. Their army is also divided into various ranks. Mongolian army. Explore the Red Army. Han army. Newly attached army. It is equivalent to the four levels of Mongolian, Semu, Han, and Nanren. The secret of military status is unknown to the Han people. Establish the system of lijia, twenty families are one family, and the Mongols are the masters of the family. And more anti-ban.The Han people are forbidden to hunt in the field, the Han people are forbidden to practice martial arts, the Han people are forbidden to hold weapons, the gathering of the public to pray, the gathering of the public to buy and sell, and the night walking are prohibited. It has repeatedly included folk horses. And the evil system of the separation of civil and military affairs was followed by the Ming and Qing dynasties. The sons of Liang's family in the Han Dynasty were able to enter the government with their talents, and they were either attached to Qimen, Yulin, or Sanshu Lang.When the generals of the later Han Dynasty stopped their troops, they were mostly lieutenants inside and county guards outside.The officials of the generals of the Wei and Jin Dynasties mostly chose people with clear hopes to live there.Such as Pei Wei, Wang Tian and other examples are also.Even Fang Bo of the state town is also known as a general and a governor. At that time, civil and military selection was not limited to qualifications, and it was the same until the Southern and Northern Dynasties.In the Tang Dynasty, the official department and the military department were divided into two elections, and civil and military affairs began to have their own definite palaces.However, in the history of the rivers in charge of military administration in various states, there are no dedicated military personnel.There is no clear distinction between official positions and military officers. Song Taizu suffered from the domineering feudal towns of the Five Seasons, and ordered civil servants to go out to guard the counties, and don't set up Qian (qian) to govern the capital and supervise the military and brigade garrison, so he divided the duties and governed.However, at that time, internal and external officials were still involved in civil and military affairs, and those who were willing to change their assignments were also allowed to change their posts. From Yuan Shizu to the fifteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the system of military and civilian divisions was established, and the garrison was led by Wanhufu and Zhenfusi, and the civil affairs were led by magistrates and county governors.Because of the system in the Ming Dynasty, the prefectures, counties, camps, and guards were established differently; the backgrounds were completely different, and the civil notes also had certain standards; Today's note: The soldiers and civilians of the Yuan Dynasty belonged to different families, so they had their own intentions.Wu Laiyuanying’s collection of books hastily said in the chapter: “The country started from the north and managed the Central Plains. The heroes of the Central Plains protected Hu’s township, so they surrendered and made the territory as a prince. The grand opening of the mansion, the establishment of officials, and the prison of money and valleys Litigation is all autocratic, and it is no longer related to the top. Shandong Yizi is rich in land and strong in soldiers, jumping and staggering, and the soldiers are punished. After that, the officials of the county and counties in the world will all belong to the official department. Nearby and far away, each of the rulers and five talismans has a commander. But knowing that the rent and tax of the county and county are no longer a matter of keeping orders." This Gaiyuan's personal force is for the purpose of domination. There are many people who can't clean up the evils of the Ming Dynasty's attack on the Yuan Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty, they were both robbers and haters.I am happy to use it. Mongolia is good at battle, but not good at financial management, so the matter of taxation and collection is often entrusted to people.Wherever the first army arrived, many people were plundered as private households. According to Zhang Xiongfei's biography: "In the fourteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, 3,800 households in Ali Haiya, Jinghu Province, were confiscated as domestic slaves. The more than 32,000 people captured by Alhaya and others were ordered to be pardoned for the people." The government also gives gifts to households as a gift. In the eighteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Jiangnan was flattened and distributed to the kings, noble relatives, and meritorious officials based on the households in the south of the Yangtze River.Sixteen kings, nine concubines and princesses, and thirty-six ministers were successively recipients.From 10,000 to 20,000 households, and as many as 100,000 households.The mobilizers range from less than 40,000 households to thousands, hundreds, or dozens of households. The offering, selling, and taking refuge of slaves became the norm for a while. On the one hand, they hold slaves, and on the other hand, they occupy a lot of land. Zhao Tianlin went to the Taiping Golden