Chapter 7 Chapter Four: The Period of Hegemony: The Spring and Autumn Period

At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, China already had clear and credible chronological records. The list of three generations of Shiji: "Confucius, because of the history and writings, followed the Spring and Autumn Period, the year of the first year, and the time, month, and day, and it is detailed. As for the preface to the Shangshu, it is brief, and there is no date; there are quite a few, but there are many omissions and cannot be recorded. Therefore If you have doubts, spread doubts, and you must be careful." Today's note: the Spring and Autumn Period was the year of Lu Yin's first year, which was the forty-ninth year of King Ping of Zhou, and the three generations of Shiji began in the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty, with a gap of one hundred and nine years.Since Shi Gong praised Confucius for his caution in conveying doubts, Shi Gong's records of the year must have a basis.Therefore, we know that the chronology of ancient Chinese history began at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty at the latest, so it must be clear and reliable.

The Spring and Autumn Period written by Confucius is the first complete chronicle in China, and later generations named this period the "Spring and Autumn Period". The Spring and Autumn Period can be said to be the first period in the history of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.This passage covers about three hundred years. The Spring and Autumn Period is from the first year of Lu Yin to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong, which is two hundred and forty-two years.Zuozhuan recorded historical events more clearly than the Spring and Autumn Period, and continued to the end of the twenty-seventh year of Duke Ai, which is two hundred and fifty-five years old.If it is counted together from Zhou Ping Wang Dongqian, it will be 303 years in total.

The history of these three hundred years can be called the history of the "hegemony period", and it can still be divided into three sections: 1. The pre-hegemony period - from the eighth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu to the eighty-five year of Fan. 2. The hegemonic period - from the ninth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu to the fifteenth year of Duke Xiang of Lu, which is one hundred and twenty-seven years. 3. The period of the decline of the hegemony - Fan Ninety-one Years. Attached is the table of the Zhou family emperors in the Spring and Autumn Period: The first phenomenon caused by the eastward migration of the Zhou Dynasty was the decline of the co-lord and the failure of the king's order.

When Ping Wang died, Lu did not go to the funeral.For more than 20 years, Duke Huan hired Lu five times.Duke Zhuang of Zheng shot King Huan at the middle shoulder. The first phenomenon caused by the failure of the king's order was the civil strife among the nations. Lu was the closest and most prestigious prince in the east granted by the Zhou family, but Lu expressed his disapproval of the east of the Zhou family.Not long after, there was civil strife in Lu, and Duke Huan became self-reliant by killing his brother, so the countries usurped and multiplied each other.Governor of Song Hua killed Lord Shang, Jin Qu Wo Bo killed Marquis Ai, Chen Gongzi Tuo killed the crown prince to avoid self-reliance, Qu Wo Bo killed the young prince, Zheng Jizhong expelled Zhao Gong and established Li Gong, re-expelled Li Gong Na Zhao Gong, Wei Zhu Hui Gong, Zheng Gaoqumi killed Duke Zhao, and Duke Xiang of Qi killed Duke Huan of Lu. Within 19 years, disasters happened one after another.

The second phenomenon caused by the failure of the king's order is the annexation of princes. Found in the Spring and Autumn Period, there are more than fifty people.If you also see Zuo Zhuan, there are one hundred and seventy countries.Among them, one hundred and thirty-nine countries know where they live, and thirty-one countries have lost their places.However, the largest ones are no more than ten. Another phenomenon caused by the internal strife and the annexation of princes is the rampage of Rong and Di. At that time, China was originally a mixed situation of Chinese and barbarians.

