Chapter 33 Chapter Thirty: Great Shakes in the Dark Ages: The Yellow Nest Rebellion and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

China at the end of the Tang Dynasty, in terms of cross section, can be roughly divided into three parts: one is the area under the jurisdiction of the feudal towns to the north of the Dahe.The second is the two capitals of the Tang Dynasty to the south of the river and the area to the east.The third is south of the Yangtze River. Although the culture and economy of the territory under the jurisdiction of the feudal town were gradually destroyed, the small area was suppressed with extremely simple force, and it would not be shaken for a while.The two capitals in the central part and their eastern areas were the most dilapidated after the An and Shi rebellions.

Emperor Daizong heard Cheng Yuanzhen's plan to move to Luojing, and Guo Ziyi remonstrated: "The land of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty has been trapped by thieves for a long time. The palace was burned, and there was no one in ten. Hundreds of grasses were abandoned, and there was no rafter. In the middle, there are less than a thousand households. Jingzhen Zhenzhi From Zheng and Bian in the east, to Xufang in the east, from Tan and Huai in the north, passing through Xiangtu, the population is cut off, and thousands of miles are depressed." Liu Yan and Yuan Zai Shu: "The Hanshan withered, especially in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty .In the five hundred miles from Yiyang, Xiong'er to Wulao and Chenggao, there are more than a thousand registered households. There are no rafters in the house, and there is no smoke for people. The depression is miserable, and the beasts roam and ghosts cry."

Jiangnan is from the wealth. Su and Dai Zhongxing relied on the wealth of the southeast. Since then, the Tang government has relied on the wealth of the southeast for maintenance.To Yuanhe, the wealth in the southeast began to be heavy.Han Yu said: "Today's Fu is out of the world, but Jiangnan is in the nineteenth".It's even worse in Xiantong, so Lu Guimeng said: "Yuanhe and the Chinese used soldiers, and Jiangnan's endowment has been heavy. It has been sixty years since the present, and the endowment is several times that of before." The great turmoil in the decline of the great era started in the central part and spread throughout the southern part.

Before that, Qiu Fu started from the east of Zhejiang, and Pang Xun used Xu Si's troops to garrison Guilin to cause rebellion. They plundered Huainan from the Xiangfu River to Xuzhou, and they all fell down soon. Wang Xianzhi went first. Gathered and robbed Puyang, trapped Cao, Pu, and Yun states, successively Chen, Xu, Xiang, and Deng, trapped Jiangling, Hongzhou, and Wang Duo beheaded in Bozhou.There have been five years. Followed by Huangchao. Nest, a man of Yuanju in Caozhou, and Wang Xianzhi in Tongli, sell salt for a living.After Wang Xianzhi died, the nest continued to rule the crowd.Attack Bozhou, attack Yizhou, cross Huainan, plunder Xiangyi, Yongqiu, Kouye, and Yangdi.The army was defeated, begged for surrender, and then rebelled.From Xuanzhou to Zhedong, beyond Jiangxi, breaking Qian, Ji, Rao, Xin and other states.Tend to Jianzhou, fall into the management of Guizhou, and invade Guangzhou.The epidemic will return to the north.Weaved a large raft from Guizhou along Hunan to Heng and Yong, and broke through Tanzhou.Cross the river, attack Ezhou, and turn to plunder Jiangxi.Re-enter Rao, Xin, trap Wu, Mu, Xuanzhou.Crossing the river by quarrying, crossing the Huai River to attack Ruzhou, sinking Dongdu, attacking Tongguan, and sinking the capital.The ministers greet Bashang, hundreds of thousands of knights are nested, and the country is named Daqi.The heirs were defeated and went to the east, with a crowd of 150,000, slightly Deng, Xu, Meng, Luo, and east to Xu and Yan.There have been seven years.

