Chapter 31 Chapter 28 The Decline of the Great Era: Aspects of Political Society After the Mid-Tang Dynasty

The glory of the prosperous Tang Dynasty finally declined due to the chaos between An and Shi.Since then, the politics of the Tang Dynasty have often been perfunctory or struggling in a state of darkness and chaos. After Tang Zi'an and Shi's rebellion, martial arts soldiers marched in battle with their merits, and each other became princes and princes.From then on, Fang Town faces each other in the inland area. There are more than ten large ones in Lianzhou, and three or four small ones.From outside the gate of the country, it is almost all the forces of Fangzhen.Most of these warriors are naturalized barbarians.

Before Kaiyuan, the Hu people were the two Jiedu envoys.There were nine in Tianbaojian, eight in Suzong's time, nine in Daizong's time, seventeen in Dezong's time, seven in Xianzong's time, twelve people in Mu, Jing, Wen and Xuan's times, twelve in Yi and Xi's times, There were nine people in Emperor Zhaozong's time, and there were eighty-four people successively. Most of these Hu people have not received a good education from the state, and they are suddenly given great power and responsibility.The better ones among them are arrogant and disobedient, while the bad ones are rebellious.

Authors such as Li Guangbi, who are as famous as Guo Ziyi, were granted the title of Linhuai King, and knew about Henan, Huainan East, West, Shannan East, and Jingnan.Tubo invaded the capital and did not go to help.Bai Dongdu stayed behind and did not take office.The evening is not over.Another example is Pu Gu Huai'en, forty-six people who died in one family were named kings of Daning County, officials went to Shangshu Zuopushe, and concurrently Zhongshu Ling, deputy marshal of Hebei, and Jiedu envoy.Fearful thieves fell in favor and asked to divide the town of Hebei to grant security and history of the remaining evils, which became a future trouble, and Wynn himself finally turned against him.

This is true for the heroes of Jian'an and Shi, but it is even more unbearable for the rest of An and Shi who were granted the title of Jiezhen. Tang Ping'an and Shi hadn't been able to destroy their lair. In the first year of Zhide, Li Mi said to Suzong: "Let Li Guangbi leave Jingxing from Taiyuan, and Guo Ziyi enter Hedong from Feng Yi, then Shi Siming and Zhang Zhongzhi dare not leave Fanyang and Changshan, and An Shouzhong and Tian Ganzhen dare not leave Chang'an. The two armies sent out four generals. They also ordered Ziyi not to take Huayin, so that the road between the two capitals would always be open. Then they used the conscripted army in Fufeng to attack each other with Guo and Li, so that the thieves would be exhausted. When the thieves came, they would avoid them. If you go ahead, you will take advantage of its disadvantages. Don’t attack the city, don’t block the road. Then order the master to go out with the fortress to the north, and the south and north corners with Li Shi, to take Fanyang and cover his lair.” At that time, Suzong accepted the Zen position as the prince, and was eager to regain it. The two capitals, seeing their merits, did not use them.

He also named him a general and became a feudal town in Hebei. 1. Chengde - There are Heng, Zhao, Shen, Ding, and Yi states. Zhang Quanzhong was granted the first title, given the name Li Baochen, and changed his second surname, which was passed on to the fifth generation until Wang Chengzong entered the dynasty.Next year, the royal court will rebel and pass on to the sixth generation. 2. Lulong - There are You, Mo, Gui, Tan, Ping, and Ji states. At the beginning, Li Huaixian was granted the title of Li Huaixian, and the three surnames were changed, and passed on to the fifth generation until Mr. Liu entered the dynasty.In June, Zhu Kerong rebelled, and the eight surnames in the following calendar, most of them were replaced by tooth generals who killed the master.

3. Weibo—there are Wei, Bo, De, Cang, and Ying prefectures. At the beginning, Tian Chengsi was granted, passed on to the fifth generation, until Tian Hongzheng entered the dynasty.After ten years of rebellion, the four surnames were changed and passed on for ten generations. This is the so-called "Hebei Sanzhen".All of them are strong soldiers, self-administrating officials, not paying tribute, marrying, and connecting with each other. 4. Ziqing—In the eastern part of Henan Province, there are Zi, Qing, Qi, Hai, Deng, Lai, Yi, Mi, De, and Di states. Li Huaiyu was granted the title of Li Huaiyu at the beginning, and he was given the name Zhengji, which was passed down for five generations and then died.

