Chapter 30 Chapter 27: External Stance Under the New Unified Fortune, Martial Arts in the Early Tang Dynasty and External Trouble After the Middle Period

Under the prosperity of China's reunification, China's foreign policy can have considerable development. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, a strong enemy, Jue was the Turkic in the north. Yu Rouran was the first Turkic minister, and then gradually became stronger.Zhou and Qi fought for a good marriage, and poured out their treasury to do it.His Khan Tuo Bo benefited from his arrogance, saying that his subordinates said: "My two sons in the south are always filial, so why are you suffering from poverty?" Fu Yiri said: "From Liu and Shi to Hou Zhou, they were all of the Beidi species, and they were married to each other. The Gao family hired a creepy girl as his wife, and the Yuwen family took a Turkic girl as their queen. The Northern Qi Dynasty provided 100,000 horses for the Turks, and the Zhou family devoted themselves to state affairs. In other words, there are thousands of people in Chang’an who are dressed in rich clothes and jade food. Zhou and Qi sent envoys to Turks, and when they were mourned, they turned their faces like their state officials.”

The Turkic invasion in the Sui Dynasty was broken by the Sui Dynasty.Heir of Turkic civil strife, Sha Bo slightly attached. Later, Turkic Khan Rangan came to propose marriage, and the Sui envoy killed Princess Jinjin and his wife was Princess Anyi, a daughter of the clan. Mostly Turkic power suddenly flourished, but the political organization could not be consolidated, divided things by itself, and internal strife occurred from time to time.But China has become unified, and the Turks finally surrendered. The Turkic political organization was far inferior to the Huns.The Huns were unified by the "Shanyu", while the Turks who occupied one side were all called "Khans", and their dignity was not very different from that of "Great Khans".Yang Zhong and the Turks attacked Qi and returned, speaking to Emperor Wu of Zhou, saying: "There are too many Turkic leaders and they cannot be ordered. What is it that is difficult to control?" Khan is in the west of Shui, and the chiefs and commanders all come to visit me. I am drunk and it is easy to bind me." Hundreds of medicines said: "Although the Turks belong to one country, there are different types of Turks, and each has its chiefs and commanders." This is the Turks in the Sui Dynasty. , In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, although it was prosperous, it was suddenly destroyed.

In the third year of Emperor Yangdi's great career, fortunately Yulin, Qimin came to the court.The emperor's relatives patrolled the clouds, and fortunately Qimin lived there.Qi Min bowed down to cut the grass outside the tent for the emperor. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, China was in disarray, and many Chinese returned to the Turks, and Shi Khan regained his prosperity. It is said in history that it "controls millions of strings, starting from Khitan in the east, and Tuyuhun and Gaochang in the west", covering the north almost as one. Tang Gao raised Taiyuan and invited troops to Turkic.Said: "If you live in Chang'an, the land and people will return to the Tang Dynasty, and the gold, jade, silk and silk will return to the Turks." The Turks sent two thousand horses to assist their teachers.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Turks were repeatedly troubled by the border. In the seventh year of Wude, the Turks invaded again.Or persuade Taizu to burn Chang'an to avoid it, and stop it with Taizong's advice.In the ninth year, 100,000 Turkic riders rode to the Weishui River. Six riders, including Taizong and Fang Xuanling, reached the waterfront. However, although the Turkic power is tense, its internal affairs have not yet solidified.In the first year of Zhenguan, Tie Le, Xue Yantuo, and Huihe all rebelled.Jieli lost peace with Tuli again.And when it snows heavily, sheep and horses all die.In the second year, Tuli invited him to the court.Three years later, Li Jing was ordered to go out to discuss.In four years, Dingxiang was attacked, and Xieli was captured.

One hundred thousand men and women come.Among the chiefs, all worshiped generals and generals of Zhonglang, and served in the imperial court. There were more than a hundred people of the fifth rank and above, and they were almost half the same as the court officials.As a result, nearly ten thousand families settled in Chang'an. After the Turks were broken, their tribes either went to Xue Yantuo or went to the Western Regions, and the princes of the four barbarians asked the emperor to be "Tian Khan".In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan, Li Ji defeated Xue Yantuo.Twenty years, destroy it.After Xue Yantuo was destroyed, Huihe moved to the old Turkic land but was not yet strong, and China was temporarily at peace.