The second is Qin Zongquan. The Zongquan teacher's firm has not changed their salary.Every time he pointed to the township gathering, he said: "If you eat him, you can fill us up." The officers and soldiers rushed to steal dozens of carts of salt corpses.His teacher also harassed all over Nanzhong for five years. After more than ten years of great turmoil, the unified government of the Tang Dynasty for three hundred years was finally overthrown. The hereditary Jiezhen spread all over the southeast, and there were the so-called Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The capitals and bases of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms:

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: Table of the Five Dynasties Emperors: (1) Taizu (Zhu Quanzhong)——(2) The Last Emperor The second master of Hou Liang Fan, seventeen years. Later Tang Fan four masters, fourteen years. The second master of the later Jin Dynasty, eleven years. (1) Gaozu (Liu Zhiyuan)——(3) Emperor Yin The second master of the later Han Dynasty, four years. (1) Taizu (Guo Wei) - (2) Sejong - (3) Emperor Gong After Zhou Fan's three masters, ten years. The so-called Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms are actually just the extension of the Tang Dynasty's vassal towns, but there are a few things that are very noteworthy during the period.

1. Apart from Li Maozhen in Guanzhong, there is no separatist leader. This proves that the damage in the northwest area is no longer enough to establish a separatist regime.Chang'an represents the head of the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang heydays, and is often the highest gathering point of Chinese culture.Since then, it has fallen into a rapid decline, and can never regain its former status. Second, not only in Huixi, but also in the Ganlong area, the cultural relics have also been destroyed.Since Emperor Wudi, Hexi established prefectures and counties.Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the people and things have been rich and prosperous, which is no different from Zhongzhou.Since Zhang Gui in the Jin Dynasty, Lu Guang, Bald Hair, and Ju Qu successively established the country and managed cultural relics, all of which can imitate China.It is also because of the local goods that bribe the Yin and the rich, you can have nothing to ask for in the middle land, so the five cools can be followed one after another, and they can stand up to the five Hu.People from Zhongzhou, on the other hand, often go to seek refuge and see the deliciousness of their local conditions.After Tang Tianbao, Hexi and Longyou disappeared in Tubo.Although Dazhong and Xiantong were restored to Hehuang, they survived in name only.In the Five Dynasties and in the Song Dynasty, Helong was occupied by Xixia.Although Yuan Hao is stubborn and rebellious, his land is too cold, but if he refuses to give him a mutual market at the age of his age, he will inevitably live on clothes and skins, and he will hardly be able to consider himself a country.Therefore, surrender urgently, serve Liao in the north, and Song in the south, only enough to survive.Gaihexi has been reduced to a foreign land since the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and gradually turned into a desert area of ​​Longhuang, without the prosperity of the past.Since Chang'an was destroyed, the wind and sound of the Central Plains, cultural relics, rites and music have been separated from the sweet and cool, and if there is a distinction between Yi and Xia, the barrenness has been restored for hundreds of years.The sudden decline of cultural relics in northwestern China was actually an important change after the middle of the Tang Dynasty.

In the third and fifth dynasties, only Luoyang was the capital of the later Tang Dynasty, and it was still the old capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty, and Northern Wei Dynasty.The other four dynasties were all in Bian, and the capital could not be moved until the Song Dynasty.This proves that the luck of the Yellow River Basin is not only not revived in the west of Guanzhong, but also that the central Luoyang area is not enough to be the center of culture and politics.The power of Chinese society is gradually retreating to the east. The fourth and fifth dynasties were all in the Yellow River Basin, and the ten kingdoms were all in the south of the Yangtze River.Although the Five Dynasties nominally inherited the Tang Dynasty and followed the Song Dynasty, and were called the orthodoxy of the royal family to pass Zen, in fact, there were eight surnames and thirteen emperors in the five generations before and after, a total of fifty-four years.As far as the founding kings are concerned, three were barbarians, one was a bandit, and one was a recruiter. This just shows that northern China at that time had reached the most unrespectable era.As for the nine countries in the south, they have relatively long luck and rich cultural relics, and they still have a different appearance.Since then, the southern society has gradually straddled the northern society.

Fifth, it was Jin Shi Jingtan who proclaimed his vassal to Khitan, and gave it to You and Ji sixteen prefectures.From then on until Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty withdrew from China, during the period of 424 years, the land in that area can be said to have been ruled by foreigners for a long time.Strictly speaking, certain parts of the sixteen prefectures have not been directly influenced by traditional Chinese politics and culture since An and Shi.If so, it will be as long as several generals and six hundred years. The names of the sixteen states are as follows: Youjin Beiping

Ji County, Hebei Province North of Hejian County, Yinghe North North of Renqiu County, Mohe River Zhuo County North of Miyun County, Tanhe River Shunyi County Xinchahar Zhuolu County Guichahar Huailai County Ruchahar Yanqing County Wuchahar Xuanhua County Yunshan West Datong County Ying County, Shanxi East of Xishuo County, Huanshan Shuoshan Xishuo County Wei Chahar Wei County You, Ji, Ying, Mo, Zhuo, Tan, Ping, and Shun are the eight states in front of the mountain, and Xin, Gui, Ru, Wu, Yun, Ying, Shuo, and the eight states behind Ulsan. (The seven prefectures of You, Ji, Ying, Mo, Zhuo, Tan, and Shun are located in the southeast of the northern branch of the Taihang Mountains, and the remaining Kyushus are in the northwest of the mountain.)