Mirror Policy and said: "Today, the homes of princes and lords may occupy nearly a thousand hectares of people's land, and there is no farming or cropping. They are called pastures, and they are only used for breeding livestock." Pastures and farmland are mixed, and conflicts have arisen repeatedly. According to the biography of the monk: "The grazing lands and grasslands of the kings are intertwined with the people's fields, and they invade each other. Some officials regard the strong and the weak as their own." Occupy" and so on.This is all in the Yuan Dynasty. The government is also popular in granting land. The author is Jiangnan Ping Jiangtian.Zhang Guishu: "In the Lei Dynasty, official land was given to kings, princesses, son-in-laws, officials, eunuchs, and monasteries. The families who received the land appointed aborigines and treacherous officials as Zhuang officials, and they took many clever names. It also forced postal transmissions and humiliated the prefectures and counties. Please order the people to transfer rents to some divisions, and some divisions to the provinces and ministries, and the provinces and ministries to transfer most of them, so as to distribute them to the land recipients." No. The Mongols were both soldiers and aristocrats. They not only enjoyed various political privileges, but also used people to make money and exploit them. Black Tartar story: "The Tartars just withdrew the flowers, and no one paid any attention to the sellers. They just paid back with silver, and asked them to go to the seller to pay interest. Huihui either re-lents itself to others, or sells it from multiple vendors, or cheats. It is said that they were robbed and paid to the households of the prefectures and counties." He also said: "The dealers from the Tartars to the false kings, false princes, false princesses, etc., all paid back the silver, or borrowed from the people to earn their interest. After ten years of exhibition of one ingot, its interest rate is 1,240 ingots, which is called "the rest of the lamb". It is common for folks to take three-thirds of the ingot." The Hui people took the lead in colonizing and living in the Central Plains, especially in the south of the Yangtze River. The treatment of Han and Hui is also unequal. According to the decree of Genghis Khan, the fine for killing a Muslim is 40 bali in gold, and the compensation for killing a Han is equal to that of a donkey.In June of the 23rd year of Shizu Zhiyuan, all the horses were included, and those who had horses in all colors and eyes would choose two out of three, and the Han people were all admitted to the government.In the fourth year of Emperor Chengzong's Dade, the system of yin and narration for all officials was established, and people of all colors regarded Han people as superior. In general, the status of the Hui people is generally represented by merchants, while the Han people represent tenants and farmers. The higher status of the Han people are craftsmen. The army is about to slaughter the city, but the craftsman is spared. Jingxiu Anthology 21: "Baozhou slaughters the city, but craftsmen are exempted. If you risk entering the craftsman, there are many people who are like you." Mongolia entered Bian again, and the system is still in place. If the city is not surrendered, it will be slaughtered. Yelu Chucai He refused to listen, but said: "All craftsmen such as bows, arrows, armors, gold and jade gather in this city, and if you kill them, you will get nothing." Craftsmen are specially registered as households, so they have to stay with the common people. Jingxiu Anthology Seventeen: "The people of gold migrated south, and the workers moved to Yanjing from various states." Yuan Shi Zhang Huichuan: "When the Song Dynasty was destroyed, there were 300,000 households who were born in the south of the Yangtze River as craftsmen. More than 100,000 households with artisanship were selected as craftsmen. household." It happened in the twenty-first year of Zhiyuan.In the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Jianghuai Xingzhong Shuxing was ordered to include skillful craftsmen.Not long after, silver banknotes and silk were given to the craftsmen of the academy.Those who escaped from the imperial edict and fled to famous artisan households returned to the people. Yuan people set up officials, and they were divided into three groups: army, civilians, and craftsmen. The Yuan official system is divided into internal and external appointments, and external appointments are divided into civilian, military, and craftsmen.There are many craftsman officials, which are equal to military and civilian officials, and they are also called "bureau officials".At the time of the ancestors, there was Sun Chengshan from Hunyuan, who was the armor, and presented it to the Duke of Shenchuan County, with the posthumous posthumous title of Zhonghui.Zigong's career was also given to the Duke of Shenchuan County, posthumously Wenzhuang.Alao Wading, a Hui man, is good at making cannons, and he is a hereditary vice-ten thousand households.Hui people also think that Ma Yin is also good at making cannons, hereditary position.Anigo, a native of Nepal, was good at dressing up, so there were many famous doctors in the Yuan Dynasty.As