Chapter 20 Chapter 17 The New Life of the Northern Regime The Northern Dynasties

After Beizhong experienced long-term turmoil in Fanhu, it gradually found a new opportunity for revival, which is the Northern Dynasty. From Emperor Daowu to Emperor Xiaowu entering the pass in Yuan and Wei Dynasties, there were eleven masters, one hundred and forty-nine years, and they were divided into East and West. The first master of the Eastern Wei Dynasty died in seventeen years. The three masters of the Western Wei Dynasty, twenty-three years. Qi usurped the throne from Gaoyang, five masters, twenty-eight years. Zhou Ziyu Wenjue usurped the throne, five masters, twenty-five years.

The Five Hus live in the interior and have been quite Sinicized.However, what those generations came into contact with was the older tradition of Confucian classics in China, rather than the clear talk and metaphysics that represented the court scholars and celebrities at that time.After returning to the south, the scholar-bureaucrats who fell to the north had to forbear and cooperate with the Hus, and their academics were ignorant, and they were more conservative, and they never had the habit of going south. Both Liu Yuan and his son were knowledgeable. Yuan was a teacher of Shangdang Cui You, and studied Mao's poems, Jing's Book of Changes, and Ma's Shangshu, all of which are old traditions of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Shile moved three hundred households of the gentry to Xiangguo, and placed them under the leadership of the officials of the public clan.The county set up two doctors to offer sacrifices to wine, and one hundred and fifty disciples, and also established the system of Dingxiu and filial piety. Murong Xin benefited from the great prosperity of culture and education, and Liu Zan was used as Dong Xiang's sacrifice wine, and the son of the world led the state to study and study.In my spare time to study politics, I came to give lectures in person.The Murong family is the most sinicized among the five hu.

The culture and education of Fu Qin was particularly prosperous, and all the scriptures were home to doctors, but Zhou Li was passed down by Taichang Wei's mother Song's pronunciation and reading. When Wang Meng died, a special edict advocating Confucianism and prohibiting the study of Lao, Zhuang, and prophecy. During the reign of Yao Xing, senior Confucian scholars Jiang Kan and Chun Yuqi taught Chang'an, and students came from far away.Xingmei talked about Daoism with Niche and others.Hu Bian lectured on Luoyang, and all the students in Guanzhong went to Xingzhi Guan Wei not to check their entry and exit.

Yao Hong personally bowed to Chunyu Qi under the bed, and naturally the prince would pay homage to his master whenever he saw him. Although the Five Hus are disturbing, the Confucian tradition in the north is still alive. The area of ​​Shihe and Luo has been deserted for a long time, and Shanxi has also been confronted by wars between east and west, and the chaos of stone tigers, especially the massacre, so Murong is the only one in the east, and Fu and Yao are the only ones in the west. The Yuan and Wei Dynasties were first influenced by the Murong family. Since the Tuoba period, Taixue had been established, and there were doctors of the Five Classics. At first, there were more than 1,000 students, and then it increased to 3,000.

Tuoba's heir believed in Cui Hao, and Tuobatao conquered Lu Yuan and Gao Yun again, and his culture gradually flourished. At that time, Lu Yuan of Fanyang, Cui Chuo of Boling, Li Ling of Zhaojun, Xingying of Hejian, Gaoyun of Bohai, Youya of Guangping, and Zhang Wei of Taiyuan all gathered in Daijun.Gao Yun's poem on land acquisition said: "Forty-two people were recruited by name, and thirty-five people were killed." When Lu Chou was the Taiwu Supervisor of the country, he taught the scriptures and bestowed a gift on the duke as a master.Zhang Wei used to be a minister in the middle school of Tongjing, and there were often hundreds of practitioners.Zhang Wugui has thousands of disciples.Gao Yun taught at home, and more than a thousand people were employed; the county built a school, established a doctor, and all of them agreed.

