Chapter 23 Chapter 20 Social Form under the Feudal Forces in Disguise (Part 2) in Wuhu and Northern Dynasties

The initial situation in the north was similar to that in the south, with the addition of a complex issue of race. In the Wuhu era, the collection of land rent was still in August 2nd and even June 4th. Murong Hao gave cattle to poor families in the garden, and took eight of them for the public, and the other two for private use.For those who have cattle but no land, in the gardens, seven of them will be collected publicly, and the third will be private.The record room joins the army and Feng Yu remonstrates, thinking that it is appropriate to dismiss the various gardens and transfer people by career, and those who hold official cattle, the official six private four; the private cattle official land, and the official middle division.According to it.Although this is an example, the land rent in the north at that time can generally be deduced by analogy.In the twelfth year of Wei Xiaowen Taihe, Li Biao invited the establishment of agricultural officials to take one-tenth of the households in the prefectures and counties as the villagers.Wei Shu Shi Laozhi: "Tan Yaozhuo: Pingqi households and all the people, those who can transport grain for sixty dendrobiums into the monks and Caos at the age of one year are called 'Sengyi households', and millet is called 'Sengying millet'." Biography of Northern History Wei Shu : "Collected in and wrote a poem, it said: 'Six hundred dendrobium meters from Shuji's scene, and I can't distinguish it.'" This is the proof that the northerners take sixty dendrobium and six hundred dendrobium as a unit.In Jiazhong, Song and Yuan Dynasties, Xu Huo also said: "When a military official reaches the age of sixteen, he will teach rice sixty dendrobium."Calculated on the basis of one stone per mu, sixty dendrobiums are exactly the same as the June Fourth rent collection.

As for the army, it is mainly the tribal soldiers of the Hu people, and the Han people are even less important, and they are only used when necessary. Shi Hu begged Murong Hao, and ordered five Ding to take three and four Ding to take one.Five people from Zhengshi sent a car for one ride, two cows, fifteen dendrobium of rice, and ten bolts of silk.Those who fail to do so will be cut in half.Murong Jun wanted to manage the Qin and Jin Dynasties, so he ordered the prefecture and county schools to review and see Ding, and the details were hidden.In the Ping Dynasty, Fu Jian also took Ding from three to five.Wang Meng used Qin, and the first master was ten soldiers and one soldier, so that there was a husband who envied him, and he was the most benevolent.

By the time of the Yuan and Wei Dynasties, politics was gradually on the right track, and the situation of helplessness in the Southern Dynasty was found in the Northern Dynasty. The most important is the "equal land" system of the Northern Wei Dynasty.The discussion started with Li Anshi. It is said in history: "At that time, the people were hungry and scattered, and the rich and right had more occupations. In the world, it was said: "The prosperity of the well tax will last for a long time. If you want to make a good family, it is not only the beauty of fat; the humble husband, There is also the division of hectares and acres. Therefore, we should be sympathetic to the poor, to curb our greed, and to share the unevenness of the wealth agreement, and to join the people in registered households. I secretly saw the people of the states and counties, or because of the frugality of the year, they abandoned their fields and houses, and drifted away. Living in a foreign land, involving several generations. After the establishment of the three chiefs, they began to return to the old ruins. The Lujing was destroyed, and the mulberry and elm were replanted. Things have gone through a long time, and fakes are easy to occur. The powerful clan and powerful family wantonly invaded. Knowing the family of the Wei and Jin Dynasties far away, Closely refer to the old testimonials of relatives. Although there are many evidences, there is no basis for them. Although the mulberry wells are difficult to restore today, it is better to measure them more evenly and examine their methods, so that the small people can benefit from capital and life, and the rich and right will have more room to spare. So The field of contention should be cut off for a limited number of years. It is difficult to know for a long time, and it belongs to the present owner. Then the vain people are desperate to covet; Book "Volume 53 "Li An Shizhuan" contained) discussion started here.According to today, Li Shuyun's "after the establishment of the three chiefs, return to the old market", it should be ten years after the establishment of the three chiefs, and the Juntian edict is still in nine years.According to Wei Shu, the "Tuning" method was established at the same time as the establishment of the three chiefs, and the "Tuning" method must be followed by Juntian, so there will be Juntian Shao in nine years, so I believe it.Gai Juntian cannot be completed in one year, and Li Anshi may be more than one, and the above quotation seems to be indeed after the establishment of the three chiefs.