far as astronomy and ephemeris, yin and yang divination and witchcraft, people in the Yuan Dynasty all regarded it as the same as craftsmen and doctors. Generally speaking, the rule of the Mongols is somewhat like the ancient aristocratic and feudal Yi Song Dynasty.It's just that the aristocratic class in the Spring and Autumn Period had a precious cultural accomplishment, but the Mongols did not. Apart from the suppression of force and the seizure of wealth, they lacked the cultivation of a spiritual life.They have only one religious superstition, which counts as their spiritual life. Therefore, in the Mongolian political bureau, monks occupy a high position. For example, Basiba, the national teacher, is a Mongolian innovative character, and Shizu called it "Great Treasure Dharma King".In the second year of Taiding Emperor Taiding, in the words of Xianbei monks, he set up a shrine for the whole world to compare with Confucius.However, Yang Lianzhenjia was the president of Buddhism in the south of the Yangtze River when he was the ancestor, and he was especially arrogant. He excavated the tombs of the Zhao family in Qiantang and Shaoxing and the tombs of their ministers. There are 101 tombs.There are 32,000 households who shelter civilians privately and do not lose public funds.In the third year of Emperor Chengzong's Dade, 500,000 tenants of the monk temple in the south of the Fangjiang River were the editors.In the Yuan Dynasty, it was ruled under the emperor's teacher and the national teacher, and the monks had the title of prince. The Buddhist affairs of the royal family account for more than half of the country's government expenditure. During the 30 years between Shizu and Yuan Dynasty, there were two kinds of Buddhist activities in the temple.In the seventh year of Chengzong's Dade, there were more meritorious envoys, increasing to more than 500.When Emperor Chengzong grew up, Zhang Yanghao wrote a book on the current affairs, saying: "If you pay a little attention to the national funds, you will get three-thirds of the rate, and the monks will take the second. The Xuanhui Academy will spend 49,000 yuan on Buddhist affairs in the inner court of the annual meeting. Five hundred, 79,000 oil, and more than 50,000 crisp honey. Renzong Yanyou five years, gave the book Xitianzi Vimalakirti Sutra gold 3,000 taels. The book abbreviates that Buddhist affairs are relatively old now, and the gold has increased by 1,150 liang, silver 6,200 liang, banknote 56,200 ingots, and coin and silk more than 34,000 pieces." The temple also has a grand industry, and it is also a kind of feudal power like the nobles and princes. In the twenty-eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Xuanzheng Yuan had 42,318 monasteries in Shangtianxia, ​​with 213,148 monks and nuns.Its works are like Dachengtian Husheng Temple, which belongs to more than 162,000 hectares of Shandong from Emperor Shun to Zhengqibo.Three hundred and twenty-three thousand hectares were given twice before and after.There is also Dahuguo Renwang Temple, with 100,000 hectares of water and land fields, and 37,590 households have been granted. It is even more difficult to describe the monks' behaviors that are harmful to society. In the third year of Emperor Wuzong's reign, Zhang Yanghao, the supervisory censor, wrote a book on current affairs, saying "the heresy is too horizontal".It is said: "The people who explain the elderly, livestock wives and children, drink alcohol and eat fat, and pick up the lazy people who escape from wandering. It is a plan to warm clothes and eat." Li Changyan, the supervisor of the censor in the second year of Emperor Taiding: "The minister tasted the Jinghui of Pingliang Mansion, In Dingxi and other prefectures, we saw monks wearing gold round amulets, passing through the roads, and passing on the house could not accommodate them, so they faked the houses. Because men were forced to be expelled and women were raped. Fengyuan Road, from January to July, there were 180 people going back and forth Five times, more than 840 horses were used, which is more than ten or sixty-seven compared with the envoys of the five elements provinces." Emperor Shun's father and son actually perish. Emperor Shun believed in the Xitian monk's performance of Zhe'er method, and he was very happy to translate it.There is also the Western Sangha Linzhen, who taught the emperor the secret of great joy meditation, and all the emperors practiced it.The ugly sound and filthy behavior were hated by the prince at the beginning. The emperor said: "Secret Buddhism can prolong life." He asked Tulu Timur to teach the prince, and the prince liked it.Said: "Mr. Li has taught me Confucianism for many years, but I don't understand what is said in the book? Western monks taught me Buddhism, and I will understand it overnight." Mr. Li Xian, the prince is good at writing.At that time, Emperor Shun and his son were fascinated by Xifan Buddhism, and social rioters such as Han Shantong and Liu Futong also called for the White Lotus Sect. Generally speaking, the upper class in Yuan Dynasty society included the royal family, nobles, soldiers, monks, merchants, landlords, and officials, while the political status of ordinary civilians was very low. One