In the fourteenth year, Gaochang was destroyed and Anxi Dufu was established.In the eighteenth year, Yanqi was broken.In twenty-two years, Kucha was broken.The prestige of the Tang Dynasty reached Congling. When Emperor Gaozong destroyed the Western Turks, the power of the Tang Dynasty surpassed Congling and reached Persia in the west. At that time, most of the barbarians belonged to the inner tribe, that is, their tribes belonged to Jimi Prefecture, and there were as many as 850 out of six.In addition, six capitals were set up along the border to separate them. The Protectorate of the Six Capitals of the Tang Dynasty’s heyday:

Leading the capital of the northern states. Leading the south of the moraine prefectures. Territory of the states of the Western Regions. Lead the prefectures north of the Tianshan Mountains. Lead the state capitals of Korea. Lead Jiaozhi prefecture and Hainan countries. The rest are unified in Yingzhou, Songzhou, Rongzhou, and other capitals. Tangdi is 9,511 miles from east to west (9511), and 16,918 miles from north to south (16918).Both the south and the north are the same as in the heyday of the former Han Dynasty, the east is not as good as the west. The prosperity of martial arts in the Tang Dynasty, its refinement of domestic politics, and the wealth of people's power have been mentioned above in detail.There is one other thing that should be commented on, which is the breeding of horses at that time.Ma Sheng is nothing like the Later Wei.In the second year of Taiwu Taiyan, Yema Garden was set up in the cloud.In Pingshuofang and Longyou, the water and grass in the west of the river are good, and they are considered pasture land.There are more than three million horses, and half a camel.

Xiaowen moved to Luo, and Yu Wenfu served as the governor of the capital. According to the west of Shiji and the east of Hanoi, the north and south of the Yellow River were used as pasture land.At the age of one year, he migrated from Hexi to the south, hoping to learn the water and soil.At that time, there were only hundreds of thousands of horses in Jianghuai and Huaihe, so the shape of strength and weakness can be seen from this. Tang Mazheng almost inherited the legacy of the Northern Dynasties, so it is also called Sheng.In the early Tang Dynasty, Zhang Wansui, a servant of the imperial court, led the herds. During the forty years from Zhenguan to Linde, there were 706,000 horses.Set up eight envoys and set up forty-eight prisons, across the four counties of Longyou, Jincheng, Pingliang, and Tianshui, covering thousands of miles.It is still narrow, but it can be tolerated by analyzing the eight prisons and distributing them in the wild fields of the river.

At the beginning of Xuanzong's Kaiyuan period, only 240,000 horses were obtained, and in the 19th year, it was recovered to 440,000 horses. Wei Yuanzhong said: "Teachers must borrow horsepower, and hundreds of thousands are not enough to compete with captives." At that time, "every infantry has private horses."Du Mu said: "Jizhou produces healthy horses, and the ones that go down can gallop two hundred miles a day, so the soldiers are always in the world." Guo Ziyi said: "When Tubo came, it was called four festivals, and there were thousands of people, and the number of horses. The ministers ruled A soldier should not be one of the four thieves, and a horse should not be the second of a hundred thieves."

Since the Tang Dynasty lost the river and the Long, lost the north of Hebei, but only relied on the Uighur's weak horses in the annual market, the national power was no longer competitive.The theory of salt and iron: "One horse is a stable, food for six of the family, and one man is dead." In the Song Dynasty, all the horse-producing land belonged to Sui and Xiamen. Kuang, water and grass are not abundant, and horses are not fat and healthy.This is also the reason for the advance and retreat of national strength in the Tang and Song Dynasties. However, the expansion of the national movement also has its considerable limits.China is based on agriculture, and the land is cold, warm, and hot. Domestic trade is sufficient for self-sufficiency, and foreign trade is not necessary.I often use my daily necessities to play with rare and rare ones, which is enough to cause the inequality of the rich and the poor in the country, as well as the luxury of customs.But for the whole national livelihood, there is no big benefit.Therefore, foreign wars are often useless except to prevent aggression.At that time, because of the abundance of national power, it was easy to arouse the great enthusiasm of the monarch, and it became militaristic.It has been dissatisfied by the generation since Gaozong and Empress Wu to harm China and serve the barbarians.