Not to mention the Confucianism in Hexi, because the disasters of the Liang soldiers were relatively shallow, and the Confucianism continued to pass on their careers, and it was also a refuge for the nobles after the Fu and Yao rebellions.When Tuobatao merged with Beiliang, the group of scholars began to move eastward, and then merged with the Confucianism since Murong Yan in the east, resulting in the grand occasion of the Yuan and Wei Dynasties. Liu Yanming learned from Guo Yu, a Ph. D., and has 500 disciples, including more than 80 masters in economics.King Wuzhao of Liang took Yanming as the Confucian scholar to offer wine, Meng Xun worshiped as Secretary Lang, and Mu Jianzun as the national teacher, with hundreds of apprentices.There are 700 disciples of Chang Shuang, and Suo Chang is his teaching assistant.Open into the Wei Dynasty, with Confucianism as the doctor of Zhongshu, and dozens of people from Guiyou's children have made great achievements.During Monxun's time, Song Yao and Kan Hui were both courteous.It can be seen that the prosperity of Confucianism in Hexi.You Minggen and Gao Lu both lived in Wei as exiles and were treated with courtesy by Xiaowen.You Zizhao, also known as Confucianism.Lu and Gao Yun are called "two highs".

In this atmosphere of strong Sinicization and the revival of Confucianism, Wei Xiaowen's relocation of the capital was brewing. In the first year of Yuanxing, Taiyi came to Ye, and he had the intention of establishing the capital, so he set up Xingtai.In the second year of Taizong Shenrui, he discussed moving the capital again, but Cui Hao and others advised him to stop.The more Sinicization progressed, the more mature the motivation to move the capital, and the two things came together. Wei Xiaowen's move to the capital has its own inevitable reasons. One is that the political system of the Yuan and Wei Dynasties has been Sinicized for a long time, and the northern part of the Great Wall is desolate and cold, so it is not worthy of being a new political center.

In the 15th year of Xiaowen Taihe's reign, he built the Mingtang and changed it to the Taimiao.Next year, the Taihua Hall will be destroyed and the Taiji Hall will be rebuilt.Seventeen years later, it was converted into a harem.The national power of the Northern Wei Dynasty had already reached its peak. Rather than simply rebuilding it in Pingcheng, it would be better to move to Luoyang, where it could be thoroughly built to promote regulations. Second, after the reunification of the north, if you want to annex Jiangnan, you must first move the capital south. In the 15th year of Taihe, he began to be in charge; in the 17th year of the Southern Expedition, it was discussed to move the capital and build a palace in Ye.It was the Southern Expedition year after year until Xiaowen's death.It can be seen that Xiaowen moved the capital because he really had the ambition to invade Jiangnan.

The third is that the government of the Northern Wei Dynasty at that time, although it was gradually sinicized.As for the ordinary Xianbei people, they believed that the founding of the country had been over a hundred years old, and they were inevitably becoming more and more depressed. Emperor Wei Wen really wanted to use the policy of moving the capital to give his kind of people a new stimulus. It is said in history: "The Lord of Wei will move the capital, fearing that the officials will not follow, so he proposes to attack Qi on a large scale to threaten him. When he arrived in Luoyang, the rain continued, and the officials cried and remonstrated. The Lord of Wei said: "The prosperity of today is not small, so if you don't go south , when the capital should be moved here.'Although the old people at that time were unwilling to move inland, they were afraid of the Southern Expedition, and no one dared to speak up. The plan to move the capital was decided." I have seen it.Prince Xiaowen Xun, since he came from the south, suffered from the deep bitterness of the river and the summer heat of Luo, he always pursued the joy of the north.The clothes and hats bestowed by the emperor are often worn privately, with hundreds of sticks, and are imprisoned.He also planned to rush to the generation of Qingqi, abolished as a commoner, and bestowed death.When Xiaowen moved to the south, many of his relatives served as Confucian scholars in Zhongzhou, the clan and generations, and they were often unhappy.Xiaowen once said to Lu Rui: "Northern people always say that the north is vulgar and Lu, how can they know the book? I heard it, and I use it deeply. Today, there are so many people who know the book. Are they all saints? They care about learning and don't learn. I If you are the son of heaven, why should you live in the Central Plains? Yuqing and other descendants will gradually become imbued with beauty and customs, and have a wide range of knowledge. If you live in Hengbei forever, you will not be able to return to the master of literature, and you will inevitably face the wall." , Mu Tai finally opposed the southward migration, plotting chaos and subjugation, we know that the general attitude of Xianbei people at that time was far from Xiaowen's ideal.