official, two officials, three monks, four Taoists, five doctors, six craftsmen, seven hunters, eight civilians, nine Confucians, and ten beggars, see Tao Zongyi's record of stopping farming. "Officials and officials" are nobles, and "monks and Taoists" are religions, which are also equivalent to nobles. "Doctors and workers" refer to those with higher status among the common people, such as artisans and households. "Seven hunters, eight people", a unique falcon hunter in Yuan Dynasty, who is under the administration of the President of Yingfang, Although this is a pariah, it is used by the nobles, so it is higher than the peasants.The so-called "people" refers to the businessmen of the Han people and the southerners. "Nine Confucians and ten beggars", "Confucianism" is a free folk scholar, which is different from monk religion. It was originally produced after the gradual destruction of feudal society in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it has become a particularly important product in Chinese society since the Qin and Han Dynasties. However, in terms of the Mongols' vision and their political facilities, their status cannot be understood.Those generations could neither join the army with weapons, nor be able to hold a plan to grow goods for their masters, nor be able to arrest medical craftsmen to meet the special needs of their masters, nor be able to pay taxes like farmers, so they are listed with "beggars".There is another saying that there are ten colors of "officials, officials, monks, Taoists, doctors, craftsmen, craftsmen, prostitutes, Confucianists, and beggars". Before, Gaiyou did not understand the meaning of hunters and changed it rashly. Probably the social class at that time, apart from nobles and soldiers, monks were the most religious, followed by businessmen, followed by craftsmen, and hunters and farmers.However, scholars who had occupied an important position in Chinese society since the pre-Qin period suddenly lost their status. The original scholars were captured as slaves just like ordinary civilians. A Brief History of Heita: "The great officials who died of gold, mixed with handymen, fell into butchers, and those who went to be Huang Guan are still called old officials. Wang Xuanfu's family has several people who push carts, call for transport envoys, and call for servants. Changchun Palace There are many scholars who died in the Jin Dynasty, and they were not only exempted from postscripts and taxes, but also got food and clothing, which is the most tragic." Gai Mongolia first entered China, and it was the most barbaric.Qiu Chuji, a real person from Changchun, gained the belief of Genghis Khan through religion, and his disciples were exempted from tax and labor. The Quanzhen religion became popular, and most of the literati who could not survive on their own returned to him. After the advice of someone who understands Sinicization, he was slightly liberated. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, those who exempted Confucian scholars from being captured as slaves set up a school to test Confucian ministers' methods.Of the 4,300 or 30 people who were captured as slaves in Dehuai and Shu, one of the four were exempted from slavery.See Biography of Yelu Chucai.In the fourth year of Emperor Xianzong, those who were made scholars had no slave status.Shizu took Ezhou and captured more than 500 scholars and redeemed them.In the second year of Zhongtong, the Confucian scholars captured by the imperial edict army were redeemed for the people.In the tenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Chinan Confucianism was plundered and sold by people, and the officials redeemed them for the people.And Lian Xixian Biography: "The ancestors used Lian as the envoy of Jingzhao Xuanfu, and the national system is that scholars have no slaves and slaves. Jingzhao is rich and powerful, and it is impossible to abolish orders. Xi Xianzhi, all orders are written as Confucianism." Their concept of scholars seems to be a kind of craftsman. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, Yelu Chucai said: "Those who make utensils must use good craftsmen, and those who keep success must use Confucian officials. The career of Confucian officials must not be accomplished easily after decades of accumulation." Because of this, the Confucian scholars who took the county examination were captured as slaves. By. Finally, among these captives, the Confucianism of the Southern Song Dynasty accidentally flowed to the north. When Mongolia broke through Xuzhou, Yao Shu, the envoy of the Jin Army's treasury, was first obtained.At that time, there were no Han scholars and officials in Beiting, but Shu Te was aggravated.And when Kuodan invaded south, he ordered those who sought Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and medicine and divination in the army.Ba De'an won Zhao Fu, and his apprentice was called Mr. Jiang Han.Shuxie traveled to the north and built Taiji Academy, and Heshuo began to learn.Both Xu Heng and Baomo obtained Cheng Zhushu from Yao Shu.Heng sacrificed wine for the country, and taught the children of Mongolian nobles to know a little about Chinese etiquette and righteousness. As a result, in addition to the national honor, there is also