Jun Tianzhao was in October of the ninth year of Xiaowen Taihe. The general meaning is: the rich and the strong have mountains and marshes, and the poor and the weak are hopeless, so that the land has a legacy and the people have no surplus wealth.Today, envoys are sent to Xingzhou and County, and Mushou and Mushou are both given the fields of the world, and they are also judged by life and death. In order to equalize the land, one must first verify the household registration.In February of the tenth year, the three chiefs of the party, the neighborhood and the neighborhood were established, and the household registration of the people was determined.This discussion was based on Li Chong.

Before the establishment of the Three Chiefs, the people were mostly hidden, and fifty or thirty families were one household, which was called "shadow attachment".Those who are attached to the shadows have no official service, and the tyranny collects it, which is twice as much as the public tax.Han Zhuoshu said: "It is true that "great surnames overlap with each other, or a hundred families live together, or a thousand people share their residence". Five families, one neighbor, and one husband.Five neighbors and one mile long, complex two husbands.There is one party leader in Wuli, and three husbands.

Many ministers at that time disagreed.The Empress Dowager said: "Establish the three chiefs, and the households covered by shade will be able to leave, and the lucky ones will be stopped. Why not?" In the following year, there was a great famine in Kyoto, and Han Qilin expressed Chen Shiwu, and begged to "control the men and women in the world, and receive the land according to their mouths".The average land system is roughly as follows: Men and women over fifteen years old receive forty mu of "open field", twenty mu for women, and slaves and maidservants.One small cow, 30 mu of land, limited to four cows.

The rate of the field granted is doubled, and the field of the three changes is doubled again to provide for farming and rest and return the surplus and shrinkage.The field will be accepted for the year of the people and the class, and the field will be returned if the old man is exempt and dead.The slaves, maidservants, and cattle will be paid back as they have. The absence of all "Sangtian" is still limited, but it is divided into "Beida".For those who receive the land, the male husband will give 20 mu of land to each of them.After class planting, I planted fifty mulberry trees, five jujubes, and three elms.Nugeyiliang.

The fields that should be returned shall not be planted with mulberry, elm, and jujube. All "mulberry fields" are world karma and will not be returned after death.Those who have a surplus will receive nothing and will not return it; those who are deficient will receive what is planted according to the Dharma.Those who have a surplus have to sell what they have, and those who are short have to buy what they don't have.You can't sell what you have, and you can't buy more than what you have. The purpose of this system is not to seek absolute equalization of land, but only to have a certain limit for the rich and a minimum level for the poor.

The oxen are limited, but the slaves are unlimited; the rate of granting land is doubled and then doubled.If one husband, one wife, ten slaves and four cattle are counted, the land is already a thousand mu away.In the third year of Heqing in the Northern Qi Dynasty, the imperial edict: "Servants and maidservants receive land, the number of princes is limited to 300, and the number of heirs is 200. There are 150 people below the second-rank heir king and the common surname king. The third-rank and above and the emperor's family are 100 people. Eighty people above the seventh rank, and sixty common people below the eighth rank." According to the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Yuan and Wei Dynasties, it can be seen that there were many slaves and maidservants receiving land.There is also a saying in Wei Shuyuan's He Chuan: "The chief general is a member of the bureaucracy, specializing in plumpness and beauty, and the barren land is barren and the common people." The Northern History Chang Shuang said: "The three chiefs are all rich and powerful." However, these are not enough to control it. For serious illnesses, the historian should focus on the general.

The most important ones are taking advantage of their shade, so that all the rent will be returned to the public. The field of return is called "dew" because no trees are planted in the old saying.Fear of exposure is the opposite of "Yin Mao", because it belongs to the public, so it is called "exposition".It is regarded as an open field, so it must be paid back.Because it has to be selected and accepted, it is not allowed to grow mulberry elms; it is not because it is not allowed to grow mulberry elms, so it is called "Lutian".The highest significance of the land equalization system is still to risk everything for the tyrants, and it is still similar to the intention of the "hutiao" in the Western Jin Dynasty. It is still a follow-up performance of the central government and the tyrants competing for the people.