After Xiaowen moved the capital, the first order was to ban Hufu and Pingbei language. The emperor said: "Thirty and above, the habit has been around for a long time, and it cannot be changed suddenly; below thirty, the language does not listen to the same." He also said: "If you get used to it gradually, you can change it. If you keep the old customs, I am afraid that after a few generations, Yi , Under Luo, he became a man with disheveled hair." He also said: "I tried to discuss this with Li Chong, and Chong said: 'How do you know who is the language of the four directions? What the emperor said is correct.' Chong For saying this, the crime deserves death.” Secondly, it is forbidden to return to burial and change the surname. Since the person who moved to Luo on behalf of others, he is known to be from Luoyang, Henan.Tuoba changed his surname to Yuan, and others such as Changsun, Xi, Shusun, Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, etc., all changed their surnames from Hu.Where one hundred and eighteen surnames. Once again, intermarriage is rewarded. Knowing the past nomadic customs of Xianbei, Xiao Wenming is absolutely not enough to rule China, and he himself is deeply influenced by Sinicization, and he really admires Han culture. But for a while, the court scholars were especially prosperous in literary talent and classics. Such as Gao Yun, Li Shian, Li Chong, Li Biao, Wang Su, especially the author.The so-called: "Liu Fang and Li Biao advanced with the classics and books, Cui Guang and Xing Luan's disciples developed with the literature and history, and the rest dabbled in the canons. It's a pity that Xiaowen died five years after he moved south. His ideal failed to expand, and the Xianbei people could not catch up with his ideal, and the accident started from this. At the beginning, Yuan Wei set up "six towns" in Mayi and Yunzhong to prevent Rouran. Six towns: Woye, Huaishuo, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan, Huaihuang, and Yuyi are located in the rear, outside the "six towns". The descendants of Xianbei's noble family are all in the industry. Nobles are soldiers, and being a soldier is their background. Zabei's own size is like this. Northern History Guangyang Wang Jianchuan: "In the past, the emperor focused on shifting defenses. Sheng Jian was close to the virtuous, supported the township, and was equipped with high-ranking children to prevent death. Not only did not abolish officials, but they even got rid of them. People at that time, Xin Muzhi Of." When he moved to Luoyang, the political situation changed drastically, the foundation of cultural rule was not yet solid, and the way out for military officials was cut off. Guangyang Wang Chuan said: "When the Taihe was in the calendar, the old gates of Feng and Pei were still defending the frontiers. If you are not offending the current world, you will not be willing to join them. You will push the relocation throughout your life, but you will not be the leader of the army. However, in the past, the house division, Those who stay in Beijing can be top-ranked officials; those who live in the town are separated by Qingtu." The Biography of Wei Langen, a book of the Northern Qi Dynasty, also said: "Since middle age, there has been a company named Fuhu, who is raised by the same servant, and the official marriage class, Causes loss of cleanliness. But the old clan of this clan, each honored and distinguished, caring for each other, should be resentful." A generation of Xianbei nobles who migrated to the south, full of fine clothes and fine food, indulged in the dream of Sinicization. Luoyang Jialan Ji said: "At that time, the princes of the imperial family, the princesses of the foreign relatives, were good at getting rich in mountains and seas, living in the mountains and forests, competing to build gardens and houses, and boasting about each other. There is fog on the building, high terraces and square pavilions, built by every family; flower forests and ponds, there are gardens. And Wang Chen in Hejian is the most arrogant, and he often competes with Gaoyang Wang Yong." Gaoyang Zhengguang is the prime minister, six thousand servants, and prostitutes Five hundred, since the Han and Jin Dynasties, the kings have never had extravagance.There are also three hundred prostitutes in Hejian. As the saying goes: "Shi Chong, the Jin family, is a common surname; besides, I am a great Wei Tianhuang, and I am not extravagant." But those who stayed in the north were sent as slaves.The high and low are divided quickly, and the clear and turbid are judged.The government gradually became corrupt, which caused riots in border towns. During the time of Empress Dowager Hu, Habayashi and Huben rebelled and killed Shang Shulang Zhang Zhongyu and his father Zhang Yi, but the court could not ask about it.Under the central government, there is no way out for the Habayashi guards, so what about the Bianbi town soldiers?The rebellion in the six towns is precisely because of the continuation of this situation.The conflict between the Chinese political faction in