Then there are Cangjing, Xuanwu, Zhangyi, Zelu, etc., each passed down to the third or fourth generation. Tian Chengsi was in Weibo, and all the strong household registrations in the management were registered as soldiers, but the old and the weak were allowed to farm, and there were hundreds of thousands in a few years.He also chose those who are strong and strong to defend themselves, and they are called "tooth soldiers".The rates of other towns are similar. At the time of Emperor Dezong, the first incident happened. At the beginning, Tian Cheng's heir died, and Li Baochen asked his nephew Tian Yue to succeed him.When Li Baochen died, Zi Weiyue sought to inherit the throne, and Tian Yue asked for it on his behalf, and he was not allowed.Tian Yue, Li Weiyue, and Li Zhengji jointly rebelled.Li Zhengji died, and Zina took over the throne.Wei Yue general Wang Wujun killed Wei Yue Jiang, and his heir rebelled again.He also joined Lu Long and Zhu Tao, and made Tao the leader of the alliance, and they each became kings.He ordered Huaixi Jiedu envoy Li Xilie to discuss it, and Xilie also supported the crowd.The five thieves hang together for half the world.The imperial court also sent Jingyuan soldiers to challenge it, but they were dissatisfied and rebelled against it because they did not get a generous reward.Embracing Zhu Si to enter Chang'an, Emperor Dezong went to Fengtian, issued an imperial edict to amnesty Wang Wujun, Li Na, Tian Yue, and Zhu Tao, and exclusively punished Zhu Si.

Since then, the imperial court has implemented a policy of appeasement. Li Na died, Zishi Guli; Fa Wujun died, Zishi Zhenli.Zhuzhen only lost the title of king, specialized in arrogance and arrogance, and the imperial court became weaker. Until the time of Emperor Xianzong, the conflict between the imperial court and the feudal towns arose again. At the beginning, Xianzong was deeply concerned about the malpractice of Jiao Dezong's appeasement, and began to use troops to fight against Shu, and also punished Li Qi.At that time, Weibo Tian Ji'an died, and his assistant general Tian Xing took the six states to his command.However, Wu Shaoyang, the envoy of Zhangyi Army Jiedu, died. Zi Yuanji claimed to know military affairs, and Emperor Xianzong issued an edict to discuss it.

The event lasted five and a half years. So the towns returned to their fate.Yuanhe Hao Tang Dynasty ZTE.However, Xianzong reigned for fifteen years. In the fourteenth year, Li Shidao was flattened. In the following year, he was killed by eunuchs.Three years after Xianzong's death, the towns were in chaos again. Zhu Kerong occupied Lulong. Wang Yan joined Chengde. Shi Xiancheng according to Weibo. From then until the end of the Tang Dynasty, it cannot be retrieved.The vassals and towns have been in power for about 140 years.From the beginning of Heshuo Sanzhen to the end, all outside the gate of the country are powerful enemies.

First, the town generals coerced troops to resist the imperial order, and gradually the town generals were also ruled by arrogant soldiers. Its first and greatest impact was the bankruptcy of the social economy under the vassal regime. Tian Hongzheng is the most loyal, thicker than flesh and blood, and there are dozens of brothers, nephews and nephews in the two capitals.Competition is extravagant, and the daily fee is about 200,000.The goods of Hongzheng Nianwei Town are supplied to them, which belong to the Tao.In Zhaoyi, the land is barren and the land is heavy, and everyone is destitute, so there is nothing to support the army.