the system of selecting scholars through the imperial examination. Yuan Imperial Examination was established in the second year of Emperor Renzong's reign.Its examination program, Mongolian and Semuren's first round of five questions, questions in Daxue, Analects, Mencius, and Doctrine of the Mean, with Zhu's chapters and sentences set up. In the second session, the strategy is together, and the topic is based on current affairs.In the first session of the Han and Southerners, the Mingjing and Jingqi questions, Daxue, Analects, Mencius, and Zhongyong set up questions, and use Zhu's chapters and sentences to annotate.The classics and righteousness are one, each governs one classic, the poems are mainly composed of the Zhu family, the Shangshu is mainly composed of the Cai (Shen) family, and the Zhouyi is mainly composed of Cheng (Yi) and Zhu families.The above three classics also use ancient commentaries.The Spring and Autumn Period uses three biographies and Hu (An Guo)'s biographies, and the Book of Rites uses ancient annotations. In the second session, ancient Fu, imperial edict, imperial edict, chapter, and external internal medicine are presented together.Ancient Fu, imperial edict, and imperial edict use ancient style, chapters and tables forty-six, refer to ancient style. In the third session, together with policies, questions will be set in the classics, history, and current affairs.Today's note: The imperial examination begins with the selection of scholars based on the four books.From then on until the end of the Qing Dynasty, it is the most important creation in modern China. However, this is only in name only, and has very little influence in actual politics. 1. It was held for a short time and the number of events was very small. The opening of a course to obtain a scholar was ordered in the second year of Renzong Huangqing, and the beginning of the course was in the second year of Yanyou, which has been nearly forty years after the death of the Song Dynasty.The examination hall opened at the age of three, and the imperial examination was completed from Emperor Shun to the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, a total of 20 years.In the fifth year of Zhiyuan Dynasty, there were only 20 imperial examinations. Second, there are actually not many people with imperial examination background. Continuation of the Tongdian: In Huangqing and Yanyouzhong, only one out of one hundred people from Jinshi enters the official ranks, and nine out of ten people go from officials to dignitaries.When Emperor Shun stopped the imperial examinations, Xu Youren argued about it, saying: "Tongshi, Zhiyin, etc., there are more than 3,300 people in the world. From April to September this year, there are 73 people who have made up for the official and received the announcement. There are only more than 30 people in the imperial examination at the age of one." 3. Cheating in the examination room completely loses the original intention of the examination, and there is no truth about the examination. 4. Mongolians, Semu people, Han people, and southerners are divided into exams. The right list is for Mongolians and Semu people, and most of them belong to Wen; the left list is for Han and southerners. Volume 2 of Dow’s Cease Genglu says: “Most Mongolians and Semu people who are officials today cannot hold pens. Monograms are usually carved and printed with ivory or wood. Zaifu and close servants to first-rank officials use jade books to mark their decrees. Words, don’t dare to use them unless specially given.” Tao was born in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and his books were published in the Ming Dynasty, so the so-called "today" refers to the late Yuan season.At that time, there were many officials in Mongolia and Semu who were unable to write, so the effect of imperial examinations for scholars can be imagined.Yu Que said: "Since the Yuan Dynasty, there have been few officials in Zhongzhou, especially those in the south. For a long time, the scholars from the north and the south will also come to each other from the town. The old husband, the scholars in the south are few. Yanyouzhong, Those who set up subjects for the first time, but also disdain them and are willing to drown themselves in the mountains and forests, are invincible." It can be seen that after more than a hundred years since the Yuan Dynasty ruled China, China has never accepted the past since the Qin and Han dynasties.Their politics has always been full of the atmosphere of ancient aristocratic feudalism and armed colonization.However, the general social, cultural and economic level at that time was a hundred times higher than that of peasants under aristocratic feudalism in the Spring and Autumn Period.The retrogressive politics of the Mongols could not succeed in the end, so society was full of chaos. In the 20th year of the Yuan Dynasty, Cui Yu (yu) went to Shu, saying: "The thieves in the south of the Yangtze River stand up against each other, and there are more than two hundred places." Jing." This was the case when the ancestors reached the Yuan Dynasty, and others can be known. The force of the Mongols in Asia and Europe finally gave way to their rule under the overwhelming resistance of the Han people.