The old saying that Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong, and Beidi lived far away from the four descendants, while the Xias were in the Central Plains; this concept cannot be relied on.At that time, it was a situation where Chinese and barbarians were mixed. And this situation has been the same since the beginning, and it did not start from the eastward migration of the Zhou royal family. The four ethnic groups invaded China first. Man, Yi, Rong, and Di are not four completely different ethnic groups, so barbarians can be called both.Rongdi, Yidi, and Manrong can all be called concurrently. Zhu Xia and Rong Di also had the same surname. For example, Duke Xian of Jin married the Great Rong Fox Ji, and also married Li Rong's daughter Li Ji, so Rong had the surname Ji.Another sub-surname.Jiang Rong claimed to be the queen of Siyue.Fu Chen, a mandarin language, said: "There is Jing Gui in Lu". In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was called Lu Rong, and Rong also had the surname Gui.Zuo Chuan Ziyu said: "Ren Su, Xu Ju, Zhuan Yu, and Feng's surname are also, and they are actually Si Taiyu and Youji's priests to serve the Xias." Xia Wu.

Intermarriage between Chinese and Yi is especially common. Therefore, the alliance between Hua and Rong is also common. The so-called Zhuxia and Rongdi are actually just a kind of boundary in cultural life, which is the difference between the farming and cropping states and the nomadic tribes. At that time, Hua and Rong were separated, and speaking from life, it was like Jiang Rong's saying: Yes.In terms of language, Jiang Rong's family also called it "poor in speech", and the historical records say that "he was a native of Jin, died in Rong, and was able to speak in Jin".As far as the dress is concerned, it is like King Ping who moved to the east. Xin Youshi was in Yichuan. When he saw the man who had been sent to sacrifice to the wild, he said: "It is less than a hundred years old. Is this the army? Its rituals will die first!" Confucius said: "Micro Guan Zhong, I was sent to the left lapel!" That's right.From the point of view of war, it is like the people of Zheng fighting with the Beirong, saying: "That fellow is my chariot", that is true.All these differences, words seem to be unimportant.

The northern and southern dialects of Qi and Chu are different.As far as life and clothing are concerned, the key is the difference between farming and nomadism.Therefore, it is said: "Di's Guangmo is the capital in Jin." It is also said: "Rong and Di recommend a residence, and the expensive goods are exchanged for land, and the land can be sold." But it is a farming society, so there are city walls, official houses, ancestral temples, shrines, clothing, rituals and music, chariots and horses, and goods and bribes. This is the Zhuxia.However, it is a nomadic society, so there are no cultural relics such as the above-mentioned city walls and official houses, and the food and clothing are different from those of Xia, so it is a barbarian Rongdi.

Cultivation and nomadic animal husbandry are only an economic and cultural difference, so it is said: the Xias use the barbarian rituals, and the barbarians use them; The feudalism of the Western Zhou Dynasty was originally an armed colonization of a farming nation. Apart from the scattered dozens of city walls and farming areas, there are still many nomadic tribes roaming freely. As long as they do not invade the borders of the city states, the two sides can live in peace.Now, taking advantage of the troubles inside and outside the city, the princes will wantonly invade. Citing its author, in the ninth year of Ruyin, the Northern Army invaded Zheng.In the sixth year of Huan, the Northern Army attacked Qi.In the eighteenth year of Zhuang, the public pursued Rong in Jixi.Thirty years later, Shanrong was sick with swallows.

In the thirty-first year, Qi defeated the Shan Rong.Thirty-two years, Di Faxing.In the second year of Min, Di entered Wei.At that time, Di was in full swing, and he destroyed Wen, Qi, Lu, Zheng, and Jin, and ravaged the royal family.From Shanxi to Hebei, Henan, and Shandong provinces, they have been haunted by them.Gai Min and Xi Zhishi Di were the most prosperous. At that time, the most threatened by Zhuxia was the Chu State in the south, which had an imperialist annexation policy. The first of Chu and the later of Zhuanxu began to start at the place where the Dan and Xi rivers entered Han in the Han River Basin, which was called Danyang.When King Wu of Chu became great, he said to himself: "I am a barbarian. Now all the princes are rebelling, invading, or killing each other. I have a poor armor, and I want to observe China's politics." So he called himself King Wu.The concubines of Hanyang, the realities of Chu are exhausted.The place is thousands of miles away, the most powerful country at that time.