Li Baozhen is a Jiedu, a registered householder, Ding Nansan, chooses one capable man, exempts him from rent and corvee, gives bows and arrows, and orders Caojiao to shoot in the farming gaps.In three years, there were 20,000 soldiers and 20,000 soldiers, and they looked at Shandong.At that time, it was called "Zhaoyi infantry crowns the world".However, the private cooks of warriors spend six thousand shi of rice, one thousand heads of sheep, and dozens of dendrobium of wine per day, which is normal.Lu people suffer. There are two thousand soldiers of the Bian army, all of whom are given food and wine every day, and their material resources are subdued.It can be deduced from a few corners.Also press: Tang Wuchen was extravagant, not only in the festival town outside.It is said in history: "The chaos of An and Shi, the decline of law and regulations, the ministers and commanders, and the competition for extravagance. The pavilions and houses, the power is exhausted." Ma Linjing started the middle hall and spent 20 million yuan.Horse capital is the best in the world.In Bai Letian's poem, "I don't see Ma's house, but now it is Fengcheng Garden." The garden is the old house presented by Zichang.The wealth of Wang E's family is in the public possession.Li Shengzizhan, who has been exhausted from officials to General Youlongwu, is extravagant and extravagant, accumulating tens of millions of debts.His son loaned more than 10,000 pens to the Uighurs and failed to repay, which was sued by the Uighurs.Wen Zong was angry and demoted Zhan to Dingzhou justice to join the army. And Guo Ziyi is especially known for extravagance.The annual salary is 240,000 yuan, regardless of personal interests.His house is in Qinrenli, a quarter of the house, Zhongtong Yongxiang, with a family of three thousand.Before and after, good fields, beautiful utensils, famous gardens, and treasures of sound and color were bestowed, and the accumulation of envy overflows, which is invincible.In the second year of Dali, Ziyi entered the court, and Dai Zongzhao bestowed a soft foot. The prime ministers Yuanzai, Wang Jin, servant She Peimian, household servant Fifth Qi, Jingzhao Yin Ligan and others each contributed 300,000 yuan to Ziyidi for a banquet.Shitian Shengong also made a pilgrimage in Beijing and invited a banquet.So Yu Chao'en, Ziyi, Shengong, etc. changed the fixtures, and hundreds of ministers and ministers attended, and the banquet cost up to 100,000 guan.Based on this, it is even more conceivable to dominate the land and become a feudal town that refuses to obey the orders of the court. Its second and greater impact is the reduction of the social and cultural level under the power of feudal towns. Du Mu, Fan Yang, and Lu Xiucai's epitaph says: "Xiucai Lu Sheng, three generations after Tianbao, either served as Yan, or served as Zhao, both places have many good fields and livestock horses. He was born in 20 years. It is unknown that there were people who called Zhou Gong and Confucius in ancient times. He played ball and drank wine. , shooting horses and running rabbits, the language is fashionable, and it is nothing more than offensive and defensive battles." When Du Youjian was in the middle of the province, he used the same saying: "Tian Yue's disciples are not mediocre, tortured and rich, but they are soldiers and well-dressed men. , meet like slaves." Tian Hongzheng said on the table: "The minister's family was originally a frontier fortress, and he has been a generation of Tang people. He drove to the hometown of soldiers and horses, but he did not see the court's rites. Fuzi Tianbao has been returned, Youling caused chaos, and Shandong Austria was destroyed. Huarong Ruins. Official titles are inherited from generation to generation, and punishments and rewards are self-professional" and so on.According to these articles, one can imagine the situation in Hebei at that time. In the upper part, the vassals and towns exercised their own power and supported their own self-sufficiency, which was isolated from the central government.Below, the big families of the old family followed the officials and did not return, and those who stayed were threatened with fear, and they forgot their old ways, so they regarded themselves as Qiangdi.Zhang Hongjing was Lulong's envoy, and he first entered Youzhou. The common people called Anlu Mountain and Shi Siming the "two saints".This was at the beginning of Mu Zong's Changqing period, sixty to seventy years after the An and Shi Rebellion, and the local customs were still the same, so it is even more conceivable after that.Therefore, Shi Xiaozhang remonstrated with his father Xiancheng, saying: "The world refers to Heshuo as barbarians and Diran." It is separated from the entire Chinese culture.This is the most important key in ancient Chinese history. At the time of the chaos of the Five Dynasties, Hu chiefs were still educated in China, they still knew how to love Chinese culture, and they still wanted to create a decent government and be a decent emperor themselves.They can still cooperate with each other with a generation of old Chinese families left in the north. The feudal towns of the Tang Dynasty were all born in the ranks of soldiers, with no education and no ambition at all. They didn't know how to build a decent political scale, and they just separated themselves.Scholars with status and ambitions all left their homeland and went to the central government. They also don't know how to appoint scholars, they only select the strong and strong peasants to train into the army, and then select the stronger and stronger soldiers from the army to serve as teeth soldiers, and even choose the stronger and stronger soldiers from the teeth soldiers to be adopted sons.This is how to cut down the countryside to support the army and control it layer by layer.The forces of darkness are also sufficient