Chapter 15 Chapter 12: The Beginning of a Long Division

The great unification of Qin and Han disintegrated at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.From then on, China fell apart and went into bad luck. History called this period the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. From the 25th year of Jian'an, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, to the 2nd year of Xianxi, Emperor Wei Yuan, Wei died in 46 years. In the next fifteen years, until the death of Wu in the first year of Taikang, Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty, China was unified again. However, ten years after Wu's death, Emperor Wu died, and within two years the Jin Dynasty was in chaos.Thirty-one years after Wu's death, in the fifth year of Yongjia, Emperor Huai of Jin Dynasty, Liu Yao fell into Luoyang, and the emperor was captured.Another five years, the fourth year of Emperor Min Jianxing, Liu Yao fell into Chang'an, and the emperor surrendered.Since the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, China has been divided into north and south.

The Southern Crossing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty lasted for 103 years from Emperor Yuan to Emperor Gong.Song sixty years, Qi twenty-four years, Liang fifty-six years, Chen thirty-three years, a total of 170 years for the Southern Dynasty. The Five Hus in the north were disturbed, from the first year of Yongxing, Emperor Hui of Jin Dynasty, to the sixteenth year of Yuanjia, Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty, a total of 136 years, after which the north was unified. Yuan Weifan had one hundred and forty-nine years, and the north was unified by it for only ninety-six years, and it was divided into Eastern and Western Wei.Seventeen years in the Eastern Wei Dynasty and twenty-three years in the Western Wei Dynasty.Those who succeeded the Eastern Wei Dynasty were called the Northern Qi Dynasty, which lasted for twenty-eight years; those who followed the Western Wei Dynasty were called the Northern Zhou Dynasty, which was called the Northern Dynasty for twenty-five years.

This long period of division lasted for three hundred and ninety-four years.In the three hundred and ninety-four years, the unified government existed, strictly speaking, for less than fifteen years.To put it bluntly, it has only been for more than thirty years, less than one-tenth of the entire period. Comparing the history of this period with the previous period, in the previous period, the unity of the central government was the normal state, and the disintegration and separation of the regimes was the abnormality; Why did China in this period have to embark on the bad luck of disintegration?This can be said in two ways:

One is that the old unified regime will inevitably be destroyed, and the other is that the new unified regime cannot be established and stabilized. The life of a regime must depend on the support of a certain theory.Such a theory should at the same time be justice.Justice bestows light on the regime, and the regime can last forever.Otherwise, this regime will be a dark force, and darkness cannot exist at all, and it will disappear. The royal family of the Eastern Han Dynasty gradually separated from the people and embarked on a dark road. There are two reasons for this: one is that the royal family has been passed down for a long time, and the concept of one surname forever separates it from the people.A distinction between the inner dynasty and the outer dynasty separated it from the scholar-bureaucrats.Therefore, relatives and eunuchs can parasitize the royal family and promote its corruption.The old dominion must perish.It has been said a few times before.

The old ruling power is destroyed because it is separated from the people, but the new ruling power cannot be produced by the power of the people. The society between Qin and Han was not far from the ancient feudal society, and the strength of unity still remained in all aspects. In the chaos of Wang Mang's last years, except for Guangwu Yizong, Kaixiao, Gongsunshu, etc., which had the smell of ancient aristocrats, the rest, such as Green Forest, Bronze Horse, and Red Eyebrow, were all groups of hungry people. A unified government that has accumulated for more than three or four hundred years has ruled a vast country with a large number of people. The scattered peasants have temporarily united on the famine line, and their strength is not strong enough to overthrow it.

Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the unified government has grown larger and larger, which can be discussed by referring to the number of local administrative units and household registrations at that time.In the Qin Dynasty, the whole country was divided into more than forty counties.During the time of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty, there were one hundred and three counties in Fanjun, three hundred and fourteen in counties, thirty-two in Dao, and two hundred and forty-one in Hou.The land is 9,302 miles from east to west, and 13,368 miles from north to south; there are 12,233,62 households and 59,594,970 households. eighteen.During the time of Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were five counties in one hundred counties, one hundred and eighty counties, towns, roads, and marquis states; nine million, six hundred and ninety-eight thousand, six hundred and thirty households, and a population of four thousand nine hundred and fifty-two thousand. twenty.

Moreover, given the spread of China's territory, even if there is a severe famine, there will always be areas with good harvests. It is not easy for ordinary farmers to rise up in unison.A society without unity, then, resorts to "religion" and "superstition."Under the spread of religion and superstition, peasants rose up unanimously and became the Yellow Turban in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The yellow turbans spread across the eight prefectures of Qing, Xu, You, Ji, Jing, Yang, Yan, and Henan, and were placed in thirty-six squares, with more than ten thousand people in the big squares and six or seven thousand people in the small squares.

However, there are too many superstitious elements, and the quality of religion is too poor. It is easy to start and not easy to succeed. The royal family of the Eastern Han Dynasty was not overthrown by the Yellow Turban. The Yellow Turbans in the East, and even the frontier soldiers in the West, have all been flattened one by one.If the gentry at that time wanted to adopt the royal family, it would be impossible to revive the fallen unified government.However, their interests are not here. The hero of the separatist regime at the end of the Han Dynasty was actually a celebrity in the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.Especially the authors such as Yuan Shao, Gongsun Zan, Liu Biao and others.

Yuan Shao lost his mother and was buried in Runan. There were 30,000 people attending the meeting, which was no less grand than Chen Shi.After the mother's funeral, I mourned the young orphan, and went to the father's funeral.When he resigned from office and returned, there were many car drivers.Xu Shao was a meritorious officer of the county. When he entered the county boundary, he said: "How can I let Xu Zi general see you?" He thanked the car apprentice and returned home with a bicycle.Gongsun Zan and Liu Bei both studied under Lu Zhi and became a county official. Liu Jun, the prefect, moved to Nichinan. If you are not allowed to return, you will have a long resignation." Liu Biao, one of the "Eight Harmonies", was in Jingzhou, and Yun was favored by celebrities for a while.

The country is a product of the spirit. The famous people who have grasped the power of the times are not loyal to a unified country. How can a unified country be established? At that time, the gentry refused to work together to build a unified country. This can also be said in two ways: first, they already had a centrifugal force that allowed them to split apart.The second is that there is not a healthier and greater idea or ideal among them that can unite their centrifugal forces. The growth of centrifugal force was roughly the result of the evolution of local regimes in the Han Dynasty. The chief executive of the Han Dynasty, that is, the prefect of the county.Its status is very high, ranking two thousand stones.In ordinary times, he must be summoned, and Gaodi must be admitted as a public secretary.In the county, you can set up your own officials, you can freely preside over local political affairs, you can freely control local finances, and you can also take part in local military administration.