In the north, there is the Beirong in the mountains who embrace predatoryism. Most of this kind of Rongdi are in the Taihang Mountains on the north bank of the Yellow River, so they are called Shanrong.Its battles are all on foot.Also known as Bei Rong, according to the name of the Central Plains Xia at that time.Later generations saw that it was called "North", so they said that it must be far away from Beisai. This is all a mistake in reading ancient history from the perspective of later generations. As the saying goes: "Nanyi and Beidi have crossed each other, and China is like a thread." In this situation, the hegemony of Qi Huan and Jin Wen came into being. There are four big differences in the meaning of Tyrant. 1. Respecting the king - Gu Liang passed on the alliance of Kuiqiu, "the ban on the son of one day".At that time, the overlord ordered to replace the declining kingship.Zhou Wang envoy Kong bestowed Qi Hou Xun, and ordered "no bow down", and Qi Hou died as a bow down.Guan Zhong flattened the king, "The king honored the king with the gift of the superior, and Zhong resigned, and returned it with the gift of the inferior." This was the expression of Qi Huan and Guan Zhong's efforts to respect the king at that time. 2. Repel Barbarians 3. Prohibition against usurpation - when a certain country encounters usurpation, the allied countries will not recognize each other, send troops to quell the chaos, and establish a new king.Kuiqiu's speech: "Don't change the tree, don't take a concubine as a wife, and don't make a woman interfere with state affairs", all of which were issued for this reason. 4. Sanctions and mergers - in the alliance, mutual non-aggression, if there is a dispute, please refer to the leader of the alliance for arbitrariness.When a certain country encounters foreign invaders, the allied countries send troops to rescue them.The words of the Kui Bing League: "Don't block the spring, don't stop the purchase", are all issued for this reason. It is a special medicine for the diseases of the times listed above. Since the Zhou Dynasty moved to the east, the center of gravity of feudal unification in the Western Zhou Dynasty was suddenly lost.It has its own hegemony, and the feudalism will continue to survive.Hegemony can be said to be a feudal center in disguise.It was started in Qi, sponsored in Song, and completed in Jin. Qi Huan met the princes fifteen times, and Song always pre-arranged each time.Followed by Lu, Zheng, and Chen, each with ten times.He was a guard again and won nine times.Cao and Xu again won seven times each.Among them, the six kingdoms of Qi, Lu, Wei, Cao, Zheng, and Song can be described as the basic combination of the Xia.This is the first period of the combination of the Xia, mostly in the east and middle, and it is also the combination of the eastern part of the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the south bank of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Jin usurped the throne from Quwo, specialized in embezzlement, Qi Huan formed an alliance, and the Jin people did not predict it.However, there were many internal strife in the state of Jin, and Chonger, the son of Jin, fled and traveled through the states of Qi, Song, Cao, Wei, and Zheng, reaching Chu in the south and Qin in the west, and then returned to take the throne.When he met Qi Huan and Song Xiang abroad, he was familiar with the general trend of the world. After returning to China, he changed his attitude before the Jin Dynasty and joined the Zhuxia Group, and became the successor of the hegemony of Qi and Song.Since the hegemony is always in Jin.This is the second phase of the combination of the Xia. In addition to the eastern and central regions, the central and northern regions are added, that is, the northern bank of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Qi is in Linzi, with the sea in the east, fish, salt and sericulture, which has established the foundation of prosperity.However, the Southwest is suitable for the states of Lu and Wei, which are the main countries with the Ji surname. They have a high level of culture and a close relationship with Qi. Qi Huan won the country in the chaos of domestic usurpation, so he turned to establish hegemony.Song was the guest of the Zhou family. The first dynasty won the country, and its power was the most isolated. It was also in the place of the four wars.Qi Huan also belonged to his prince Xiaogong Yan.However, Song was surrounded by nothing to develop, and its power was inherently weak, so it failed to seek hegemony and was defeated by Chu. The people of Jin proclaimed: "Living in the deep mountains, Rong and Di are neighbors." Since many countries have been destroyed, the national power has become strong.However, when Chong'er fled, the power of the Di people had spread around Jin. Wherever they go, such as Qi Huan and Song Xiang, those who have good etiquette, all