the south and the warriors in the north is nothing more than the conflict between Sinicization and the old customs of Xianbei. Er Zhurong entered Luoyang, and more than 2,000 people under Prince Shen were in the river.The Sinicization of the Luoyang government has temporarily come to a standstill. Erzhu Rongshi is the chief of the people, with more than 8,000 tribes and tens of thousands of horses. This represents the old traditions and old forces left by Xianbei in the north.A country with two different societies at the same time is bound to cause chaos. The fate of Xianbei also ended like this. Whenever there is an improvement in history, there is often a reaction. The improvement itself cannot be blamed for the reaction;After Wei Xiaowen's death, Xianbei couldn't continue to improve, and quickly deteriorated. How could it be possible for the future reaction to catch up with Xiaowen! However, the fall of the Luoyang government in the Northern Wei Dynasty was only the disintegration of the ruling power of the Tuoba family, and it was still unstoppable for the progress of the cultural and political forces in the north at that time. It is said in history: "During the time of Emperor Sejong, the sky was not peaceful, and his studies were extremely hot. Between Yan, Qi, Zhao, and Wei, there were countless records of horizontal scriptures. There were more than a thousand people, and hundreds of people, and the states were different. County tribute Xiaolian, more than the public every year." This is also the weather in northern academic circles after Wei Xiaowen moved the capital. In terms of geography and characters, Northern Qi inherited the legacy of the Luoyang government. Er Zhu Rong lived in Jinyang and was killed by Emperor Xiaozhuang.Rong Cong Zizhao killed Emperor Zhuang, Gao Huan killed Zhao, and Emperor Xiaowu ran to Guanzhong.Gao Huan proposed to move to Ye because Luoyang forced the Western Wei Dynasty in the west and Liang border in the south.For 400,000 households in Luoyang, the order will be issued within three days, and they will be in a hurry. Although Gao Huan's family is a mixed Han and Xian family, they were called Gao Huan's Bohai people in history, and their sixth ancestor Yin was the prefect of Jin Xuantu, so Gao Huan should be Han.However, since the fifth generation Zuqing, the Murong family has been involved in the third generation, and the history is called Huan Sui "practicing its customs", and then the Lou family is also a wealthy Xianbei family.Gao Chenglou came out, so Hou Jing called him "Xianbei children".Gao Yang asked Du Bi: "Who should be used to govern the country?" Bi replied: "Xianbei's chariots and horsemen will use Chinese people."He also beheaded Gao Dezheng, saying: "As the saying goes, it is better to use the Han people to eliminate Xianbei, and this is to die together." After the foreign Li family left Zhaojun, his son abolished Emperor Yin, and the foreign said: "The nature of the Han family is not like me. " However, the influence of the Han people quickly rose under the Northern Qi government. It is said in history: "During the time of Gao Huan, the Xianbei all underestimated the Chinese officials, but they were afraid of being high. Every time Huan issued an order to the three armies, it was often Xianbei's words; when Ang Ruo was on the list, it was Huayan." Han and Wei Yiguan.Until the end of the year, Yang Nai counted as Hufu and traveled in the city in a small way.Then we know that the Qi Dynasty had already been sinicized by the time of Wenxuan.In addition, Qi Wenxuan punished twenty-five families of the Yuan Dynasty, killed 3,000 people, and imprisoned the remaining nineteen families. The heirs also killed the Yuan family. The Wei empress had no descendants, which was also the reason for the Han people's power. Yang Minyou said that at that time, he was known as a coward in Confucianism, and his affairs were high and foreign. He said at that time that "the master is faint at the top, and the government is clear at the bottom." Li Xuan, Xing Zhi, Feng Jingde, and Feng Yuanxi all regarded Confucian classics as their imperial teachers.In the later Wei Dynasty, Cui Liang's system of working hard for years was finally seen. In the later Wei Dynasty, since Zhang Yi was killed, the military officers were all selected according to their qualifications, and there were few officials but many who should be transferred.Cui Liang was the Minister of the Ministry of Officials, and it was based on the grid system. Officials did not ask the virtuous and foolish, and they judged by stopping to understand the sun and the moon.Wei Zhi's loss of people began from then on.Gao Qi, Gao Cheng, Yuan Weixiu, Yang Zunyan, and Xin Shu took charge of the general election successively, and he changed the evils of Wei. Scholars are counties, especially Qi Zheng is gradually on track. The counties in the Northern Qi Dynasty are divided into upper, middle and lower grades, and each grade has upper, middle and lower grades, and ordinary nine grades.However, he still followed the Later Wei Dynasty and employed