Pingzhou disappeared first, and Huanzhou merged in Yingying.Therefore, the sixteen prefectures are either flat or huan.Also Ying, Shuo, Huan, Yun, Wei, also known as Daibei.Ying and Mo were taken back by Zhou Shizong; they were the lands of Song Hejian and Wen'an County. Since these sixteen prefectures were occupied by foreigners, the natural defense lines along the north and east of China have since been lost, and there is almost no barrier on the north bank of the Great River.China then had to struggle in a natural oppressive situation.Borrowing foreign soldiers and introducing them to the mainland, there were many incidents in the Tang Dynasty.Later generations blamed Shi Jingtang for inappropriately lending aid to Khitan, but they forgot that Shi Jingtang himself was a Laker.The Tang Dynasty did not pay much attention to the concept of nationality, and this was the cause of the disaster. Sixth, it is the sudden prosperity of the Khitan ethnic group in Northeast China. Northeast China has its status very early in history.Jizi of the Yin Shang Dynasty took refuge in the Korean Peninsula.During the Warring States Period, both sides of the Liaohe River belonged to the territory of Yan State. The eastern end of the Qin Great Wall, until Lelang.During the Qin chaos, the Chinese Weiman was king of Qidi.Han Wu not only destroyed the Wei family, but also established the four counties of Zhenfan, Xuantu, Lelang, and Lintun with its land. During the Three Kingdoms period, Gongsun Du was king in Liaodong.The Wuhu Murong family also originated from Liaodong, and the degree of Sinicization is no less than that of Liu Yuan and the five tribes of the Xiongnu who lived in Shanxi for a long time.It can be seen that the culture in the east and west of Liaodong at that time was not much inferior to that in the inland areas of Hebei and Shanxi. The Protectorate of Tang Andong was established in Pingpu.Afterwards, after the An and Shi Rebellions, the relationship between the central government and the Northeast was forever cut off.However, the cultural roots of the Han nationality in Northeast China are already deep. Therefore, Bohai has a scale of five capitals, fifteen prefectures, and sixty-two prefectures for more than ten years since the founding of Bohai.It can be proved that the country is full of city walls and crops, and the tribal force is combined with the economy and culture of the Han people to form a more advanced country. The founding of Khitan is also somewhat similar to the situation in Bohai. The Khitan has long been a farming and animal husbandry nation. Yelu Abaoji's founding of the country relied on the attachment of the Han people from the beginning. At that time, Liu Shouguang was tyrannical, and many people from You and Zhuo fled to Khitan. Abaoji built Hancheng on the Luohe River in the southeast of Tanshan Mountain.With the benefit of salt and iron, the land can grow five grains.Abao led the Han people to cultivate and govern the city, towns, houses, and small cities, just like the Youzhou system, and then merged the eight ministries based on it.Khitan was founded. With the establishment of the imperial capital and the destruction of the Bohai Sea, it is already a very decent country.Later, Yelu Deguang won You and Jiliu prefectures.Its official system is divided into south and north courts, the north governs palace accounts, tribes, and state affairs, and the south governs Han people's prefectures, rents, taxes, and military affairs.In order to attract Chinese, he used the officials of the six ministries of the three provinces of the Tang Dynasty, the supervisor of Taiyuan Temple, and the East Palace of Wei. Comparing Yelu Deguang with Shi Jingtang and Liu Zhiyuan, they are both Hu people and equally ignorant of traditional Chinese culture. However, Yelu Deguang's political achievements are much better than those of Shi Jingtang and Liu Zhiyuan.This is because Yelude Guang sincerely wanted to imitate China, while Shi Jingtang and Liu Zhiyuan just wanted to use their military strength to dominate their positions.This is the difference between the Tang Fanzhen and the Wuhu and Northern Dynasties.Because one side has ideals and seeks to make progress, but one side has no ideals and only seeks to occupy.Therefore, those who want to make progress, because they are excellent leaders in a tribe, can know that it is a long-term plan.Therefore, those who only want to occupy themselves, because they were originally born in the army, only rely on soldiers to be strong and powerful, and they have no lofty ambitions. The Liao court mostly used Han people, all the emperors were proficient in Sinology, and the Liao people were also good at literature. Comparing the Liao