have the ambition to tie the Xia to become the hegemony.For example, in the countries of Wei, Cao, and Zheng, anyone who is not polite to Chong'er is short-sighted, and only those who are strong are obedient.Chu is ambitious, and Qin is determined to reach east.After Han Yuan's defeat, Qin Shi conquered Jinhe East.Chu encircled Song, Cao, Wei, and Zheng all fell into Chu.Jin is not a hegemony, and he can hardly be self-sufficient. But Qi Huan can only prevent Di Shi from invading the south bank of the river. Since Xing and Wei fell on the north bank, it was difficult for the Xia forces to recover, and the struggle between Jin and Di became an important issue at that time. In the twenty-seventh year of Xi's reign, the people of Jin made three lines to protect Di.Thirty-three years later, Di defeated Jin, and the Marquis of Jin received Bai Dizi.In the eleventh year of the Xuan Dynasty, he became a son and sought success in Zhongdi, and all the Diji fought against Chidi, so he served in Jin Dynasty.In the eleventh and sixth years, Jin Jinggong destroyed Chidi.In the third year of Cheng Cheng, he cut down the nephew and blamed him.Since Shangdang is Jinyou.In the fourth year of Xiangxiang, Jin Yugong and Zhu Rong.Later, there were Fei, Xianyu, Gu, and Zhongshan, all of which were destroyed by the Jin Dynasty.To the north of these Di Bao Chi Di is the flat land at the foot of the eastern foot of the Taihang Mountains, and it seems to be tending to the city wall and farming.Since the Jin Dynasty was dominated by Qundi, its power gradually extended eastward, and then it bordered Qi. The former Xing and Wei lands were lost to the Rong, and even returned to the rule of Xia. Roughly from the river and the Wei in the west, to the two foothills of the Taihang Mountains in the east, and the north bank of the Yellow River, they are all infested by tenacious groups of Di, and their power grows bigger and bigger from time to time to the south.Zhu Xia won the hegemony of Qi Huan and Jin Wen and slightly suppressed their fierce flames, which was actually an extremely fierce battle between Hua and Rong in the Spring and Autumn Period. The reason why the Jin people were able to overcome this important task of clarifying the dissidents was because they had been the leaders of the Xia alliance for a long time, received more tribute, and their national power was full. The countries participating in the alliance can maintain the peace of the government inside, and the rebellious officials and thieves have scruples and dare not usurp lightly.International balance can be maintained abroad, no quarrels can be lightly initiated with each other, and matters should be referred to arbitration, and peace is the mission.It is the right due to the Confederate States.Its obligations are like serving in the international arena. If a country is threatened by bandits, all countries will join forces to defend under the leadership of the overlord, or help build cities, and fight together.Whenever the leader of the alliance leaves the army, he has to beg for teachers from the allies.Usually, you need to pay a considerable amount of tribute to the leader. The princes and officials received Fangwu, which first appeared in the alliance of Qi Huan and Ningmu in the seventh year of Xi'an. "If the yellow people don't return to Chu, Chu will attack them." Afterwards, Zhu Xia also sent tribute coins to the leader of the alliance.The uncle of Jin Wen and Xiang ordered the princes: "Employment at the age of three, court at the age of five, meeting when there is something to do, and alliance without coordination." , I will go to the court for a while, and I will meet again with an alliance." The number of courts and appointments has been counted, and the coins are also getting heavier. Fan Xuanzi of the Jin Dynasty was in charge of politics, and the book of production and residence was valued in currency.At the meeting in Pingqiu, Zichan competed for the amount of tribute, from noon to dusk.As for Lu in Jin, "there is no lack of tribute, and the time to play is good, and the mansion is full of moons." Zichan said: "There must be hundreds of cars for currency, and thousands of people for a hundred cars." This is probably the case. One is that Jin has not been a herd son since Xian Gong.Therefore, Jin officials often use different surnames, and they are able to use materials and utensils, which is better than Lu, Wei, Qi, and Song states who often use ancestral officials. Below Duke Wen of Jin, the positions of the ministers have changed frequently, so their ministers are dedicated to showing their merits.However, since Duke Li saw the killing, the doctor has gradually become stronger, and the queen Pinggong has benefited even more.Han, Zhao, Wei, Fan, Bank of China, and Zhishi are called "Six Qings", and they are not official offices. On the one hand, the Di troubles in the north were gradually lifted, and