The prefects of prefectures in the Han Dynasty were both powerful and long-term, just like a prince in ancient times, the only difference is that they cannot be hereditary. The central government assigns inspectors to local administration, known as governors. In the Western Han Dynasty, the assassination rank was six hundred stones, and when the Jubu was nine years old, he was able to move to guard and prime minister. His position was small but powerful.Every August, he patrols the headquarters, and at the end of the year, he goes to the capital to play affairs.In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the rank of governor increased to two thousand stones, but because the planners continued to play, he no longer served as the capital, and was appointed as Yizun. During the reign of Emperor Ling, there were many local turmoil, and the clan Liu Yan suggested that the governor should be changed to the governor of the state, so he had the real power of local administration.The Kwantung Rebels rise up to challenge Dong Zhuo, and the prefects also specialize in soldiers.The power of the central government has fallen, and the local government has taken advantage of it to rise, thus becoming the separatist regime in the early years of the Three Kingdoms. As the local government grows gradually, it also has a sense of morality to support it. Because the county officials are created by the eunuchs, the county officials are also the emperors and ministers to the eunuchs. Ouyang She, the prefect of Runan, wanted to promote Governor You Yaoyan, and the master secretary would lead him up. The meritorious Cao Zhi Yun said, "The Ming government regards evil as good, and the master book regards music as straight. There is neither a king nor a minister." Or the prefect is called "the king of the house", and even the festival of death. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Chao, the prefect of Guangling, was killed by Cao Cao. His old official Zang Hong, and Yuan Shao was appointed as the prefect of Dongjun.He and Shaoshu said: "At the beginning of the appointment, we shared the same mind, wiped out the rebels, and respected the royal family together. How could I realize that the island of Honshu was invaded, so I asked my teacher to refuse. How can the way of making friends be restored if the old emperor Hong is destroyed? , is it a heavy loss to the name of loyalty and filial piety?" Unless they serve in the central government, local officials have only one local government in their minds, and even morally, without the concept of the central government. Liu Biao sent Han Song to Xu, and Song said: "If the emperor takes a false position, he will become the minister of the emperor and the old official of the general; he will not be able to die as a general again." Even after entering the central palace, most of them went to the official funeral for their masters. Zhao Zi also paid homage to the Prime Minister of the East China Sea, and his way passed through Xingyang.Order Dunhuang Cao Hao, who is filial and incorruptible because of his counseling, greets him on the road, and he will not stay for counseling.Hao sent it to Tingci, but he couldn't see it. He said that the master said: "Mr. Zhao is famous. If you don't see him when you cross the border, you will laugh at the world."It's even more depressing to go to his official position just for a visit, compared to going to a funeral. The scholar-bureaucrats at that time seemed to have a dual concept of monarchy, and they still couldn't get rid of the legacy of the feudal era. The weakening of the national concept is gradually replaced by the family.The weak concept of the monarch and his ministers is replaced by friends one by one.This has existed since the second half of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it flourished in the Three Kingdoms. However, this trend, if there is a more reasonable and greater thinking, it may be irreversible.It is a pity that the thoughts below Wei and Jin could never talk about this, so China could only decline. The evolution of history does not follow certain inevitable logic.If the new regime at that time could have higher ideals, it might not be enough to reunite the centrifugal forces of the secondary growth. Unfortunately, the Wei and Jin regimes only represented temporary darkness and selfishness. For his own family background, Cao Cao seemed to deliberately suppress the family status at that time.The famous Three Edicts of Wei and Wu clearly stated that "only talents should be promoted", although "inhumanity and filial piety" should not be ignored.He wants to use the spirit of the rule of law to establish his new regime.However, in the first half of the Cao family regime, it was still relying on the power of the central government of the Eastern Han Dynasty to use the emperor to order the princes, and to eradicate dissidents with the help of the Han Dynasty's fame and position.There was no frank and resounding reason for the usurpation in the second half. Wei Wu Shuzhi Ling claimed: "There is