Moreover, the three chiefs and the land equalization system in the Northern Dynasties had an even more important meaning.The Northern Wei Dynasty originally established the country with a tribal feudal system. With the arrest of the three chiefs and the equalization of land, the political system gradually changed from clan feudalism to unified prefectures and counties, and the power of Hu and Han gradually reversed. The imperial clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty granted the counties princes and princes, and those who were subordinated by the tribal adults were granted the titles of lieutenants.A total of more than 90 people were sealed by the clan, and more than 180 people were sealed by the tribal adults.These Shixiang canonizations are the separation of feudal meaning.When the Three Chiefs and the Land Equalization System were established, the system of prefectures and counties unified by the central government was gradually formed.In the year of Wei Li's three chiefs, it was agreed that civil officials should be paid according to households; this year, states and counties were divided, which is the evidence.Since the Chinese gentry gradually gained power.And the adults of the Zhuhu tribe gradually lost their status.After that, Wei Xiaowen ordered the Xianbei clan to change all Han surnames, just because the superior status of the clan had already been eliminated politically. The South has repeatedly sung the land to break the residence of the overseas Chinese and correct the genealogy, but they always want to strip the benefits under the privilege of preserving the gentry, which is not as fair as the North's political theory.Therefore, the land equalization system in the north can be made to a large scale, while the long-standing abuses of the yellow family in the south will eventually be difficult to clean up.This is a clear example of the fact that the north is better than the south. Next, let's talk about the rent amount under the equal-field system. According to Wei Shu Shihuo Zhi, Li Chongshang made the three leaders and established the "tune" method. According to the polls, one husband, one wife, one horse of silk, and two stones of millet.Those who are unmarried over the fifteenth year of the Republic of China, the four of them are called one husband and one wife.Those who are slaves to farm and maidservants to work, eight of them are considered unmarried four.There are twenty cattle and eight servants. This so-called "adjustment" includes land rent.One husband and one wife have 60 mu, and receive two shi of millet; calculated as one mu for one shi, and 60 shi for two shi, that is the system of thirty taxes and one shi in the Han Dynasty.According to the tax practice at that time, the ratio of 60 hu per 100 mu was 18 times the difference. (1 stone = 10 buckets = 100 liters, 30 mu for 100 liters. 100 mu for 60 dendrobium, 1 dendrobium = 10 buckets = 100 liters, then 100 mu for 6,000 liters. [Before the Tang Dynasty, 1 dendrobium (hu) = 10 Dou. Since the Song Dynasty, it was changed to 1 Dendrobium = 5 Dou, and 1 stone = 2 Dendrobium.]) For the old tunes, the households mixed the nine grades, and the households tuned two bolts of silk, two catties of cotton wool, one catty of silk, and twenty stones of millet;It is also heavier than the current adjustment method.However, thirty or fifty families are one household, and those who take the risk are all private. This layer is really of great benefit to farmers, so it is easy to implement. Li Chong sought to establish three chiefs, and implemented it at the same time as the new system and adjustment method, saying: "If the adjustment is not made, the common people will only know how hard it is to set up the chiefs and school households. If they do not see the benefits of equalizing corvees and saving taxes, they will feel resentful. It should be the month of class adjustment. , so that you know the balance of taxation. Knowing its affairs and gaining its benefits, it is easy to do it according to the desire of the people." At the beginning, the common people thought that it was not as usual, especially those who combined the rich and the rich.After the implementation of the matter, the provinces are more than ten times larger, and the country is safe.This is completely different from the Southern Dynasties who caused civil unrest because of the verification of Huang Ji. In terms of strength, there are still advantages and disadvantages. Slaves and maids receive fields and good people, etc., but there are very few adjustments. The eight slaves and maids start to be the tune of a husband and a wife.This is Wei Ting's deliberate favor of the fake wealthy family, and has already seized its shade, so it must be indulged a little bit. But in the national treasury, the number of courses dropped sharply, which made me feel embarrassed for a while. In the 11th year of Taihe, Han Qilin stated that "the tax is light and small, and it cannot last long." In the 12th year, due to the severe drought, Li Biao suggested that one tenth of the households in prefectures and