Dynasty with the Northern Dynasty, the culture of the Liao Dynasty is far inferior to that of the Northern Dynasty.Because of the fact that the power of the Chinese clan did not decline during the Northern Dynasties, even under the rule of the tribe, the culture of the Han nationality still thrived.When the Khitan was founded, Chinese society had no family power. Therefore, although the Khitan also adopted Sinicization at their discretion, the Han people could not protect their cultural traditions to compete with the ruling forces of other tribes.Gai Bei Dynasty was still dominated by the Han people, while the Liao Dynasty was dominated by the Han people. After that, the Liao Kingdom prepared the system of five capitals. Go to Beijing.In Linhuang. Zhongjing.In Dading. Tokyo.In Liaoyang. Nanjing.In analysis. Xijing.In Yunzhou. There are six out of one hundred and fifty prefectures, armies, and cities in the territory, and nine out of two hundred counties.There are 1,640,000 soldiers, and there are no soldiers belonging to the tribe. To put it simply, the founding of the Liao Dynasty was different from that of the Huns in the early Han Dynasty and the Turks in the early Tang Dynasty.The Liao Kingdom has always been a country divided by the Han nationality. Hu Qiao's North Record: "The so-called West Building in Shangjing has town houses and shops. Cloth is used for transactions without money. There are silk and brocade jobs. Eunuchs, Hanlin, technical, Jiaofang, Jiaojia, scholar, monks and nuns, Taoist priests etc., are all Chinese, but there are especially many people from Bing, Fen, You, and Ji." The Northeast of China has been isolated by the long-term separatist regimes in An and Shi, and has not communicated with the Central Committee of China for a long time.This part of the people then gradually combined with the armed forces of different tribes to form a new country.This country has thus become a strong enemy of China itself.This is another important change in the history of the present. Seventh, it was the deepening of the suffering of the people in the Yellow River Basin in China at that time. The people in the Yellow River Basin, after the chaos of Huangchao and Qin Zongquan, continued to endure constant competition from warriors and barbarians. Under the extreme hopelessness of political affairs, there is a Zhang Quanyi. After the Huangchao Rebellion in the Eastern Capital, the survivors gathered into three cities to protect each other.After Qin Zongquan and Sun Ru were brutal, only ruins remained.In the third year of Guangqi Emperor Xizong of Tang Dynasty, Zhang Quanyi was Henan Yin. When he first arrived, the ground was covered with bones, thorns and thorns were everywhere, and the residents were less than a hundred households.There are only a hundred people under Quanyi's command.Eighteen envoys were selected under his command, and they were ordered to be "garrison generals".People gave a banner and a list, and in the old 18 counties, farmers were recruited to cultivate themselves, and the refugees gradually returned.Eighteen envoys were also selected, and they were ordered to be "Vice Tun".Those who come from the people are pampered, there is no severe punishment, no rent and tax, and more and more people return.Eighteen people who were proficient in calligraphy were also selected, and they were ordered to be "Tun judges".In less than a year or two, there were thousands of households in each village.During the farming gap, the strong are selected to teach the battle formation to guard against bandits.Five years later, the mulberry and hemp in all counties were flourishing, and the number of victorious soldiers reached 7,000 in large counties, and no less than 2,000 in small counties.It is to order and order to rule it.The whole meaning is lenient and simple for the sake of political clarity. Those who go out to see the beauty of Tian Chou will dismount and watch it with their assistants, and call the landlord to work with wine and food.Those who are good at harvesting silkworm wheat may visit their homes in person, exhale all the old and young, and give them tea-colored clothes.There is a folk saying: "Mr. Zhang never smiles when he sees a trickster, but he laughs when he sees a good wheat cocoon." After staying in Luo for forty years, he became rich. Under the extreme hopelessness of political affairs, there is another Feng Dao. Zhang Quanyi flirted with Zhu Wen, and his wives, concubines and children were disturbed by him, so he is not ashamed.And Tang Mieliang, and bribed Tang Zhuangzong, Liu Hou, actors, eunuchs, etc., to protect the position.However, when he was called a famous minister and elder, he still thought of saving time and things.Yang Ningshi