no one who is alone, I don't know how many people are called kings, and how many people are called emperors?" This is not a legitimate reason for usurping.The Cao family could not directly follow the example of the Tang and Wu revolutions, and become the King Wen of Zhou himself, which would be the second-third of the world; but his son still could not be the King Wu of Zhou, and would have to be the abdication of Yao and Shun.In short, behind the regime, there is no theory to rely on. The Sima clan who took advantage of the opportunity secretly colluded with several noble families at that time to usurp the world of the Cao clan, and there is no bright reason to say. Sima Yi killed Cao Shuang, and He Yan and other celebrities were killed at the same time.Yan, a relative of Wei.At that time, the government wanted to make some changes.Fu Xianyun said: "At the beginning of the year, any Yan was elected, and the internal and external positions, each got his own talent, and his beauty is impressive." It is his generation that has indeed made achievements in politics.And the establishment of the Sima regime, the truth will not be revealed to future generations.Following Yan's disaster, Xia Houxuan was also the Wei clan.In terms of political system, Jia and Dong were pursued, and Gai was not arrested by the Eastern Han Dynasty, but was also tabooed by the Sima family.Xuan and Yan are all people with high personalities and self-righteousness.But if you don't break away from the Qingxuan habits of Ming scholars, you will lose to the treacherous and ruthless power of Sima and his son.At that time, although the court officials admired Jingxuan and Yan Fengliu, they had their own views on their family status, and they could not support Yu Xuan and Yan's political views.Up to the Jin Dynasty's assistant ministers, such as Jia Chong and Wang Shen, they all represent family status, and their personal morality is extremely bad. Sima seems to want to promote famous education, to clean up the people who Cao can't.However, they can only put forward the word "filial piety", but have to abandon the word "loyalty", and they are still only looking for private eyes. They're all just plotting to usurp.Conspiracy is not enough to suppress the reactionary, it must be followed by vicious power.Such as Cao Cao's dedication to the emperor and the empress of the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao greeted and presented the emperor's capital, and the emperor said to Cao, "If the king can help each other, he will be generous. Unfortunately, he will be kind and give up."After the soldiers were subdued again, Hua Xin led him back by the wall and went out, then walked with his hair in bare hands and wept over the emperor, saying: "Can't live with each other?" The emperor said: "I don't know when my fate is?" Sima Shi and Zhao Brothers against Cao Fang and Cao Mustache. Master Sima forced the Empress Dowager Wei to abolish Wang Fang of Qi. The Empress Dowager wanted to see what the master had to say. Guo Zhi said, "How can you see it? But take Xisui as soon as possible." The Empress Dowager agreed.Gaogui Xianggong asked Sima Zhao himself, and Jia Chong led the crowd to fight against Nanque.The emperor used his own sword to show the people that they wanted to retreat, so he pretended that the prince gave up his people to become Ji and said: "Mr. Sima raised your generation with livestock, just for today." Just like this, it is not enough to win the hearts of the people. Until the time of Wuhu Shi Le, Shang said: "Cao Mengde and Sima Zhongda took the world with their fox charms in the hands of orphans and widows, and a man would not do it." The drastic changes in the rule of law have been talked about by celebrities.The main point is that the new central government cannot win the hearts of the people, centrifugal forces are still developing, and the world can only collapse. The old regime will inevitably decline, and the new regime will not be stable. As the intellectuals in the society at that time, the so-called "celebrities" and the like are reflected in their thoughts, which are just a few ideas after the Eastern Han Party was imprisoned. way of life. Too much emphasis on famous teachings is empty and hypocritical.Then there were two factions of reaction: 1. Because of being friends, focusing on quality, and reactionary, it is attributed to Shen and Han. Baopuzi's name and reality article said: "Pursue algae to be good, and the name is not allowed to be responsible." The trial article said. , compared to Zhou Gong. Raising apprentices to avoid service, imitating Zhongni. Abandoning relatives and relying on Hao, same as You and Xia." This is the atmosphere at that time.Therefore, Liu Liang has a theory of breaking the group, saying: "Zhongni wrote the Spring and Autumn Period, and the chaotic officials and thieves were afraid; wouldn't the common people be ashamed of the writing of this theory?" 