on the other hand, the Chu people in the south gradually awakened, changed their previous extreme doctrine of annexation by force, and gradually asked to join the Zhuxia group. King Zhuang of Chu destroyed Chen County, and he remonstrated with Uncle Shen, and he returned to Chen.It not only overcomes Zheng, but also retreats to make peace with it.After defeating the Jin Dynasty in Bi, and besieging the Song Dynasty, the people of the Song Dynasty told the truth, and they also withdrew from the division and formed an alliance.At that time, the mentality of Chu people was different from before. Song Xiangxu advocated the elimination of troops, Jin and Chu handed over power, and the peaceful alliance among the city states expanded. This can be described as the third period of the combination of the Xia. In addition to the east, middle, and north, it also joined the south-central, that is, the central part of the south, the Chu state in the Jiang and Han valleys.Since this meeting of eliminating soldiers, Zhu Xia has achieved peace for a considerable period of time.From the twelfth year of Zixiang to the fifteenth year of Ding in Song Dynasty, it was sixty-five years in Fan.From the 25th year of Lu Zixiang to the 7th year of Ding, Fan was forty-five years old.From the twenty-three years of Wei Zixiang to the seventh year of Ding, Fan forty-seven years.From the 17th year of Cao Zixiang to the 12th year of Ding, the 59th year of Fan.From Zheng Zixiang's 26th year to Ding's 6th year, Fan's 43rd year.None of them were soldiers. Looking at the hegemony at that time, there are two main points: One is the urban alliance of the Xia farming and cropping peoples to resist the invasion of the northern nomadic tribes, so that the urban culture can be maintained so that they will not fall to the nomadic barbarians. The second is that the Xias were peacefully united to resist the annexation by force of the southern Chu imperialists. Therefore, feudal culture can be maintained, so that they will not enter the country of counties and counties. The general trend is that the culturally advanced countries are united one by one, while the culturally backward countries are conquered one by one. At the same time, the culturally backward countries conquered the advanced countries one after another, but were assimilated by the advanced countries one after another. The tribes whose culture is outdated will be eliminated or expelled one by one. During this progress, the groups united by Zhu Xia gradually expanded, which was the preparation for the gradual formation of the central unified prefectures and counties in China, and the ancient history also gradually came to an end. The hegemony declined, and it became a doctor in power.On the one hand, the doctor's ruling can be said to be the result of the continuous deduction of the feudal system, and on the other hand, it can also be said to be the collapse of the feudal system. The country in the early feudal period was limited to one city circle at first. This is the so-called "country".There are three teachings of the state: Zhou Li: "Only the king builds the country", "Uses the king to govern the country", "The big is called the state, and the small is called the country", yes. Qi language: "Participate in the country and join in the contempt", the country refers to the suburbs, and the contempt refers to the outside of the suburbs, yes.And Zhou Li Xiao Situ: "Ji Guozhong and its suburbs, the husband's family in the capital", the hostage: "10 days in the middle school, 20 days in the suburbs, and 30 days in the wild", so the city is called the country, that's right.These three meanings can be combined into one meaning, that is, a country is limited to only one city. Therefore, China at that time could have nearly 200 countries. At that time, the population of the countries was very small and the open land was very large, so migration was common among countries. Such as Wei, Jin, Chu, Cai, Xu, Zheng, Qi, Wu, and Qin states are too numerous to mention.There are also those who moved by external force, such as Qi Shi moved to Ji Qi, Qi, and Qi; Song people moved to Su; Qi people moved to Yang; Afterwards, the population gradually multiplied, and the scale of the country expanded day by day. Not only did the old ones be annexed, but the new ones were also built. In the spring and Autumn period two hundred and forty-two years, there were twenty-four towns in Lufan City, but one town of Mei was written as "Zhu", and the twenty-three towns were called "City". Those who "build" add to the old, and those who "city" establish new ones.There are eight "buildings" in the Spring and Autumn Book, and twenty-three "city" in the book, and there are eight cities in Dingai, which means that the scale of the country will expand, and it will be more powerful. So the various countries then entrusted their own officials. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was no Speech for the doctor, and then gradually there was a Cishi. During the time of Yin and Huan, there were still few people who bestowed clans, and there were no shocking deaths. Father Yu asked for clans for them, and the public ordered the characters to be Zhan clans.Zhongzhong said: "The Son of Heaven builds virtue, because he was born with a surname, and his clan was born in the land of Xun." A doctor has a clan, that is, a hereditary feudal city is like a small country. Gradually called "son". Before Xi Gong, the doctor was called Bo, Zhong, Shu, Ji, although he was expensive, he was not called "Zi".After Xi and Wen, the rulers of Jin, Qi, Lu, and Wei were all called "Zi".Zheng Jian called it, but the rest didn't.Calling "son" is the title of emperor.As a result, the original Marquis state became like a new central government, while the fiefdom of the big officials became a small Marquis state, so it can be said that it was the continuation of feudalism in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At that time, because of the frequent appointments of all the countries in the alliance, the princes were afraid of labor, and often sent the ministers to act on their behalf. There will be three cases: one is called "special meeting", and the two monarchs meet each other.At the beginning, the princes had a special meeting, the second time the officials had a special meeting with the princes, and the second time the officials had a special meeting with the doctors.The second is "participation", and more than three are participants.The third is "the master's meeting", and the uncle is the master.In the early days, the meeting of princes and princes began with the meeting of Beixing in Qi Huan.The second meeting of the great officials and princes began with the meeting of Zhongli.Again, the meeting of the big officials and the leaders of the big officials, but the princes Gao Gong did not predict it. Since the officials had diplomacy, they often helped each other, gradually forming a trend of losing power, so the officials usurped the throne, resulting in a new situation in the Warring States Period. Doctor Lu started from Zhao Gong one by one.During the reign of Duke Xuan, Ji's dictatorship began.At the time of the Dinggong, there were retainers who imprisoned the doctor.The dictatorship of Jinqing began with Duke Xiang.Zheng Qing was first seen in biography since the establishment of Duke Xi. The Spring and Autumn Period two hundred and forty-two years, on the one hand, was a period of extreme chaos and tension; but on the other hand, the ancient aristocratic culture developed to its highest point in the Spring and Autumn Period.The Spring and Autumn Period is often admired and respected by later generations. Generally speaking, the nobles at that time already had an enlightened and reasonable view of the ancient religions. Therefore, they also have a clear and stable view of life. Although the international world at that time continued to fight each other with war, the general trend was to emphasize peace and keep promises. The elegance and elegance in diplomacy are more than enough to show the cultural accomplishment and understanding of the general nobles at that time. That is to say, in the war, they still can not lose their qualities of emphasizing humanity, being polite, and keeping promises, and sometimes it becomes a unique humor at that time.Morality and etiquette, the status at that time.Obviously beyond the rich and powerful.Although Zuo Zhuan has few records about the domestic politics of various countries at that time, the records of the private life of the aristocrats in various countries are very rich. They have profound knowledge, complete personality, good words and deeds, and they can be admired by future generations, and they can be seen everywhere. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it can be said that the ancient Chinese aristocratic culture has developed into a very beautiful, noble, delicate and elegant era. The need for the collapse of the aristocratic class and the rise of the civilian class is actually the result of this culture. With the rise of the Warring States period, what emerged in the upper-level politics were only murderous wars, cunning and deceitful, rough and violent, representing the fallen aristocracy; while the emerging academic ideas in the lower-level civil society, the so-called Golden Age of China, generally followed the Spring and Autumn Period One of the old livelihoods of the aristocracy of the era.The spiritual lifeline is connected in one breath.Therefore, the emerging school of common people studies in the Warring States Period did not overthrow the ancient aristocratic studies because of them. They were actually just a strange renovation and relocation of the ancient aristocratic studies for good. This is the profound and profound aspect of Chinese culture.