presented a poem of Quanyi saying: "The scenery in Luoyang is really sad. It used to be a pile of tiles in the past. It is not my father who repaired it. It is still a pile of ashes." Respected as an elder.The year of death was seventy-three, and the talker said it was beautiful, saying that he lived the same life as Confucius, and he also saved money by virtue of Taoism.He said to Yelu Deguang: "At this time, the Buddha can't save the people, but the emperor can save them."At this point in the fortunes of the world, how can we blame the people at that time with integrity and shame!Others, such as Zheng Taoguang's eleven emperors, lived seventy.Ma Yinsun's name is "Three Do Not Open", one is not to talk about it, the other is not to open the seal to act, and the third is not to open the door to invite scholars. During the period of people's livelihood, it has been an unprecedented tragedy in China's history. As for the Liao Kingdom in the north, the politics are relatively on track, and its land system is divided into "public land", "private land" and "official land". In Tonghe, Yeluzhao said: "For the people in the northwest, every year during the farming season, one man will be scouting, one man will rule the public land, and the other man will serve as a jiu officer." .In the seventh year of Taiping, the imperial edict: "All farms will not pay taxes", this is also the public land system.In the seventh year of Tonghe, the imperial edict: "Those who have not paid taxes before and after the mountain, occupy land in Miyun and Yanle counties to buy properties and pay taxes." This is also the private land system.In the fifteenth year, people were recruited to plow the open land of the Luohe River, and the land was rented in ten years; this is also the system of idle land for officials. Since the early years of the Liao Dynasty, it has been said that agriculture and grain are full of envy, and it has a policy of stimulating hunger and relieving difficulties.Make salt beyond cultivation. Taibi Seoul is located in the south of Tanshan Mountain, which has the advantage of Yanchi, that is, Huayan County in the Later Wei Dynasty.Afterwards, the sixteen prefectures were acquired, including Ying and Mo Zaiyan, and only then did they gain the benefit of boiling the sea between the rivers. There is iron. At the beginning of Taiqi's merger with Shiwei, his real estate was copper, iron, gold, and silver, and his people were good at making copper and iron wares.There is also a lot of iron in the Department of Surgery. "Heshu" means "iron" in the Khitan language.After flattening the Bohai Sea, there was Tie Li Mansion, which was renamed Tie Li Prefecture, and the land was also rich in Tie Li.Dongping County is also the hometown of Xiangping County in the Han Dynasty, which produces iron ore. There are gold and silver mines. During the pacification of Emperor Shengzong, gold and silver mines were obtained in the Yinshan Mountains in the north of the Yellow River and the source of the Liaohe River, and they were smelted and mined. Because of silver coins. The assassins were barbarians who produced a lot of copper and began to make coins.Taizu followed it and used it.Emperor Taizong set up Wuye Taishi, with money and iron from all directions.Shi Jingtang also presented the cast along the edge.Later, Jingzong cast Qianheng's new money.Shengzong chiseled Da'an Mountain, took the money hidden by Liu Shouguang, and distributed it to the Wuji Division, who also cast Taiping coins. There are also livestock. In the Liao Dynasty, the pastoral affairs were flourishing, and the herds prospered, numbering to more than a hundred, and the pastoral officials advanced in order.Since Taizu and Daozong lived two hundred years ago, herdsmen have flourished like a day.In the early years of Tianzuo, there were still tens of thousands of groups of horses, and each group had no less than a thousand horses. Yima in the north of Hebei, Yiyan in the seaside, has been known since ancient times.The wealth of iron smelting is especially valued by the whole world. Therefore, the country's "laws, cultural relics, food, clothing and entertainment are prosperous, and it is necessary to learn from the Han style, which is not as good as in the Yuan and Wei Dynasties." And its "simple laws and regulations, and no annoying bureaucrats, made the people stop thinking about it for a while." It was passed on again and again, and when the Song Dynasty rose up, China would be reorganized into a uniform state, and the people who were isolated and occupied in the Northeast had already forgotten their motherland. We should recognize an unprecedented great fluctuation in Chinese history at that time from a geographical cross-section.