2. Being natural and frank because of advocating fame and integrity, being hypocritical, and reactionary, it belongs to Zhuang and Lao. Zhao Xuan, a native of Qingzhou, served in the tomb for more than 20 years and had five sons; Chen Fan committed the crime.Kong Rong was the chancellor of Beihai, and Rong killed someone who was weeping at his father's tomb and looked haggard.There are also mothers who are ill and want to eat new wheat. Those who steal and enter will be rewarded by Rong, saying: "If you have nothing to ask for, don't steal again." Son, what kind of relatives should you have? The original intention of it is really lust. The son is like the mother, and he is also like that? It’s like keeping things in a vase. If you get out of it, you will leave.” .However, Kong Rong has not yet formally abandoned Confucius and Mencius to Elder Zhuang, and those who formally advocated for Elder Zhuang are Wang Bi and He Yan.However, He Yan is still pragmatic, and those who regard Mr. Zhuang as mystical are Ruan Ji and Ji Kang.However, both Ruan and Ji have their own painstaking efforts.Now, it turns from Xuanxu to Fangsheng. These two trends started as early as the end of the Han Dynasty.Cui Shizheng theory represents the former one, and Zhong Changtong Lezhi theory represents the latter one. But to promote the rule of law, the minimum prerequisite is a relatively stable regime in the country.The stability of the regime should also depend on the fact that those who are attached to this regime have some more just, or at least less human, ideals or facts.At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and even the regimes of Cao Wei and Sima Jin were all corrupt and dark, unjust, not bright, and unstable. How can the spirit of the rule of law be cultivated and grown?So Cui Yan and Mao Jie's reaction turned into Ruan Ji and Ji Kang. Cui and Mao were both officials of Wei Dynasty. They were elected by the court, taught the law, and encouraged themselves with the Qing Festival. The local officials dirty their clothes and hid their clothes.However, besides private happiness, what public ideals do officials in Wei have?Being an official with ups and downs, he is cautious about his body, speaks far and wide, and never criticizes people.Ji Kang fell into obscurity, but he said to himself: "If Tang Wu is weaker than Zhou and Confucius, it will show that the world religion will not tolerate it", so he killed himself. They are unwilling to do their best for the dark regime, but most of them themselves are members of the aristocratic family, and they still cannot get out of the world.Talking about Zhuang Lao in terms of the prosperity of the city, his momentum has to become nothingness, it is ups and downs, and it is irresponsible.At first, it was just to be cautious and preserve one's family status, but in the future, it would be inevitable to eliminate extravagance and arrogance, otherwise it would be idle talk.If the fashion is like this, it seems that the decline of the times cannot be reversed, and the family status itself will eventually suffer the same disaster. He once attended the banquet of Emperor Wu of Jin, and retired to tell his son Zun, etc., saying: "The country should accept Zen from heaven, and entrepreneurship should be established. I see it every time I have a banquet, but I have never heard of the long-distance pictures of the country. I only talk about ordinary things in life, which is not a sign of my grandchildren. You Waiting can still be exempted"; referring to the grandsons, he said: "This generation will die in the event of chaos." However, he had experienced Wei and Jin and was an important minister of Jin.A solar eclipse of tens of thousands of dollars is like saying "there is no place to put chopsticks".This is how luxury is eliminated in daily life, and it is not heard that there are sacrifices for state affairs.During the Yongjia Rebellion, the He clan was completely destroyed.Fu Xuan wrote about Sheng Tui He Zeng and Xun Yi (yi), saying: "You can serve your relatives with the right way", how can the private virtues of the family contribute to the overall situation?Wang Yan was held by Shi Le, and when he died, he said: "Although my Cao is not as good as the ancients, if I don't respect my ancestors, I will still be superficial and try my best to change the world. I still can't do it today." But it was too late. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Huang and Lao Qingjing changed to Shen and Han criminal laws.Then the criminal law of Shen and Han was changed into the cowardice of Confucian classics.One step at a time is also one step at a time.Now it is changing from Confucianism to Legalism, and then from Legalism to Taoism. It is a reversal, and the thinking is gradually narrowed and depressed, which is directly proportional to the ups and downs of the world.During this period, it seemed that no light could be found, and the long-term disintegration and chaos were finally inevitable. The five emperors of the Wei Dynasty died in forty-six years. Shu Gong two emperors, forty-three years. Shu (1) Emperor Zhaolie - (2) Empress The four emperors of the Wu Communist Party, fifty-nine years.