counties should be used as farmland, and one husband would be responsible for sixty hu at the age of one.But it's the main lesson, the levy and the chores.In the second year of Xiaochang, the rent of the capital was taxed at five liters per mu; those who rented public land were one dou per mu.Five liters per mu, if one husband and one wife receive 60 mu of land, it will be three stones, which is one stone more than Xiaowen's order.For one bucket per mu, six stones are required for sixty mu, but it is only a tithe tax. However, under the influence of the powerful and powerful, everything belongs to the public, and the government does not suffer after all.Therefore, this system was still followed until the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty.Biqi system, one person rents two stones for one bed, and five buckets for charity rent.In addition to the rent, "charity rent" is added.It is being rented into the central treasury, and it is being rented out to Najun County to prepare for floods and droughts.In addition to government revenue, we also pay attention to the preparation of civilian disaster relief. This system will also be adopted by the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the future. In the fifth year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, Sun Pingzuo, Minister of the Ministry of Industry, invited the people and soldiers of the various states to persuade the class to be a community and set up a warehouse together. On the day of harvest, according to their income, they were advised to produce millet and wheat and store them in the community. ".In the sixteenth year, it was ordered that the upper, middle, and lower classes of taxes be allowed for the warehouses of the society.During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, he issued an edict, "The tax per mu is two liters of millet, wheat, rice, and rice, depending on the land. Merchants and merchants who have no land, take their households as the ninth class to produce millet, and the difference is from five stones to five buckets." Tianbaozhong, There are more than 96 million stones of all kinds of rice in the world, and more than 63 million stones in Yicang.Charitable rent and free warehouses are different from "Changping" in the Han Dynasty. Changping is purchased by the government and donated by the people. It is a good government that pays attention to the food of the people.Press again, its system also started with Li Biao of Wei Zhi.Wei Shu Shi Lao Zhi has "Seng Yi Hu" and "Seng Yi Su", which are given to the hungry people in frugal years, and the meaning is similar. And due to the reduction of taxes and the prosperity of the social economy, the folk academic and cultural undertakings have made great progress. Biography of Confucianists in the Northern Qi Dynasty: "Northern Qi introduced famous Confucianism and taught the emperor's princes classics. However, from the beginning to the end of the Ji Dynasty, Jinan was in the Chu Palace, and it was quite self-improving to achieve its beauty; I am more arrogant and unrestrained. Arrogant and ruthless, violating etiquette. The door of the world is rarely heard and strong. The only ones who have mastered the classics are Boling Cui Zifa and Guangping Song Youqing. Fortunately, the imperial court is wide and simple, the political program is loose, and the hands are idle. There are ten rooms and nine. Therefore, the couples who have been employed by Hengjing are all over the village; Zhao Zhisu, especially among them." The rent in the Northern Zhou Dynasty was slightly heavier than that in the Yuan, Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties. Weekly system: "Sijun is in charge of the government decree of the field. For those with a population of ten or more, the house is five acres; for seven or more, four acres; for five or more, three acres. Those who have a house have a field of 140 acres, and those who have a family have a field of 100 acres. Secretary Fu is in charge of the government decree of Fu Fu. All people from eighteen to sixty-four, and those with mild illnesses, are all given. Those who have a house are no more than one piece of silk, eight liang of cotton, and five dendrobium of millet. Half of them are young." Today's Eucalyptus , Those who have a house are granted 140 mu of land, that is, 40 mu of open field for men and 20 for women under the Wei system.The two stones of Wei Diao, now five dendrobiums, are already heavy. However, compared with the Jin Dynasty, it is still more than ten times lighter. And Su Chuo, who is in charge of it, is often cited as a pity.As far as his son Su Wei, he was able to do the tricks of his father and helped to achieve the Zhizhi of the Sui Dynasty. According to the biography of Su Wei in the Northern History: "The father of Wei was in Wei, and he regarded the insufficient use of the country as the taxation law, which is quite important. Then he sighed and said: "What you do is just like drawing a bow, which is not the law of the world. Who is the gentleman of the future? Can you relax?' Hearing his words, he always took it as his own responsibility. When Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, he reduced taxes and servitude, and lightened the code, and the emperor followed it." According to the Sui system, Ding Nan rented three stones of millet for one bed.This is the proof.The Tang Dynasty's "Zuyong Tiao" system rented millet and two stones, but it still followed the Northern Wei Dynasty.Also press: The history said: "Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the criminal law has been relaxed, and the family has surpassed the poor. After the Sui Ping and Chen, the herdsmen changed it. Su Wei also wrote the Five Religions, so that the people have no elders and children to read it. Folk rumors When the Sui Dynasty wanted to migrate and enter the customs, the old situation of Chen would probably be reversed." This family in the south of the Yangtze River was not used to the system of the Northern Dynasty.The difference between North and South societies can be seen here. This kind of political and moral awareness was also rare in the Southern Dynasties. The new system following the equalization of land is "fubing".By "equalizing the land" by oneself, the peasants will have the meaning of living happily; by "soldiers in the government" by themselves, the peasants will not feel the sense of being forced to die.It is necessary to wait for the lower-level peasants to have a little sense of life, and then the fate of the world can be changed.The Sui and Tang revivals were generally based on the two pillars of Juntian and Fubing. The army of the Northern Dynasty was also dominated by Xianbei people.Yulin and Huben are the central guards, and the generals of the six towns are the frontier guards. They are all descendants of the Daibei tribe. Other Hu people also served in the military, while the Han people did farming.In the 11th year of the Taiwu Taiping Zhenjun's Southern Expedition, he surrounded Xuyi, and left a written statement: "The soldiers I have sent to fight today are by no means Chinese. In the northeast of the city are Dingling and Hu, and in the south are Di and Qiang. You will not be disadvantaged if you kill them. "In the third year of Yanxing, he will discuss in the south, and the edict: "Take one of the ten towns of the state and county to fill the line", but this is very unusual.Therefore, Gao Huan made a change according to the border town. Every time he said Xianbei, he still said: "The Han people are your slaves. The husband plows for you, the woman weaves for you, and transports you millet and silk to make you food and clothing. What is mausoleum?" Then he said: "Xianbei is your guest, and I got you a dendrobium millet and a piece of silk to fight bandits for you and make you peaceful. What's the disease?" And when Xiaowen moved to the south, the soldiers from generation to generation were all Habayashi and Huben.In addition, he ordered 150,000 warriors from all over the world to be selected as Habayashi and Huben as guards.At that time, there were already many non-Xianbei people in the Habayashi Suwei.In the Northern Qi Dynasty, the main body of the army gradually shifted to the Han people. Qi Wenxuan accepts Zen, and those who move within the six lanes are more concise. Each person must be a hundred people, let them die before the battle, and then take them, which is called "Hundred Preservation Xianbei".It is also briefly mentioned that those Chinese who are extremely brave are called "warriors" in order to prepare for the sidelines.Even Qi soldiers no longer exclusively fight against Hu people.By the time of Heqing's regulation, men received land at eighteen, transferred rent, twenty served as soldiers, sixty exempted from forced labor, and sixty-six retired land without rent transfer.Also press: Fu Yiyun: Every time Zhou and Qi fought on horseback, they expelled the Xia people as meat fences. They were surprised and said: "When a Han dog feeds a horse, and a knife cuts the head of a Han dog, you can't mow grass." However, Gao Ao Cao is in the army, Gao Huan Huayan for it.Huantao said that Ao Cao's generals were all Han soldiers, and he wanted to cut off more than a thousand Xianbei soldiers.Ao Cao said: "The generals will fight back and forth, if they don't reduce the Xianbei, if they don't bother, they will be more worthy." To sum up, the Chinese in Ji and Zhou Dynasties can no longer be insulted, and Fu Yan can see the mood before the change. Wei Wu moved to the west, and the people of Liufang who came to the west could not be ten thousand, and the rest all moved north. The founding of the Western Wei Dynasty was based on the Han people in Guanlong, and the main body of its army belonged to the Han people. He first congratulated Ba Yuefuer Zhu Tianguang on entering the pass, and the crowd was dissatisfied with two thousand.Afterwards, they defeated and surrendered, and most of them were Westerners.Yu Wentai took over the Yue army and knew that the main force of his subordinates were all from Xituguanlong.Wei Wu rushed to the west, especially as a guest, and his forbidden soldiers were all in