By the time of Emperor Xuanzong, the country was becoming more and more peaceful and prosperous, and the imperial court's external management became more and more active, and ten military missions were set up on the four borders. Jian Kun, Sip silently.Twenty thousand soldiers. The envoys listed in the above ten sections have a total of 486,900 troops. If the border is too wide, the frontier soldiers will have to increase.However, since the military system of the government is bad, there are more such frontier soldiers to be recruited.On the one hand, it has formed a situation where the outside is strong and the center is weak, and on the other hand, it has affected the economy of the whole country because of the huge army. At the beginning of the Kaiyuan period, about two million guan was spent on side expenses per year.And at the end of the year, it reached 10 million strings.At the end of Tianbao, there are four or five million more.Every year, 1,200,000 pieces of clothes are used, and 1,900,000 hu of grain are used.At that time, there were more than 40 counties in Guanfu, Shuofang, He, and Long, and more than 30 counties in Hebei. The official warehouses in each county had as many as one million stones, and at least 500,000 stones. In the Tang system, there were ten inspectors above the prefecture and county level to oversee local administration.In Kaiyuan, interviews, observations, disposals, demotions and other titles may be added; these are all civil matters.As far as the frontier, if there is something to go to the expedition, there will be a general manager; if there is nothing to guard, the big governor will be appointed to take charge of military affairs. After Gaozong Yonghui, the governor led envoys to hold festivals, which were called "Jiedu envoys".However, it also stops commanding troops and does not invade civil affairs.The border commanders all use loyal and famous ministers, who will take office shortly and not concurrently.Famous authors often become prime ministers. Since Kaiyuan, Bian Jiang has been in office for a long time, and it is not easy for more than ten years.Naishuofang, Longyou, Hedong, and Hexi towns all set up Jiedu envoys, with several prefectures as one town, and the Jiedu envoys also unified these prefectures, and the governors of the prefectures all belonged to them.Therefore, most of the envoys of Jiedu also inspect, appease, and dispatch all envoys, including land, people, armored soldiers, and wealth.This is a major change in the local political system. Also, Li Linfu, Prime Minister of Xuanzong, thought that the Confucian ministers made great achievements in battle and respected and favored themselves, so he asked the generals to be dedicated to them. Therefore, most of the Taoists used barbarians, and there were also a large number of barbarians in the town soldiers he led.At first, he used soldiers to defend against Hu, but later he changed to support Hu as a soldier, which completely lost his original intention. There is no certain evidence for the belief that Li Tang is a fan surname.However, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan's mother Dugu's family, Taizong's mother Dou's family, Waijia's mother Yuwendi, Gaozong's mother Changsun's family, and Xuanzong's mother Dou's family were all Hu people.Therefore, the Li and Tang lineages are deeply stained with Huhua, which cannot be disputed.The people of Tang Dynasty did not pay much attention to the concept of race. That is to say, according to the prime minister's genealogy table, among the 369 members of the ninety-eight families, there are twenty-three people with eleven surnames who are of different races.At that time, people had the saying "Hua Rong's reading".Cui Shenyou said: "Recently, the Chinese books are full of Tibetans." In the early Tang Dynasty, many generals were used, and even the forbidden army also used many soldiers.The people of the Tang Dynasty neither strictly guarded against caste nor paid attention to the cultural education of the country and the nation, but only raised the barbarians as minions, and wanted to use them for fighting, which should lead to such an unprecedented disaster. Anlu Mountain is based in the state of Zahu, and Xuanzong grants great power. In the 29th year of Kaiyuan, he served as the governor of Yingzhou. In the first year of Tianbao, he also served as the Jiedu envoy of Pinlu. In the third year of Tianbao, he also served as the envoy of Fanyang. , almost all the provinces of Liaoning, Rehe, Hebei, and Shanxi are under their control. Support troops to 180,000.Thirty-two Fan generals were used to replace the Han generals under his subordinates. The power of An Lushan is the Hu Bingtuan raised by the Tang Dynasty with Chinese wealth.This kind of Hu Bingtuan only sucked the blood of the Tang Dynasty, but did not receive the education of the Tang Dynasty.Once their wings grow, they will naturally rush to the hinterland of the Tang family.The so-called An and Shi Rebellion finally broke out in November of the fourteenth year of Tianbao. The An and Shi rebellion spread across the north and south of the river, broke the two capitals, and lasted for nine years.Almost all the generals who sought peace and made history chaotic were barbarians. But Guo Ziyi is Han.Others include Li Guangbi, a Khitan native.Pugu Huai'en, Tiele's servant bone clan.Hun Shizhi, Hun nationality.Wang Sili, Korean nationality.Helan Jinming, Xianbei people, Lifei Yuanli, Qiang people.An Baoyu, rest in peace.Bai Xiaode, from Kucha. An, Shi Yu Nie, and the generals who discussed An and Shi Yougong all supported their troops to cede the land, causing disasters for the vassals and towns in the future.And the native places of the feudal towns are almost mostly Hu people. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, on the one hand, he was very happy with his achievements, and he opened his borders without limit; The people of Tang Dynasty aroused civil strife by opening borders too much.And after China's internal turmoil, its external situation suddenly changed drastically.The most Chinese patients are Huihe. Huihe was originally the Xiongnu, who was named Gaoche in the Yuan and Wei Dynasties, or Chile, and lived in the north of Xueyantuo.The Turks died, but Huihe and Xue Yantuo were the strongest.And attack the disabled Xue Yantuo, and have their own land.Suinan crossed the Helan Mountains. Anlu Mountain rebelled, Suzong begged soldiers in Huihe, and Tokyo was burned and plundered. Tang and Huihe made an agreement: "On the day of conquering the city, the land scholars and commoners will return to Tang, and all the children of gold and silk will return to Huihe." When the army entered Xiliang, Ye Hu wanted to keep the agreement.Wang Chu of Guangping bowed in front of Ye Huma and said: "We have now captured Xijing. If we capture Xijing suddenly, the people in Tokyo will all be thieves. I hope that we can go to Tokyo as promised." After entering Tokyo, Huihe launched a large-scale plunder. Since then, 20,000 bolts of Huihe silk have been left behind at the age of Tang. In the first year of Baoying, Huihe soldiers were conscripted to challenge Shi Chaoyi, and the prince was humiliated. Yong Wangshi, and his subordinates rode dozens of horses to meet the Huihe Khan in Hebei, and the Khan blamed the king for not worshiping the dance.Whip him from his ministers to death. Huihe re-entered Tokyo, killing and plundering wantonly. Scholars and women all avoided Baoshengshan and the Pagoda of the Second Temple of the White Horse, and returned to Hehe to burn the pagoda, injuring tens of thousands of dead, and the flames lasted for ten days.At that time, the Chinese army also plundered Ru and Zhengjian because of the violence of Huihe. From then on, the Tang Dynasty could not forbid it from Huihe to Chang'an. There are often thousands of people who return to the capital to stay in the capital, and twice as many as the merchants and Hus who live together in false clothes.The county magistrate gives food on a daily basis.Propagate goods and property, open houses, and all the good and profits of the market will belong to them.The sun is tyrannical, and the officials dare not ask. In the first year of Guangde, fifteen people from Huihe invaded the Hanguangmen and broke into Hongge Temple, but the gatekeepers did not dare to stop them. In the first year of Yongtai, Pugu Huai'en lured Huihe and Tubo invaders, and Guo Ziyi said that Huihe jointly attacked Tubo.It was the year when more than 200 people, including the governor of Huihe Hulu, came to see him, and presented him with 100,000 bolts of silk and silk. In the first month of the seventh year of Dali, Huihe envoys went out of Honglu Temple without permission to plunder people's children; Suo Si imprisoned them, attacked Suo Si, and violated Jinguang and Zhuquemen with 300 horsemen.On that day, the gates of the palace are all closed.Daizong sent the envoy to stop it.In July, Huihe went out of Honglu Temple without authorization, expelled Shao Shuo from Chang'an, and went to Hanguangmen Street to seize his horse.He said that he would go on his horse, but he dared not fight. Every year and the city are tantamount to bribery. Since the Qianyuan period, when Huihe sought peace at the age of one year, one horse changed forty pieces, and the number of horses moved to tens of thousands, all of which were barren and useless.The Tang Dynasty could not be exhausted, and those who returned to Hehe to be dispatched and followed were often in Honglu Temple.In the eighth year of the Dali Dynasty, Dai Zong's order was exhausted.In July, Huihe resigned and returned, carrying the gifts and horse prices, and using more than a thousand carts.In August, the repatriation envoy came with ten thousand horses, and a secretary asked for only one thousand horses to be sold. Guo Ziyi thought it was too much against his intentions, so he asked for a one-year salary for the country's market.Finally, in November, 6,000 horses were ordered. Until the time of Emperor Dezong, Huihe began to decline slightly. Huihe originally had simple and honest customs, and when he got bribes from the Tang Dynasty, the Khan began to respect himself and built palaces to live in. The women were decorated with pink and black embroidery.China is wasted for it, and the customs of captives are also bad.For a nation whose culture has not advanced, the sudden provision of material enjoyment will only harm him. However, the Tang Dynasty still had to make peace with Huihe. Li Mi invited North Hehuihe, Nantong Yunnan, Xijie Dashi, Tianzhu, and Tubo, and more than fifteen pairs, Dezong only agreed.Princess Xian'an's wife Qi Khan paid 50,000 pieces of silk for her horse.Huihe wrote a letter, "I was a brother in the past, but now my son-in-law is my son-in-law. I am willing to defend Xirong for the Tang Dynasty." After the founding of Wenzong, there was civil strife in Huihe, and it was depressed. After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, there were foreign aggressions, besides Huihe, there were also Tubo. Tubo, now Tibet.During the Zhenguan period, his king Qizong Nong Zanying had a little ambition, and Taizong's wife Wencheng Princess.At that time, Tuyuhun and Gaochang were broken in the Tang Dynasty, and the capital moved to Anxi to protect Qiuci, and unified Khotan, Yanqi, and Shule, named "Anxi Sizhen". During Emperor Gaozong's time, Tubo and the rest of the Western Turks forced Anxi to protect the mansion, and the Tianshan South Road was completely lost. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, he collected the accumulated stones of the Yellow River, placed Shence Army in the west of Lintao, placed Piaohe County in the west of Jishi, placed Wanxiu Army in Shihequ, and placed Shuofang, Longyou, Anxi, and Beiting envoys to control Tubo.Jiluntai and Yiwu are located in the fields where millet is accumulated, and China has no scout police for several forty years. Anlu Mountain rebelled and Tongguan fell.It is difficult to conquer the towns of He, Long, and Shuofang to enter the country, and the frontier states are unprepared, and Tubo invades and frowns.A few years later, the west of Fengxiang and the north of Binzhou were all the land of Fanrong, and dozens of states were obliterated. Since then, he has been a border bandit many times. Suzong entered the bandits at the age of one year. In the first year of Daizong Kangde, the land of Longyou died.He also entered Weizhou, broke Pinzhou, entered Fengtian, and was lucky to be a descendant of Shanxi.Tubo entered Chang'an, established Guangwu Wang Chenghong as the emperor, changed the Yuan Dynasty, made amnesty orders without authorization, appointed officials, stayed in the capital for fifteen days, and went to plunder. That year, Jiannan Xishan states also entered Tubo. In the first year of Yongtai, Pu Gu Huai En lured him into the bandits. In the Tang Dynasty, the Yifan town was not settled, but it made peace with Tubo and made an alliance in Qingshui.In the Tang Dynasty, the right side of Jingzhou is Tanzheng Gorge, the right side of Longzhou is extremely clear water, the west side of Fengzhou is the same valley, and the south side of Jianzhou is the end of Xishan, which is full of water.However, there were still many bandits after that, Jing, Long, Bin, and Ning, and the people and things disappeared. After Wuzong, Tubo began to decline. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, the lands of Qinlong and Hehuang were restored.However, since then Tang also died. After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, foreign aggressions were mainly in the northwest, while the Khitan, Xi, Shiwei, and Mohe tribes in the northeast were also gradually flourishing.However, because the feudal town is good at the land, it is self-safe, and the scouts are very careful not to cause trouble on the border, so the tribes rarely invade.However, rest and recuperate, and multiply day by day. The author in particular is Bohai, which was born at the end of millet. In the first year of Baoying, it was declared a country, with five capitals, fifteen prefectures, and sixty-two prefectures.The country sent many students to study in the Imperial Academy of the capital to learn about the ancient and modern systems, so it became a prosperous country in Haidong. After the Tang Dynasty, China's foreign aggression gradually shifted from the northwest to the northeast. As far as cultural relics are concerned, the Northwest has been exhausted and weak, while the essence of the Northeast has not been exhausted, and its vitality still exists.This is because the Northwest has been ravaged by Tubo for a long time, and the Northeast is not as complete as the Northeast.Since then, the so-called external troubles in the Northeast have all contained part of the power of the Chinese society.