people indiscriminately, so that the scholars were ashamed.Yuan Wenyao then played in Emperor Wucheng, secretly searched the children of the world, fearing that he would complain, he always summoned the Shenwumen, and sent them out with a decree.Since the county magistrate began to do it with scholars. Qilu is especially based on the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Among the laws of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the north is superior to the south.In the Northern Dynasties, Qilu was the most important.From Tang to Qing, they were all based on the laws of the Sui Dynasty, and the laws of the Sui Dynasty were based on Qi.Although the Qi government is said to be confused, the contributions of its scholar-bureaucrats are also great. In the Western Wei Dynasty, although Yu Wentai belonged to Xianbei, there were few people who entered the customs due to traditional forces, and they were rapidly Sinicized.Su Chuo and Lu Bian created a new political scale for the Northern Zhou Dynasty, which was followed by the Sui and Tang Dynasties.The coming of China's heyday in the future will be based on this. Chuo established the official system according to the Zhou rites, and died without success, and the debate continued. Su Chuo's six edicts: First, cure the mind first, second, educate and transform, third, make the most of the land, fourth, promote the virtuous, fifth, be sympathetic to prison lawsuits, and sixth, distribute tax and labor. Suspended as a new classic for administrative officials at that time. The text is thousands of words long, and the Lord of Zhou often sits on the right.He also ordered Bai Si to recite.Chuo also made copywriting programs, Zhu out of ink into, and the method of accounting and registration.Shepherds and commanders, who do not understand the six articles and accounting, are not allowed to be officials. The political responsibilities of officials are now clearly re-emphasized. At that time, the appointment of officials was especially able to break the historical barriers of clan status. The fourth of the six articles is "promoting the virtuous and good", and its words say, "Since the great officials of the prefectures and counties in the past, they have taken the family's money, not the virtuous. The husband's family's money is the honor of the ancestors, and it does not hinder the stupidity of the descendants. Today's elections are not limited to wealth. , but in winning souls." Therefore, the officials in the past are what they deserve; the officials in the future will be responsible for the people.This kind of awareness must be said to be a great change at that time. Biography of Lu Kai in the Northern History: "Since the Zhou family, there has been no clear and turbid selection. Kai took charge of the Ministry of Officials, and screened the family with Xue Daoheng and Master Lu Yan." And the biography of Master Lu Yan in the Northern History: "Transfer to the Minister of the Ministry of Officials. The Sui inherited the Zhou system, and the officials were not clear and turbid. The master Yan is in office, and whoever he appoints is quite different from the scholars." Gaibei Zhou was secluded in Kansai, Luoyang Xianbei nobles, few left, so Su Chuo had to teach Yu Wentai to break the family background and recruit talents.In this way, the Xianbei people see themselves sinking, and the Han people see themselves flying, which is actually the key to the Sinicization of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.By the time of the Sui Dynasty, the political transformation was on track, so Lu Kai, Xue Daoheng and others emphasized the difference between scholars and commoners. This was not to oppose the Northern Zhou system, but to make a further distinction according to Su Chuo's intention. Zhou Rituals are the basis of their political theory, and all the monarchs and ministers studied it carefully. This book was already popular in Wei Xiaowen's time.Because the Western Wei Dynasty promoted Zhou rituals, so the public servants learned more about it.Xiong Ansheng of the Northern Qi Dynasty cured this scripture intensively and was famous in the Zhou Dynasty.When Emperor Wu of Zhou destroyed Qi, An Sheng ordered to sweep the door suddenly, saying: "Emperor Zhou will come to see me", and the result has come. Liao Lijunyan, who handles official duties, gives lectures at night. Emperor Wen of the Northern Zhou Dynasty set up a school in Xingtai Province, and took Chenglang and Fu Zuode to fill his students.After learning about official affairs, he will give lectures at night, first the Six Classics and then the Sons and History.Among all the students, those who are simple, virtuous and Chunyi serve to study. Twelve people including Xue Shen from the east of the river should be selected. From academic influence to politics, turn back and embark on a reasonable path, and strive to create a reasonable government. Since then, the long night began to reveal a ray of light in the north.In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, we can see the sun shining in the sky.