charge of Yuwentai's various houses.For example, Li Kui Ziji, Li Bi Zihui, and Yu Jin Ziyi are all Han nationality.At that time, the imperial family of the Western Wei Dynasty withered, and Taisui changed the surname to Hu with his subordinate generals.Hong Mai said: "The Western Wei Dynasty gave Fan surnames to the old family in the Central Plains. Authors such as Li Bi, Zhao Su, Zhao Gui, Liu Liang, Yang Zhong, Wang Xiong, Li Hu, Xin Wei, Tian Hong, Geng Hao, Yang Shao, Hou Zhi, Dou Chi, Li Mu, Lu Tong, Yang Zuan, Kou Jun, Duan Yong, Han Bao, Pei Wenju, Chen Xin, Fan Shen." It can be seen that although Yuwen is a Hu, his influence is actually based on the Han people, not as good as Gao Huan's The Han nationality actually relies on the Hu people.Therefore, the Sinicization of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Huhuaization of the Northern Qi Dynasty, the difference in customs is also judged by the foundation of the country. Yu Wentai used Su Chuo's words to create "Fu Bing", who belonged to the sixth-class people, and selected talented and capable people to fill them.Combined into a hundred prefectures, each prefecture will be dominated by Ichiro.They belong to the 24th Army, and Kaifu each leads an army.There are twelve generals.Each general will open the mansion twice, and one pillar will be the master of the country and the two generals will be the governors of the blessing festival.There are six members in Fanzhu Kingdom, less than 50,000 people. Note: Su Chuo died in the 12th year of Datong, Li Bi and Dugu Xin worshiped in the 14th year of the Six Pillars Kingdom, and Yu Jin, Zhao Gui, Hou Mo and Chen Chong lived in the 15th year.Chuo Chuo said that Chuo "set up farmland to fund the military country", which is also the government soldiers.However, the unification of the government soldiers in the Six Pillars Kingdom is a posthumous event. It can be seen that this system was not completed overnight. Self-supervision and rate, no household registration, and rent adjustment.If you have something to go to war, if you have nothing to do, you will serve for one month. On the 15th day, there will be halberds on the gates, and the police will patrol day and night;After that, the Sui and Tang government soldiers only served for 20 days. Its armor is a spear, bow and crossbow, and it is given by the official. In case of an expedition, the oxen and donkeys and the embarrassing food are all prepared by the public. This is the possibility of the Fubing system. The advantage of the military system is that there are choices and lessons; more importantly, it has goodwill and better treatment for soldiers.To fight against such troops with the temporary sent slaves as soldiers, exiled soldiers as soldiers, and slaves as soldiers, you will naturally win.The ancients said that "the benevolent is invincible", the strength of the Fubing system is only that it has shown some humanity to its own farmers.Since then, soldiers have regained their status in the country, not temporary arrests and punishments. Another significance of the fubing system is that it broke the boundary between the Hu people serving as soldiers and the Han people farming in the north.Chinese peasants began to formally rearm. Zhou Shuwen Emperor Ji: "In the ninth year of the Western Wei Dynasty, Guanlong Haoyou was widely recruited to increase the army." Meaning also.Also in Sui Shu Shihuo Zhi: "In the second year of Emperor Wu of Zhou's Jiande period, he changed the sergeants into servants' palaces, recruited common people to fill them up, and removed their county registration. Half of the people in the later Xia Dynasty were soldiers." This is why the military system of the Zhou Dynasty recruited more Han people certificate.In addition, the Yuan Wei Dynasty was originally a tribal army system. It was said in history that in the early Wei Dynasty, "the country was governed by thirty-six countries, and the surnames were ninety-nine."In the first year of Emperor Gong, Yu Wentai regarded the generals with the most meritorious service as the descendants of the thirty-six kingdoms, and those with the next ninety-nine surnames, and the soldiers under his command also changed their surnames.And in the first year of Dading, it was ordered that all the previous surnames were restored.It was first granted to the Hu nobles with the merits of the Han army, and then went to Hu to restore the Han.Here we can see the evolution of Hu and Han forces at that time.In the next three years of Emperor Gong, the system of "six officials" was officially implemented.Since the old Xianbei aristocratic surname was changed to the six officials, this is one of the great progress of the political organization. From then on, the Han people in the east and west of the Northern Qi Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty all replaced the armed and military power of the Xianbei people. In the Northern Qi Dynasty, all farmers were soldiers, and in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, farmers were selected to train soldiers. This is the difference between them. Therefore, by "equalizing the land" on your own, the economic inequality between the nobles and the common people will be cancelled; if you "soldier in the government" by yourself, the racial barrier between the Hu people and the Han people will be cancelled.Both of the two major problems in northern society have been resolved reasonably.The peasants in China began to have their status again, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty also used this to complete its great task of unification and revival. The emergence of a reasonable political system must have a rational political thought as its source.The political negotiations in the Northern Dynasties were gradually on track, and it cannot but be said that the northern scholar-bureaucrats had a relatively correct political concept.Northern Zhou Shuwen Emperor Ji Wei Datong Eleven Spring March Order: "The reason why the ancient emperors established princes and established hundreds of officials was not to be rich and honor them, but to honor them, to cover the vastness of the world. Visit virtuous talents, help yourself to govern, if you know the virtuous, then order them with courtesy. The day the person hears his fate, he will be miserable and say: "Anyone who accepts other people's work and accepts others' labor, why should he sacrifice himself and follow others?" He also encouraged himself and said: "He was born handsome, so it is good time. The master wants to govern with me, can he leave?" , so the wife may have the disadvantages of hunger and cold and ignore it. Therefore, the owner bestows a salary and respects a crown, but does not consider it a benefit, and a virtuous minister does not regard it as a virtue. A king can sincerely teach officials in this way, and a minister Sincerely can accept the position with this feeling, the world will be big, and it can be governed without words. Later generations will decline, and the official position will be regarded as a personal favor, and the rank and salary will be honored. The king ordered the official, and the relatives gave it to him, and the love was appointed. The minister accepts the position , Those who can respect themselves and nourish the house, seek it in a roundabout way. The righteous way is gone, and treachery is born. The world is not governed, and this is exactly why. Now the Holy Lord is revived, and he wants to pour water. The people in the court, Be aware of the difficulty of the job. Those who are worthy will judge themselves and do it, and those who are unbearable will avoid it. If the heavenly officials are not arrogant, and the work and honor are not in vain, then the pure and simple style will almost return." Press: Datong Ten In the autumn and July of the year, Emperor Wei used the twenty-four articles and twelve new articles published by Yuwentai before and after to form the Zhongxing Yong style. He ordered the Shangshu Su Chuo to make more profit and loss. The total is five volumes, and the class is in the world.So he searched for Jian Xiancai, thinking that the commander of Mushou was sent according to the new system.It is Ling Nai Su Chuo's pen. In December of the third year of Tianxing in Wei Shudao Wuji, Yiwei Tianming Zhao and Bingshen Guanhao Zhao, Chen Yi all came to Gao Zhuo.The official title edict says: "Officials have no permanent name, but appointments have definite divisions. Jie and Zhou are in the south, although they are tall but can be thin; Order is complete at the end and righteousness is complete; those who are ignorant of benefits are trapped and their name is destroyed. Therefore, morality is the foundation of governance, and fame and honor are the end of governance. Names are not based on Tao and cannot be appropriate; honors are not beneficial to the time and cannot be used. The language is almost written by Cui Hong.The scholar-bureaucrats of the Northern Dynasties far surpassed the Southern scholars in their political views, so they can be recruited here. Emperor Wu of the Zhou Dynasty issued an imperial edict in the second year of Baoding: "The head of the tree, the ruler of the sea, is intended to preach and educate, and the pavilion poisons Qianli; how can he only honor his body and make his position extravagant?" I was still facing Fenyang and sighed forever, and I was thinking about shooting at Gugu. Besides, I don’t have the virtue of a sage, but I am addicted to it. How can I overcome the disgust of the hearts of the people and be in the honorable position? I am so embarrassed.” These are all profound and mellow, worthy of Two Han.Ma Zhouzhi told Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty: "Since the return of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the descent to the Zhou and Sui Dynasty, most of them died in only 60 years, and the few died in only 20 or 30 years. He can only defend himself, and he has no morals to think about in the future, so Fu Sizhi's leadership in politics and religion has declined, and one man shouted and the world collapsed." This kind of artistic conception is far inferior to the Confucianism in the Northern Dynasties.