to last for a hundred years.Unless the rural economy is completely destroyed, this force of armed rule can still exist. Because of the small area under its jurisdiction, it does not feel that it needs political talents, let alone cultural influence.If so, the north bank of the Great River has changed from an acute disease of rebellion to a chronic disease of depression and culture.From then on, Northern China retreated sharply, until it became an insignificant place in Chinese history.This is all the result of the 150-year military rule of the warriors and the Hu people. Another influence of the domineering feudal towns was that the imperial court had to spend all its money to support soldiers. The government of Qiangu in the Tang Dynasty was originally exclusive to the Ministry of Households.After the middle period, other officials were ordered to preside over the judgment, and each of them established his envoy name.Such as transshipment envoys, water and land transport envoys, coin envoys, etc.The Duzhi Envoy, the Yantie Envoy, and the Judgment Department were called the "Three Divisions" at that time.Specializing in wealth and cashiers, they all ordered important ministers to lead envoys, and then the prime minister concurrently.Famous ministers acting as agents of wealth in the Tang Dynasty, such as Liu Yan, Fifth Qi, and Yang Yan, all came from that time.However, Dezong's exorbitant taxes, including money from rich merchants, inter-tax barriers, and money from foreign countries, are often seen one after another. During the Yuanhe period of Emperor Xianzong, there were eight ways of taxpayers, 1.44 million households, and 830,000 soldiers were fed by officials, and two households supported one soldier.By the time of Mu Zong's Changqing, there were 3.35 million households and 990,000 soldiers, and three households served one soldier. Sun Qiaoyun said: "The rate of five households can only survive one soldier", which shows the embarrassment of the Tang Dynasty's finances.So there are salt and iron, and buying, casting money, including land, asking for profit, borrowing business, making offerings, offering aid, and everything is exhausted. The Fangzhen soldiers were ordered to conquer, and when they left the country, they raised their heads to support and feed. During the reign of Emperor Dezong, wine and meat were added when he left the country, and the food of the Dao was still given to his family, one person and three people.Therefore, the generals benefited only when they crossed the border, and the monthly fee was more than one hundred and three hundred thousand yuan. Every small victory, Zhang Qi number is used to invite rewards, really wanting to trap the court and slow down the thieves. In the second year of Emperor Mu Zong's Changqing reign, Bai Juyi said: "I heard that Wei Bo's first army has been rewarded for many years, and the soldiers are arrogant and rich, and they are not willing to use it. Besides, the monthly expenses of the army are nearly 280,000 yuan in real money!" Press today : Tian Hongzheng returns to his fate, and he will reward him with a reward of 1.5 million yuan. When the imperial court was exhausted, it rewarded meritorious service with officials and honors. When all the generals went out to fight, they all gave their names to empty names, from the Kaifu, Tejin, Lieqing, and the generals down to Zhonglang generals, and they listened to the matter and wrote their names.The generals are governed by their positions and appointments, regardless of their seniority.It's easy to get drunk when the general tells him.All those who enlist in the army are dressed in gold and purple.Court scholars and child servants, dressed in gold and purple, called high officials, and served as lowly servants. As for the mobilization of disarmament, they gather in the mountains and rivers to act as robbers, and the disaster has already been accomplished before the benefit is seen. During the reign of Emperor Mu Zong, the two rivers were settled, and the prime ministers Xiao Fu and Duan Wenchang said that military forces should not be used. They advised the emperor to suppress the revolution and uphold the culture.Since then, the natives died and had no livelihood, so they gathered in the mountains and forests to become thieves.When Zhu Kerong and Wang Yan joined forces with Yan and Zhao, they were collected and used in one day.The imperial court failed to mobilize troops, but recruited people from the city, Wuhe, and fought in the north, but lost Heshuo again.The military system of the government cannot be implemented unless the government is on the right track, that is, the reduction of troops is not a political solution, and it is often more harmful than beneficial. The forbidden army was short of food, until they took off their scarves and shouted at the road. In the second year of Zhenyuan, the warehouses in Guanzhong were exhausted, and the forbidden army might take off their scarves and shouted at the road, saying: "I am a sinner if I am detained in the army and not given food?" The prince said: "The rice has arrived in Shaanxi, and my father and son will be born." However, since the gift of the granny is excellent, the camp registration is used as a profit. The sons of the noble family in Chang'an, even bribed, changed their name to the military, and were hereditary.Not only avoiding taxation, but also extravagantly serving angry horses to surprise the city.Once Kou came, he would cry at home and pay for hiring the district ward to act on his behalf. This is all the punishment imposed by the Tang Dynasty's militaristic policy. A brief list of the rise and fall of Tang Fanzhen: List of Tang Jiedu envoys: (After the An-Shi Rebellion, Longyou Sijiedu fell into Tibet, and Fengxiang Jiedu often took the name of Longyou, so it was called Forty-seven Towns.) List of Hu Ji in Tang Fan Town: