Chapter 34 2nd century 70s BC (130-121 BC)

1. In winter, in October, Liu De, King of Hejian (capital Lecheng) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) enters the court, presents Yayue (special music for nobles), and answers the Western Han Emperor (seventh Wudi) Liu Che (the twenty-seventh year of this year) years old) about the rules and regulations of Sanyong Palace (Piyong, Mingtang, and Lingtai), and more than 30 things that Liu Che issued an edict to inquire about.Liu De advocates the rule of virtue, which is extremely pertinent, with simple words and clear meanings.Liu Che entrusted the "Grace Music" to the Music Officer (Tai Yue Officer) of the Sacrifice Department, and the band to which the music officer belonged often practiced and played at grand ceremonies.However, in practice it is not commonly used.

In spring, the first month, Liu De passed away.Chang Li, Commander (Lieutenant) of the Lecheng Garrison District, the capital of Hejian State, reported: "Your Majesty (Liu De) is upright, well-behaved, gentle and benevolent, respectful and thrifty, respects his superiors and his subordinates, is wise and intelligent, deeply observant, and gracious to everyone. For widowers (without wives) and widows (without husbands)." The Director of Reception of Foreign Officials and Civilians (Da Xing Ling) reported: "The law of posthumous posthumous title: the posthumous posthumous title Xianwang is called Xianwang for being smart and wise."

Ban Gu said: Once upon a time, Ji Jiang, the ruler of the State of Lu (the twenty-eighth Duke of Ai), once said: "I grew up in a deep palace and in the hands of women. I don't know what sorrow is, and I don't know what fear is." It's not wrong at all. .Under such circumstances, it is absolutely impossible not to perish.Therefore, the ancients believed that unrestrained ease and joy are a kind of poison.It is a disaster to enjoy wealth or get a high official without virtue.From the rise of the Western Han Dynasty until Emperor Ping (the 14th Liu Jizi), there were hundreds of marquises and kings who enfeoffed the country, most of whom were proud, extravagant, licentious and broke the law.what reason?The reason is that they are sunk in debauchery, circumstances have made them so.An ordinary person will act according to customs, let alone a prince like Ji Jiang?Only an outstanding character can make a difference, and Liu De is close to this standard.

Bo Yang said: The death of Liu De, King of Hejian, reveals for the first time the procedure for generating the royal posthumous title. "Posthumous" and "taboo" are two major troubles in the traditional culture of Zhongwei.If a person doesn't understand "posthumous title" and "taboo", not only can't understand Chinese history, but he can't understand Chinese ancient books at all, at least he can't understand Chinese history books. "Taboo" belongs to another category, we only discuss "posthumous title" now. Posthumous title (sound shi,), the official "nickname", a thing invented by the Zhou Dynasty.After the death of imperial nobles and quasi-nobles (senior officials or special figures), the central government task force evaluated his speech and behavior during his lifetime, and gave him another adjective, like the hero in the movie, Song Jiang is generous and righteous, nicknamed "Timely Rain", Li Kui is rough and reckless, nicknamed "Black Whirlwind".The difference is: the folk nickname, there is in life; the official nickname, can only be released after death.But the meaning is the same, more vivid than the real name.Liu De was considered smart and wise, and he was called "Xian" by the official posthumous title, so he became the "King Xian of Hejian".Folk nicknames are passed on by everyone; official nicknames are very serious and have certain specifications: "Gong" for honorable and noble, "Wu" for strong and straightforward, "Yi" for gentleness and kindness, "Kang" for origin and circulation, and "Kang" for origin and circulation. From righteousness to aid is called "Jing" (Liu Qi is Emperor Jing), the gentle and kind people are called "Hui" (Liu Ying is Emperor Hui), and "Tang" (Zi Tianyi is Emperor Tang) is called "Tang" (Zi Tianyi is Emperor Tang). The courtesy name is "Wen" (Liu Heng is Emperor Wen).These specifications were formulated by senior officials of the Confucian school, in a trance, and it seems that they are suitable for anyone.Song Jiang will never be "Black Whirlwind", but Liu Heng can be "Emperor Wen", "Emperor Jing", or "Emperor Hui".What's even worse is that when someone is clearly a villain, but his descendants sit on the throne, who dares to speak the truth and say that he is "Jie" or "Zhou"?So, not long after, the official posthumous titles became too beautiful, Mazi became a beauty, and the villain became a sage, not only inconsistent with his behavior in life, but also the opposite.

However, what is even more unbearable is that the official posthumous titles are getting longer and longer, and the number of words is increasing.In ancient times, it was just one word or two. Later, like the third emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Aixinjue Luo Fulin, his official posthumous title was "Litian, Longyun, Dingjing, Jianjiying, Ruiqin, Wenxianwu, Dade, Great Merit, Benevolent, Pure and Filial Emperor" , as many as twenty-three characters, can be called the foot wraps of old women, if you don't take a breath in the middle of reading, you can suffocate people to death.Plus the "temple name" - the temple name of the temple.Therefore, in Chinese history books, there are "Taizong", "Gaozu", "Emperor Gao", "Emperor Jing", "Shenwu" and "Wenxuan". This is really a great shame for the Chinese.

Thanks to the times for allowing us to soak the emperors in clean water, wash off the dirt attached to them, tear off the signature bells hanging around their necks, and restore them to their true colors.Liu Bang is Liu Bang, what "great ancestor"?Liu Che is Liu Che, what "Emperor Wu"?Liu De is Liu De, what "offering the king"?Emperors are human beings just like ordinary people. 2. At the beginning, Wang Hui crusade against the Minyue Kingdom (the capital Dongye. Refer to 135 years ago), and sent Tang Meng, the magistrate (order) of Panyang (Boyang County, Jiangxi Province) to the Nanyue Kingdom (the capital Pangao) When the South Vietnamese government entertained him, there was a kind of betel sauce (蒟, sound ju. A plant of the pepper family) produced in Shu County (Chengdu City, Sichuan Province). Tang Meng asked how they got it?Officials of the Kingdom of Nanyue said: “It comes from the Zangke River in the northwest (Zangke, pronounced zang ke. Zangke River originates from Xuancheng County, Yunnan Province. It is called Qianjiang River, then called Xunjiang River, then called Xijiang River, and then joins Beijiang River and Dongjiang River, called Yuejiang River, which flows into the South China Sea in Humen Town, southwest of Dongguan City). " Tang Meng was deeply impressed.After returning to Chang'an, I asked the merchants of Shu County, who said: "Only Shu County in the world produces betel sauce, and many people smuggled it to Yelang Country (the capital is in Guanling County, Guizhou Province, and its jurisdiction includes the western part of Guizhou Province and the western part of Guizhou Province). Northeast of Yunnan Province) to sell. Yelang Kingdom is beside the Zangke River, which is more than 100 paces wide and can be taken by boat. ), but there is no way to conquer them."

Therefore, a great adventure plan arose in Tang Meng's heart. He wrote to Liu Che and said: "The king of Nanyue took a yellow-covered chariot (yellow house) dedicated to the royal family, and erected a royal banner (left banner) in front of him. The territory is wide from east to west. For more than 10,000 miles, it is nominally subject to China, but in fact it is the master of one side. To go to South Vietnam, we must pass through Changsha State (the capital Linxiang) or Yuzhang County (Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province). There are many and dangerous waterways, and the trek is difficult. I heard that there are more than 100,000 elite soldiers in the Yelang Kingdom. If we take a battleship and go down the Zangke River, it will fall from the sky, unexpectedly, and hit the heart directly. This is an amazing army that subdues the Nanyue Kingdom. With the power of the Han Dynasty and the richness of the two counties of Bashu (Chongqing City and Sichuan Province), it is easy to send officials to control it after digging a road to Yelang Kingdom."

Liu Che approved Tang Meng's plan and promoted him to be the commander of the royal guard (General Zhonglang). Ruo (zuo) Guan (South of Hejiang City, Sichuan Province), went deep into the wilderness, crossed mountains and ridges, and finally arrived at Yelang (Guanling County, Guizhou Province), where he met King Dutong of Yelang.Tang Meng brought heavy gifts to promote the strength and generosity of the Han Dynasty, and asked Duotong to accept officials sent by the Han Dynasty government, and allowed Duotong's son to serve as the county magistrate (ling).Some small towns and villages near Yelang Kingdom were greedy for the cloth and satin of the Han Dynasty, and believed that the road was difficult and dangerous, and the Han Dynasty was far away, so they could not conquer them in the end, so they all promised to accept the jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty.

Tang Meng returned to Chang'an and reported to Liu Che.Liu Che ordered the establishment of Qianwei County (the county government is set up as a county. 鄨, sound bi, must)), recruited people from Bashu and Shu counties, and built a road from Bodao (Yibin City, Sichuan Province. Bo, sound bo) to Zangke River. Thousands of laborers threw themselves into the mountains, many died, and those who survived fled in large numbers.The county government used military law to punish and kill the leaders.The people of Ba and Shu counties were shocked and frightened, and their hearts were shaken.Liu Che got the report and ordered Sima Xiangru to reprimand Tang Meng and appease the people, claiming that it was not the emperor's will.After Sima Xiangru's mission was completed, he returned to Chang'an to report his order.

3. At that time, the kings (chiefs) of Qiongdu State (Xichang City, Sichuan Province. Qiong, sound qiong) and Ruodu State (Hanyuan County, Sichuan Province) of Xiyi (the ethnic minorities in the eastern foothills of the Daxueshan Mountains in Sichuan Province), Hearing that Nanyi (minorities in the central and western Guizhou Province and eastern Yunnan Province) communicated with the Han Dynasty, they received many rewards.Most of them are willing to submit to the Han Dynasty and ask the Han Dynasty to send officials.Liu Che asked Sima Xiangru for his opinion, and Sima Xiangru said: "Qiongdu State, Ruodu State, Ran State and 駹 State (both are in the north of Mao County, Sichuan Province. 駹, sound mang), and Shu County (Chengdu, Sichuan Province) It is quite close to the city, and the roads are relatively flat. During the Qin Dynasty, counties were established there, and they were abolished when the Western Han Dynasty first emerged. If you can reintroduce the territory and establish counties today, it will be better than Nanyi." Liu Che accepted. .Appoint Sima Xiangru as the Royal Guard Commander (General Zhonglang) to go on an envoy "holding festivals"; he also sends deputy envoys Wang Ranyu and others to take the government stagecoach to go together; reward.Therefore, the kings (chiefs) of Qiongdu, Ruodu, Ran, Ji, and Siyu (Dali City, Yunnan Province) all demanded to belong to them.

The territory of the Han Dynasty began to expand, the frontier fortress was abolished, and the checkpoints were opened. The border stretched from Moshui (Dadu River) and Ruoshui (Yalong River) in the west to the Zangke River in the south, and fences were set up.Excavate the Lingguan Mountain (Nanyaozi Mountain, Ebian County, Sichuan Province) road, build a bridge on the Sunshui (Anning River), and lead directly to Qiongdu.The government of the Western Han Dynasty sent a militia commander (duwei) to guard it, and more than ten nearby counties belonged to Shu County.Liu Che was very happy. 4. Liu Che issued an edict: Recruit 10,000 civilians to strengthen dangerous projects along the border in Yanmen County (the county government is set up as Shanwu). 5. Autumn, July, strong winds, uprooting trees. 6. The witch Chu (surname) Fu and her female disciples teach the fallen queen Chen Jiao to sacrifice to ghosts and gods, curse her enemies (of course Wei Zifu) with spells, learn women's charm, and try to restore Liu Che's love for her.When the incident was leaked, Liu Che was furious, and decided to seize the opportunity to get rid of the entanglement completely.Therefore, Zhang Tang, the censor (censor), was ordered to investigate thoroughly.Zhang Tang used cruel means to expand the scope of attack, implicating and killing more than 300 people. Chu Fu was taken to the market and beheaded. On July 9th, Liu Che revoked Chen Jiao's title of empress, and ordered her to hand over the seal and imprison Nagato Palace (in the southeast of Chang'an City, it was originally Liu's Changmen Garden, which was given to Liu Che and renamed Nagato Palace).Shamed and terrified, Liu Xun kowtowed to her nephew, begging for forgiveness.Liu Che said: "What Chen Jiao did violated the righteousness of heaven and earth, and she had to be dismissed. Auntie should trust me, please rest assured. Don't listen to other people's gossip, but you will become jealous and fearful. Like the empress, there is no difference between the Nagato Palace and the main palace." Bo Yang said: When Liu Che was a child, his aunt Liu Xing held him in her lap and asked, "How about making Gillian your daughter-in-law?" Liu Che said excitedly, "If you marry me, I will build a golden house for her to live in." It is the allusion of "Golden House Cangjiao" that is still circulating today.Once upon a time, the situation was reversed, and Liu Xun knelt in front of his nephew, begging for forgiveness. What happened to Chen Jiao once again proved: "Jealous and childless must be dangerous." Even if it is a queen, once "jealous and childless", the ending is doomed.Chen Jiao is still the luckiest one. In the future history, we can find even worse things.In addition to his own death, he also implicated his family. 7. At the beginning, Liu Che once held a banquet at the house of his aunt Liu Xun. When he saw Liu Xun's lover, the jewelry dealer Dong Yan (Liu Xun's husband Chen Wuzao died), Liu Che respected him very much and allowed him to wear official uniforms.Don't call him by his name, just call him "the master", and order him to accompany the wine.The favor Dong Yan received is known all over the world.He once accompanied Liu Che to the Beigong for pleasure. In the area of ​​Pinglianlian (in the Beiyu Garden of Weiyang Palace), he rode a gallop, cockfighted, played football, raced dogs, and raced horses. Dong Yan was almost omnipotent.Liu Che yelled and yelled, and it was very lively, and he loved Dong Yan very much. Liu Che held a banquet in the main hall (declaration room) in front of Weiyang Palace, entertained his aunt Liu Xing (Master Dou—the daughter of Empress Dowager Dou), and sent a royal protocol officer (visitor) to welcome Dong Yan.At that time, it happened that Dongfang Shuo, the royal guard (Zhonglang), was standing guard under the steps with an iron halberd in his hand.Immediately put down your weapon (entering the palace with a weapon in your hand, there is a possibility of assassination, so you must put down your weapon first), and report to Liu Che: "Dong Yan has committed three capital crimes, how can he be allowed to enter?" Liu Che said: "Which three? Dongfang Shuo said: "Dong Yan, with his lowly status as a subject, went to bed with the princess in private. It is one crime. Messing with men and women, immoral, and destroying the sanctity of marriage are two crimes. Your Majesty is young and is studying the six Confucian classics." (, "Book of Rites", "Book of Music", "Book of Books", "Spring and Autumn Annals"). Dong Yan didn't know how to respect scriptures and study diligently, but instead advocated luxury, pursued extravagance, indulged dogs and horses, and only wanted to satisfy the ears and eyes. Enjoyment is the country's thieves, the king's vampire, the three crimes." Liu Che remained silent for a while and said, "I've already set up the banquet, and I will change it later." Dongfang Shuo said: "No, the Zhengtang (declaration room) It is the place where the first emperor (the sixth Jingdi Liu Qi) dealt with state affairs. People who have nothing to do with state affairs cannot enter. You must know that if the fornication continues to develop, it will definitely become usurpation. In the 16th century, Jiang Xiaobai, the 16th monarch of the Qi State, was in power. Shu Diao cut off his genitals and acted as an eunuch. Yi Ya steamed his own child in a cage and offered it to Jiang Xiaobai as a dish. When Jiang Xiaobai fell ill, the three of them— —The other is Wei Kaifang, who cut off the supply and made Jiang Xiaobai starve to death): Ji Qing’s father died, and the Lu State was safe.” Ban succeeds to the throne, Ji Qingfu, Ji Tong's concubine brother, commits adultery with Ji Tong's wife Ai Jiang, and murders Ji Ban, and Li Ji Ban's half-brother Ji Qi succeeds to the throne. Riot. Ji Qingfu fled to Ju State, Ju State handed him back to Lu State, Ji Qingfu committed suicide.) Liu Che said: "Okay." Ordered to stop, changed the banquet to the North Palace, and taught Dong Yan to follow the East Sima Gate ( Come in through the side door of a handyman inside the east gate of Weiyang Palace).Reward Dongfang Shuo with thirty catties of gold.Dong Yan's favor gradually declined. Since then, the private lives of princesses or nobles have mostly transcended the ethical system and become a mess. 8. Liu Che appointed Zhang Tang as a senior state official (Taizhong doctor), and jointly formulated several laws and edicts with Zhao Yu. The Non-reporting Law enables officials to supervise and investigate each other.The government of the Western Han Dynasty used it cruelly, and it started from then on. In September and August, rice field borers (larvae living in rice leaves or rice stems, eating rice leaves or rice stem bones, hatching twice a year, and are the most feared pests and diseases for farmers) became disasters. 10. This year (130 years ago), the Western Han government recruited intellectuals who understood current affairs and studied the doctrines of Confucian sages (Confucius, Meng Ke, etc.), and the local government arranged for them to go to the central government to make annual reports every year. Beijing Zou Baoguan" counterparts. Sun Hong, the man of Suichuan Kingdom (the capital of Ju County), wrote a letter saying: "In ancient times, when Yiqi Fangxun (Yao) and Yao Chonghua (Shun) did not pay attention to official titles and rewards, people encouraged each other to do good. If they did not pay attention to punishment, people did not break the law. Trust. Later, the officials were honored and the rewards were generous, but people refused to work hard. There were many punishments and severe punishments, and the crimes did not stop. Because the people in the top position cannot stand upright, people will not listen to him. The valuable rewards and Severe punishment cannot encourage good deeds, nor can it prevent evil deeds. The key lies in people's trust in officials. "Therefore, according to people's talents, they should hold official positions and handle public affairs separately. Don't talk meaningless nonsense, and the work can be implemented. Eliminate useless projects, and taxes can be reduced. Don't take away the busy time of farmers (such as rice planting, rice planting, etc.) Sowing, harvesting), without wasting and wasting the labor of farmers (like recruiting peasants), people will naturally be rich. People with virtue will be promoted, and those without morality will be dismissed, so the central government will naturally be dignified and majestic. When people are dismissed, the officials naturally understand their responsibilities. When the guilty are punished, evil will stop. When the wise are rewarded, the subordinates will be encouraged. All these eight items are the foundation of governing the country. "Govern the people so that they have their own occupations, and there will be no disputes. If their reasons are appealed to, there will be no resentment. If they are educated by ethics, there will be no violent actions. Love the people as you love your own children. , They must also love the government and officials, this is the most urgent task in governing the world. The people are willing to accept the ethics, and if there are rewards and punishments, the people will naturally not violate the prohibition. "I heard that people with the same temperament will gather together. People with the same words will echo each other. Now, the king has noble virtues above, and people practice them personally. A peaceful mood leads to a peaceful temperament, and a peaceful temperament leads to a healthy body. If you are healthy, your voice will be loud, and if your voice is loud, everything in the world will prosper. Harmony between yin and yang, timely wind and rain, falling nectar, abundant crops, multiplication of animals, luxuriant crops, emergence of auspicious grasses, mountains and forests, and rivers and lakes will no longer dry up. This is the highest state of harmony. .” At that time, among the more than 100 people who participated in the examination, the Minister of Sacrifice (Taichang. In the Western Han Dynasty, the Ministry of Sacrifice was in charge of education) rated Gong Sunhong at the bottom, and Liu Che promoted him to the first place and appointed him as a research officer (doctorate). , outside the Golden Horse Gate, waiting to be heard at any time (Original text: "Waiting for the Golden Horse Gate." The Golden Horse Gate is the rest room for the eunuchs on duty. There is no Golden Horse Gate this year. Twenty-eight years later, in the first 102 years, Dawan was plundered After the king’s bloody horse, a bronze statue of the bloody horse was erected in front of the door of the eunuch’s lounge on duty, which was called the Golden Horse Gate. In fact, it was just huddled with the eunuch, waiting for the call). Yuan Gu, a native of Qi, who was over ninety years old, was also selected as a virtuous man and conscripted to Chang'an.Gong Sunhong was hostile to him, but on the surface he respected him very much.Yuan Gu advised him: "Mr. Gongsun: You should speak with justice, and don't distort your personality and flatter the world for glory." Some Confucian intellectuals, jealous and fearful, insulted Yuan Gu one after another.Yuan Gu was very disappointed, so he resigned and went home on the grounds that he was too old. 11. At this time, the four counties of Bashu (Bajun, Shujun, Guanghan County, and Qianwei County) dug mountains to open roads, hoping to lead to the southwest Yi; grain and hay were transported, and it took several years to travel a thousand miles, but the road was still impassable.Soldiers and civilians were hungry and exhausted, and the barren mountains were smoggy. Many people died of heatstroke and illness.And the southwestern barbarians continued to rebel (the western barbarians and the southern barbarians welcomed the officials sent by the Han Dynasty with enthusiasm, and they fought armed resistance without any delay. The most reasonable explanation is that the officials were forced to do so by their brutality and corruption. Although the history books did not explain the reason for the rebellion of the Southwestern Yi, but from the later historical events, it can be inferred retrospectively) that the army was sent to attack, and the cost reached tens of millions of dollars, but it was ineffective (after the army retreated, the people rebelled again. Obviously, this Not a military issue, but a political issue; there is no end to corruption, no end to resistance).Liu Che was helpless and very worried, so he sent Gong Sunhong to investigate.Gongsun Hong reported back that he thought it was meaningless to open up the territory of the Southwest Yi.Liu Che refused to accept it. When Gong Sunhong made suggestions at the Jinluanbao Palace Meeting, he only listed facts and reasons, and let Liu Che make his own choice to avoid face-to-face disputes.Liu Che found that his behavior was prudent and serious, he was also eloquent, familiar with the law, had administrative ability, and was good at applying the theories of Confucianism, so he greatly appreciated it.Within a year, he was promoted to be the mayor of North Chang'an (Zuo Nei Shi). Gongsun Hong immediately opposed everything, but he did not insist on it in front of Liu Che.He often asked Ji An for special summons from Liu Che (not speaking in front of the officials to keep secrets), but Ji An spoke first, and Gongsun Hong agreed.Liu Che was very happy, and he could follow all the suggestions he made. Liu Che got closer to and valued Gong Sunhong day by day. Gong Sunhong once proposed a plan with officials above the ministerial level (Gongqing).However, after seeing Liu Che, as long as Liu Che disagreed, he immediately disagreed—swallowed his original opinion and followed the will of the leader.Ji An once exposed Liu Che's mask in front of Liu Che, saying: "The people of Qi (referring to Shandong Province) are almost all treacherous, and there is no truth. Gong Sunhong first discussed with us and advocated such and so, but now he suddenly opposed it. This kind of person is unfaithful." Liu Che asked Gong Sunhong, and Gong Sunhong said: "People who know me think I am loyal; people who don't know me think I am disloyal." Liu Che believed Gong Sunhong's explanation.Every time the cronies on the left and right attacked Gongsun Hong, Liu Che treated him more generously. 1. In winter, the government of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) began to levy taxes on merchant trucks and cargo ships. 2. Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (Da Sinonong) Zheng suggested at that time: "If a water channel is dug between the Wei River and the Yellow River, it will not only facilitate the transportation of grain and fodder from the Kanto (east of Hangu Pass), but also divert water to irrigate more than 10,000 hectares of farmland. .” In the spring, Emperor Liu Che (28 years old) of the Western Han Dynasty (the seventh emperor of Wu Dynasty) ordered tens of thousands of soldiers to build water channels according to Zheng's design at that time.It was completed three years later, and the people have benefited a lot. 3. The army of the Huns Khanate (the royal court is located in Harhelin City, Mongolia) broke into Shanggu County (Huailai County, Hebei Province), massacred and captured Chinese officials and people. The Western Han government counterattacked the Xiongnu.Chariot General Wei Qing set off from Shanggu County.Cavalry General Gongsun Ao set out from Dai Commandery (Yu County, Hebei Province).Gongsun He, the light chariot general, set off from Yunzhong County (Toketuo County, Inner Mongolia).Li Guang, General Xiaoqi, set out from Yanmen County (Youyu County, Shanxi Province).Each led 10,000 cavalry to attack the Xiongnu garrison near the two border trading posts (Guan City).Wei Qing arrived in Longcheng (Chahar Right Wing Banner, Inner Mongolia), beheaded and captured 700 people.Gongsun He didn't get anything.Gongsun Ao was defeated by the Huns and lost 7,000 cavalry (this should be a big defeat, losing two-thirds of the main force).Li Guang was also defeated and captured alive by the Huns. At that time, Li Guang was seriously injured and could not stand. The Huns set up a net bed between the two horses and put Li Guang on it. After walking for more than ten miles, Li Guang pretended to be dead. Jumping up, he jumped on the horseback of the escorting Xiongnu soldiers, grabbed the bow and arrow, and when the enemy was shocked, beat the horses desperately, galloped southward, and finally escaped. The first counterattack failed completely. Liu Che was furious, arrested Gongsun Ao and Li Guang, and sentenced them to death: they would pay a ransom later to save them from death, and they would be demoted to civilians.Although Wei Qing was born as a servant (Wei Qing and his sister Wei Zifu were both slaves of Princess Pingyang), he was good at horseback riding and archery, brave beyond ordinary people, very humble to intellectuals and officials at all levels, and very kind to soldiers.The officers and soldiers are all willing to serve, and they have the bearing and talent of a general and marshal.Therefore, every time he is a teacher, he makes meritorious deeds, and people admire Liu Che's ability to discover talents. 4. In summer, there is severe drought and locusts are infested. 5. In June, Liu Che went to Yong County (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province). 6. In autumn, the Huns Khanate repeatedly attacked the frontier fortresses, and Yuyang County (Miyun County, Beijing) suffered the most.The government of the Western Han Dynasty appointed Han Anguo, the commander of the security of the imperial city (Weiwei), as a general, and led the army into Yuyang County. 1. In winter, in November, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) (the seventh Emperor Wu) Liu Che (29 years old this year) issued an edict saying: "I have repeatedly issued orders to recruit honest and filial people, hoping to become a trend and make people In the past, the deeds of the saints were carried forward. Even if it is a village of ten families, there must be loyal gentlemen; there must be something I can learn from the behavior of three people. A talented person comes out. Is it because the enlightenment has not yet reached the people? Or are the virtuous people forcibly isolated and prevented from making them stand out? Those who recommend the virtuous should be rewarded with superior rewards; those who suppress the virtuous should be publicly punished. An ancient method. The supervisory unit should formulate detailed punishment rules for the county chief (two thousand stones) who refuse to recommend a virtuous person.” The supervisory unit reported: “Do not recommend filial persons, and beheaded for resisting the imperial edict. Do not recommend honesty, which means he If he is incapable of holding his position, he will be dismissed." Liu Che approved. 2. In December, Jiangdu King (capital Guangling) Liu Fei (the sixth Jingdi Liu Qizi) passed away. 3. Prince Liu Zheng was born. On the thirteenth day of the third month, Wei Zifu, Liu Ju's mother, was granted the title of empress, and she pardoned criminals all over the world. (In ancient times, it was very late to have a son at thirty, so there was such ecstasy. Because the mother was precious, Wei Zifu sat on the throne of the queen. It shows the importance of the son to the royal family.) 4. In autumn, the Xiongnu Khanate sent 20,000 cavalry to attack the Han Dynasty, beheaded the governor (prefect) of Liaoxi County (west of Yixian County, Liaoning Province), and took more than 2,000 people captive.They also invaded Yuyang County (Miyun County, Beijing) and Yanmen County (Youyu County, Shanxi Province), each of which plundered and slaughtered more than a thousand people.Besieging the Han Anguo camp, the Han Anguo Corps could not support it, retreated eastward, and stationed in Beiping (that is, Youbeiping County, the county government is located in Pinggang).A few months later, Han Anguo passed away (Han Anguo died next year, and the description is combined here).Liu Che then recruited Li Guang to serve as the governor of Youbeiping County.Li Guang was good at fighting, and the Xiongnu Khanate called him a "fly general" and avoided him far away.For several years, he dared not violate the territory of Youbeiping County. Bo Yang said: Li Guang was suddenly promoted to the high position of county magistrate (two thousand stones) from a degraded commoner. Personally, it was a drastic change, because the county magistrate in the Western Han Dynasty could directly meet the emperor and had great authority.During the role change, there is an interlude.One day before, Li Guang went hunting in Zhongnan Mountain in Lantian (Lantian County, Shaanxi Province) with some relatives and friends.At night, I went to a friend's banquet. When I came back, I passed the sentry post of Baling (the tomb of the fifth emperor Liu Heng, northeast of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province today). Said: "The former General Li." The police officer said: "The current general is not allowed to wander around in the middle of the night, so what is the former general?" They were detained in front of the sentry box.Later, Li Guang took over as Youbeiping County Chief and invited police officers to go to the front with him, and immediately killed him when he arrived. Some people think that there is nothing wrong with the dignity of the law and the execution of official duties by police officers.There are also people who think that the few words of the police officer can prove that he is a snobbery, and the snobbery should be eradicated.However, no matter what, Li Guang is avenging his personal revenge.A police officer is not obliged to go out with the army. When Li Guang invited him to go with him, he must have made a vow to convince the police officer that Li Guang is magnanimous, and he will not miss old grudges. Never would he have imagined that a generation of heroes like Li Guang, who speak sweet words, hide murderous intentions in their hearts. .Although the history books do not expressly state it, what we can infer is that the police officer must have apologized and made amends, and Li Guang must have accepted the apology and expressed forgiveness.Otherwise, why would the police officer happily go on the road.What's more, snobbery is certainly disgusting, but it is not a capital crime.Even if you don't talk about the law of the country, it is not a grand-minded temperament. 5. The government of the Western Han Dynasty once again dispatched two armies to attack the Huns Khanate: Chariot General Wei Qing led 30,000 cavalry from Yanmen County (Youyu County, Shanxi Province), and General Li Xi from Dai County (Yu County, Hebei Province).Wei Qing beheaded and captured thousands of people. 6. Nanlu, the chief of the Dongyi 濊貊 (濊貊, sound wei mo) tribe (northeast of the Korean peninsula), led 280,000 people to surrender.The government of the Western Han Dynasty accepted it and set up Canghai County (the county government set up Anbian City in the central part of the Korean Peninsula).In order to resettle tribal people and build roads with the Central Plains, the consumption of materials is the same as that of Nanyi (minorities in central and western Guizhou Province and eastern Yunnan Province). People in Yan (northern Hebei Province) and Qi (Shandong Province) commotion. 7. This year (128 years ago), King Lu (Gong) (capital of Lu County) Liu Yu (sixth Jingdi Liu Qizi), Changsha King (capital Linxiang) Liu Fa (Liu Qizi), passed away. 8. The fathers (surnames) Yan and Yan An of Linzi (capital of Qi State · East Linzi Town, Zibo City, Shandong Province), and Xu Le, natives of Wuzhong (Jixian County, Tianjin City), successively wrote to Liu Che to provide suggestions.At first, the master father Yan traveled to Qi State (the capital Linzi), Yan State (the capital Jixian), and Zhao State (the capital Handan), but he was not appreciated, and the intellectuals of the Confucian school excluded him and were incompatible.But Zhu Fuyan's family is poor and has no way to borrow money.Finally, he simply went west to Hangu Pass (northeast of Lingbao County, Henan Province) and wrote a letter to the imperial palace.Hand in the memorial in the morning, and Liu Che will summon him in the evening.Of the nine things he suggested, eight of them were immediately promulgated by Liu Che and became official decrees.One thing that was rejected was dissuading from attacking the Hun Khanate, Zhu Fuyan said: ""Sima Rangju Art of War" said: "Although a country is strong and loves war, it will definitely perish. Although the world is peaceful, if you forget about war, it must be dangerous." Anger makes people lose their minds. Weapons are a dangerous tool, and war is the worst. strategy. In order to pursue victory, devote all human and financial resources, there is no one who does not regret it. In the past, Yingzheng (Qin Shihuang) annexed the six countries, constantly pursued victory, and prepared to attack the Huns. Li Si advised: "No. The place where the Huns live, There are no castles, no grain warehouses, and relocation. Like a bird, it flaps its wings and flies far away. It is not easy to subdue. The army will go deep into the desert to pursue, and the food will inevitably run out. If you carry food, the load is too heavy and you will not be able to receive the results. Get the Huns There is no interest in the land. The people who captured the Xiongnu could not be resettled to live with the Han people. It is not a benevolent intention to conquer their country and hurt their people; to squeeze the Central Plains dry just to please the Huns for a while is not a long-term strategy. "Yingzheng refused to listen, and sent Meng Tian to lead an army to attack and open up more than a thousand miles of territory, with the Yellow River (Hetao) as the boundary. However, all they got was alkaline soil that lacked water and could not grow grains. They had to mobilize the whole country and An old draft man, defending the Beihe (Hetao North Wujia River of the Yellow River), the army was exposed to the barbaric area. For more than ten years, there were countless casualties, but he was still unable to cross the Yellow River. Could it be that there are insufficient troops? Insufficient weapons? The situation really does not allow it. Then At that time, men from all over the world were recruited to pull boats and carts, and transport grain and fodder, from Huangxian County (Donghuangchengji, Longkou City, Shandong Province), Yixian County (Yantai City, Shandong Province), Langye (Jiaonan City, Shandong Province) and other coastal counties. , was transported to Beihe for 30 minutes, except for the consumption of people and cattle on the way, it was finally transported to the destination, and there was only one stone (shi, sound dan, a volume calculation unit. One stone has ten buckets. Zhong, six Dendrobium Four Dou. Dendrobium, sound hu, in ancient times, one Dendrobium was ten Dou, and it was changed to five Dou in the late Southern Song Dynasty). Men worked hard to cultivate, not enough to supply food and pay. Women worked hard to weave, not enough to sew camp tents. The people fled exhausted, lonely, old and weak, no one could Serving. The dead bodies on the road, one after another, the world began to betray. "When Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) pacified the country and seized land in the border area, the Huns' army was gathering outside Daigu (Yu County, Hebei Province), so they wanted to seize the opportunity and launch an attack. Supervisor (Censor) Cheng Jin dissuaded and said: "No, the characteristic of the Xiongnu Khanate is that they gather suddenly like wild animals and scatter suddenly like birds. When chasing them, they seem to fight with shadows. Now your majesty is attacking the Xiongnu with noble character. Feeling in danger for His Majesty." Emperor Gao refused to accept it, so he marched northward and reached Daigu. Sure enough, he encountered the siege of Pingcheng (Datong City, Shanxi Province) (refer to 200 BC). Emperor Gao regretted it deeply, so he sent Lou It is not a new phenomenon that the Xiongnu are difficult to subdue. They have become a habit of burning, killing and looting, which is their nature. In the ancient Yellow Emperor Dynasty, Xia Dynasty Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and Zhou Dynasty could not supervise them to correct their mistakes, but only treated them as beasts, not human beings. Instead of reviewing the response methods of the Yellow Emperor Dynasty, Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and Zhou Dynasty, follow the modern (Qin Dynasty) The policy that has failed, that is the greatest worry and the greatest pain for the people." Yan An wrote: "Nowadays, the people's life is extravagant and corrupt, whether it's vehicles, horses, clothes and houses, they all compete with each other for luxury. If you play melodious music, wear colorful and gorgeous clothes on your body, and display fragrant food in front of you, you can observe Its influence, you can understand its seriousness. Because of human nature, when you see beautiful things, you are willing to get them. Beautiful music, clothes, and dishes all teach people to be extravagant. If you only know luxury but don’t know restraint, you will The income will never be enough to spend, so I have to give up farming and engage in business. Making money in business is not so easy, and you can get money. So even though you are a gentleman, you have to do evil. People with authority kill and take by force, or There is no guilt in fraud and plunder. The number of people who break the law is increasing day by day. Therefore, I suggest that the government should formulate laws and deter the spread of this situation, so that the rich and the poor will no longer hate each other, so that the people's mood can be peaceful.平和，盗贼才能消除，刑罚才能减少，阴阳才能调和，万物才能繁衍。 “从前，嬴政意志飞扬，心怀自满，打算扬威于四海之外，派蒙恬率陆军北上攻击胡人部落（匈奴汗国），派民兵司令（尉）屠睢，率舰队南下攻击南越（广东省及广西壮族自治区）。当时，秦王朝在北方跟匈奴开战，在南方跟百越（浙江省南部、福建省及南岭以南）开战，把军力用到没有必要的地方。只能前进，不能后退。十余年下来，年轻男子身披盔甲，年轻妇女在后方运输辎重，痛苦到无法求生，遂在道旁树上吊死，尸体相互接连。等到嬴政逝世，天下叛变，皇家遂告灭绝，这都是穷兵黩武带来的灾难。 “周王朝的缺点是太弱，秦王朝的缺点是太强，不知道变更改革，终于惹下大祸。而今，陛下发兵夺取两夷，又征服夜郎国（首都在今贵州省关岭县），逼迫羌部落所属的僰国（四川省宜宾市）投降，又占领濊州（指濊貊部落，朝鲜半岛东北部），建立城镇。大军深入匈奴汗国腹地，焚烧龙城（在内蒙古察哈尔右翼中旗）。大家议论纷纷，无不赞美。这是臣僚之利，不是国家之利。” 徐乐上书说： “国家的最大灾难，在于土崩，不在于瓦解。古代和现代，都是一样。什么是土崩？秦王朝末年的现象就是。陈胜没有君王的尊贵，没有一尺一寸的土地，也不像皇亲或贵族后裔那样，早就闻名乡里。没有孔丘、曾参、墨翟（墨家学派创始人，著有《墨子》，主张博爱）三位的贤能，更没有陶朱、猗顿二位的财富（二位都是春秋时代闻名国际的富豪。越王国宰相范蠡，恐惧国王姒勾践诬他谋反，潜逃到陶邑，经商发财，自称陶朱公。猗顿，鲁国人，盐商，富抵王侯）。可是他突然间从既穷又脏的巷子里跑出来，露着臂膀，举起刀枪，大声呐喊，天下像暴风一样，群起跟从。这是什么缘故？由于人民贫困而官员不怜悯、人民怨恨而在上位的不知道，社会已经败坏而政治仍不改革。这三项，正是陈胜叛乱的资本。这就是土崩。所以说，国家最大的灾难是土崩。 “什么是瓦解？吴国（首府广陵）、楚国（首府彭城）、齐国（指菑川、济南、胶东、胶西四国）、赵国（首府邯郸），纷纷起兵就是。七国阴谋推翻中央（参考前一五四年），宣称拥有一万辆战车和数十万武装部队。威力足以使他境内的人民震恐，财力足以使他境内的人民受到鼓励，然而却不能在西方夺取一尺一寸土地，而于抵达中原（河南省）时，被完全击败。原因何在，并不是权力比平民的小，也不是军队比陈胜的弱。那个时候，先帝（泛指刘邦以下的皇帝）的恩德没有衰退，大多数人民都安土乐业。七国国君，得不到国境之外的帮助，这就是瓦解。所以说，国家最大的灾难，不在瓦解。 “这两项，是平安与危险的契机，贤明的君王应该特别留意，深刻检讨。近来，关东（函谷关以东）农作物，连年歉收，政府又没有减免赋税。人民穷困，而又把边界战争的负担，沉重的加到他们身上。根据往事判断，人民已不能安于被压迫的地位。有这种心理，就容易骚动。骚动的意义，就是土崩。圣贤的君王探讨万物的根源，就可了解安危的契机。然后在政府中先行改变政策，即能把祸患消灭得无影无踪，使土崩的可能性，永不能实现。” Bo Yang said: 儒家学派基本立场是反战的，而君王总希望开疆拓土。两者在这方面的意见，最难沟通。所载儒家的反战言论，特别繁多，洋洋洒洒，占去大量篇幅。 我们同样反战，战争带给人民的痛苦，远超过带给统治阶层的痛苦。尤其反对侵略，像西汉政府对西南夷的军事行动，使千万人丧生。但是，我们赞扬反侵略、反奴役战争，赞扬保卫国家民族生存战争。匈奴汗国的不断南侵，有地理的因素，在北半球上，包括罗马帝国在内，所有位置稍南的国家，都会受到来自北方的威胁。因为北方寒冷，生活艰苦，南方却是“三秋桂子、十里荷花”，流奶与蜜的世界，怎不使人眼红？汉王朝如果没有战争能力，匈奴不仅穿过长城而已，战马铁蹄，势将直到南海。 西汉政府事实上一直居于反应地位，军事行动的目的不是要消灭匈奴，并吞领土（跟对西南夷不一样），而只求摧毁匈奴汗国野战军，使他们没有力量再进入边境烧杀掳掠而已。“大儒”之辈，却认为这种战争也是罪恶。结果至为显然，边界上的汉人丧失保护，他们年年被杀、被奸、被掳，家破人亡、血流成河。“大儒”却稳坐在温暖的椅子上，痛斥战争。等到边民们死光或被全部征服，马蹄声响到高堂之下，“大儒”又该责备政府不知道保国安民了。反战是一种仁慈心肠，但反对自卫，却是懦夫。 汉匈之间的战争，注定的非打到一死一活不止。战场上的伤亡，无法避免。而人民受到的灾难，像运送粮秣的惨剧，那不是战争引起的，而是由于西汉政府的内政腐败。左反对，右反对；左检讨，右检讨，只在表象上打转，没有涉及到核心：为什么他们不要求整顿国家的后勤作业品质？ 9、主父偃、严安、徐乐，把奏章呈上之后，刘彻召见他们，说：“你们从前跑到哪里去了，真是相见恨晚！”任命三人当宫廷禁官（郎中）。 主父偃尤其宠幸，一年之内，连升四次，最后升到高级国务官（中大夫）。政府高级官员都恐惧他的抨击，纷纷送他礼物，约有黄金二十四万两之巨。有人警告他：“你太蛮横了。”主父偃说：“我如果活着的时候不能享受五鼎的豪华饮食（即“少牢”大餐：用五鼎分盛羊、猪、鹿、鱼、干肉），宁愿死的时候，被五鼎烹杀。” 1、冬季，西汉王朝（首都长安）皇帝（七任武帝）刘彻（本年三十岁）赠送淮南王（首府寿春）刘安（刘彻的堂叔）茶几跟手杖，特准不必来首都长安朝见。 2、主父偃向刘彻建议：“从前，封国的面积，方圆不过一百里，无论强大弱小，都容易控制。现在的封国，有的拥有数十个城市，大到一千里。管得松，他们就骄傲奢侈，荒淫作乱；管得紧，则逼他们互相联盟，反抗中央。用法令减削他们的领土，则叛逆的念头，油然而生，晁错就碰到这种事情（参考前一五四年）。而今，封国亲王们的子弟众多，以十为单位计算，却只有嫡长子一人继承王位。其他的人，虽然同是骨肉之亲，连一尺一寸的土地都没有，仁慈孝顺的意义，就不完整。我建议陛下可以准许亲王们得以推广恩德，把土地分封给他们子弟。他们一定非常愿意，看起来是上面厚待他们，实际上却使每一个封国的面积越来越小。不必用强硬手段，自然削弱。”刘彻采纳。 春季，正月，刘彻下诏：“封国亲王们如果愿意推恩，把土地城市封给子弟的，可以呈报，我当制定他们的爵位名称。”从此，封国开始分割，亲王的子弟，都成了侯爵。 3、匈奴（王庭设蒙古国哈尔和林市）深入上谷郡（河北省怀来县）、渔阳郡（北京市密云县），屠杀跟掳掠汉朝官吏人民一千余人。 西汉政府再作还击。派卫青、李息，东自云中郡（内蒙古托克托县），西到陇西郡（甘肃省临洮县），在漫长的边界线上（约一千千米），分别出动；集中力量攻击位于河南（黄河河套）的楼烦王和白羊王，格杀和俘虏数千人、牛羊百余万只，楼烦王和白羊王向北逃走，河南地（黄河河套）遂并入中国版图。 刘彻下诏封卫青当长平侯。卫青部将苏建、张次公，都有功绩，封苏建当平陵侯，张次公当岸头侯。 主父偃建议说：“河南土地肥沃，北方有黄河作为天堑，蒙恬曾在那里筑城（参考前二一二年），把匈奴驱逐。而且还可以减少粮秣运输的艰难，使中国领土扩大，作为消灭北方匈奴的根据地。”刘彻交给政府研究，高级官员（公卿）都认为不切实际，但刘彻支持主父偃，遂设立朔方郡（郡政府设朔方城）。命苏建督促十余万人兴筑朔方城，并同时整修故秦王国蒙恬所筑的要塞，以黄河作为屏障。士卒民夫所需粮食跟工程器材，都从远方辗转运到。山东（崤山以东）广大地区居民都受到影响，费用高达千万巨款，国库为之一空。同时，西汉政府也放弃上谷郡偏僻领土造阳（内蒙古正蓝旗西南）一带土地给匈奴汗国。 4、三月三十日，日食。 5、夏季，招募十万人，移民朔方郡。 6、主父偃建议刘彻：“茂陵（陕西省兴平市东北）刚刚兴建（刘彻即位后的第三年，才十八岁，就在陕西省兴平市东北为自己领筑坟墓，定名茂陵），我认为，各地方的土豪乡绅、有钱人家、无业游民，都应该迁移到那里，对内充实首都人口，对外把地方上一些恶势力连根拔除；这正是用不着诛杀，就可消灭祸患。”刘彻采纳，下令强制各郡各封国家产在三百万以上的土豪乡绅，全都迁移茂陵。 轵县（河南省济源市南轵城。轵，音zhi）人郭解，是关东（函谷关以东）大侠，也在名单之中。卫青向刘彻报告说：郭解家实际很穷，不到移民标准。刘彻说：“郭解不过一个小民，能使政府的一位将军替他求情，证明他家不穷。”郭解遂不能免除。 郭解平常对于敢向他瞪一眼的人，立即流血报复，为数很多。刘彻得到报告，下令逮捕，但经查所犯的罪，都在大赦之前。轵县有一位正在学校研究儒家经书的学生，在筵席上，奉陪中央政府派遣的查案官员。查案官员称誉郭解侠义行为，学生说：“郭解专门用奸邪的手段犯法，哪能称为贤能？”被郭解的门客听到，把那个倒霉的学生格杀，割下他的舌头。县政府官员责成郭解交出凶手，而郭解并不知道谁是凶手，凶手也不肯坦白承认。县政府奏报说：郭解无罪。宰相（丞相）公孙弘向刘彻建议：“郭解一介小民，随意行侠乡里，好像官兵执行职权，竟然为一句话杀人。郭解虽不知道，比他知道的罪更重，应以'大逆无道'法条处理。”遂把郭解家族，全部诛杀。 Bo Yang said: “儒”跟“侠”誓不并立，儒家学派跟权势结合，追求的是安定不变。而“侠”是社会黑暗面的产物，以补救政治法律的不足。“儒”要求忍受，“侠”则挺身反抗。在儒家政治优势压力下，中国人的道德勇气，逐渐消失。凡有侠义精神的人，不是被讽刺为不懂“明哲保身”，就是被嘲弄为“好事之徒”。大家遂成了一堆软柿子，任凭当权分子想怎么捏，就怎么捏。 郭解没有资格称侠，因为侠义之士都有高贵的胸襟，容忍别人的冒犯，绝对不睚眦必报，郭解不过一个地头蛇而已，即令他有恶行，也不应付出全族被屠的代价。杀那位学生的事，十分可疑。固然可能是郭解的门客所为，也可能是郭解的仇家陷害。郭解即令应死，但不应死于这桩冤狱。 刘彻宠幸公孙弘，使人想到刘邦宠信陈平。不同的是，刘邦欣赏陈平的谋略。而刘彻只喜欢公孙弘“善体人意”。公孙弘可以毫无内疚的出卖他的朋友同僚，证明这个人不但工于谄媚，也工于毒计。轻淡的几句话，就破坏了法律尊严，使郭解全族化成一团血肉。“虽不知道，比他知道的罪更重。”不知道竟屠全族，知道又该如何处罚？正是“无罪不能无刑”，推演下来，民无噍类。 Ban Gu said: 古时候，天子为亲属建立封国，封国国君为高级知识分子（士大夫）建立家园，从部长级官员（卿）和国务官（大夫），直到平民，等级分明，所以人民乐于侍奉他的长官，在下位的人也不至于兴起夺取上位的念头。周王朝衰竭以来，礼仪的规定和军事行动，中央都不能干预，而由封国自己决定。春秋时代齐国国君姜小白（桓）、晋国国君姬重耳（文）之后，各封国的国务官（大夫），职位世袭，而国务官所属的家臣，也起来当权。到了战国时代，合纵南北抗秦同盟，跟连横东西和解阵线，互相斗争。各国王子：魏王国（首都大梁）信陵君魏无忌、赵王国（首都邯郸）平原君赵胜、齐王国（首都临淄）孟尝君田文、楚王国（首都陈丘）春申君黄歇，都凭借贵族的势力，互相比赛延揽侠义之士，甚至连鸡鸣狗盗之辈，都当做贵宾。而赵王国宰相（相）虞卿，抛弃他的国家和君王，去救助魏齐的危难（参考前二五九年）。魏无忌更偷窃虎符，假传命令，格杀元帅，用国家的军队，解救赵胜的危急（参考前二五八年）。他们都受到封国们的尊重，大名震动天下。紧扼手腕而谈侠义的，都以这四位王子作为榜样。于是，造成背弃公义、结党营私的形势。尽职守法，效忠君王的大义，也被废除。 西汉王朝兴起，法网宽疏，并没有加以改正。是以故赵国（首府邯郸）宰相陈豨，随从车队有千辆之多（参考前一九七年）。而吴王（首府广陵）刘濞、淮南王（首府寿春）刘安，他们的宾客，都以千为单位计算。皇亲国戚窦婴、田蚡等，互相效法，在首都招摇过市。影响所及，平民中的侠义之辈，像剧孟、郭解，在乡里中横冲直撞，权威伸展到政府，势力可以挫败三公王侯。大家羡慕他们的美名，希望向他们看齐。虽然身陷法网，却自认为是一种杀身成名的壮烈牺牲。可以媲美仲由、仇牧（仲由，春秋时代，卫国内乱，国君卫辄被逐，仲由进去保护，被叛军格杀。仇牧，也是春秋时代，宋国内乱，国君子捷被杀，仇牧奔赴营救，当面斥责叛将宋万，被杀），到死都不后悔。所以曾参说：“在上位的人没有能力治理国家，人民久已无依无靠。”除非圣明的君王，明白交代什么是善？什么是恶？用礼教熏陶。否则，人民怎么了解什么是正道，而去改正错误。 古代法令，无不堂堂正正，春秋时代的五霸（齐国姜小白、晋国姬重耳、秦国嬴任好、楚王国芈侣、吴王国吴光），是三王（夏王朝一任帝姒文命、商王朝一任帝子天乙、周王朝一任王姬发）的罪人；而战国时代六国（齐、楚、燕、赵、韩、魏），是五霸的罪人；而四位豪杰（魏无忌、田文、赵胜、黄歇），又是六国的罪人。何况郭解者流，以一个小民匹夫，却手握生死大权，罪不容诛。看他平日为人，温和善良，仁孝慈爱，别人困难时帮助，别人穷苦时救济，谦让恭谨，从不自夸，确实具有绝世的天资。可惜没有走上道德的正途，却去追求左道旁门，自己身死而全族被杀，活该如此，并不是不幸。 荀悦曰： 世界上有三“游”，都是伤害品德的奸贼，一是“游侠”，一是“游说”，一是“游行”。气壮势雄，作威作福，利用私情，结交党羽，以强梁的姿态立于世上，谓之“游侠”。口才流利，计谋层出不穷，奔驰天下，利用时势，图谋掌握权柄，谓之“游说”。和颜悦色，假冒善良，迎合时尚，暗中建立帮派，用尽方法扩大知名度，以博取权势与利益，谓之“游行”，这三种人，是灾变的根源。 损毁品德，伤害正道，败坏法令，迷惑人民，都是古代圣贤君王特别慎重面对的事。国家有四种人民——知识分子（士大夫）、农夫、工匠、商贾（音gu），各有各的行业。不从事这四种行业的人，就是奸民。必须灭绝奸民，王道才能完成。而这三“游”之所以兴起，都在王朝末期，而周王朝末期和秦王朝末期，更为兴盛。上位的人昏聩不明，下位的人行为邪恶，制度不能建立，纪律秩序全部废弛。认为赞扬就是荣耀，斥责就是侮辱，而不管对方批评得对不对；对所爱的人帮助他，对所憎恨的人打击他，而不管对方做得对不对；一高兴就赏，一不高兴就罚，也不管合不合事实。上下互相欺骗，国家大事遂陷于混乱，不可收拾。 谈论事情，先确定报酬多少，才开口说话。遴选推荐“贤良方正”人才，先考察谁亲近和谁疏远，然后动笔。大家异口同声，善恶就混淆不清；功罪难以辨别，法律就没有尊严。不能用仁义作为手段，去追寻利禄；也不能用道德的方法，去躲避灾害。所以，君子违背礼教，小人冒犯法律。奔走忙碌，超越正常制度和官员职责，华而不实，只求世俗之利。对父兄怠慢，对宾客却十分尊崇：对骨肉淡薄，对朋友却生死相许。不去修身养性，却盼望人们的称誉。甚至自己节俭饮食穿着，而招待朋友丰富的宴席。馈赠的礼物，塞满庭院，跟外界来往频繁，以致信差们在道路上常常碰面。私人的函件，比政府的公文书还多。私人的事情，远超过政府的公务。风俗习惯既然崇尚这种行为，治理国家的正常轨道，遂受到破坏。 在上位的圣明君主，治理国家，安抚人民，一定要建立制度的尊严，一定要根据善恶赏罚，而不在乎名声好坏。听到批评，应该探讨事实；听到称赞，应该考查行为；事实不符合声誉的，就是虚伪；行为跟说话不一样的，就是诈欺；诋毁和赞扬没有事实根据的，就是诬陷：言论距事实太远的，就是欺罔。虚伪诈欺的作风，不允许存在；诬陷欺罔的话，不可以听信。犯罪的人没有侥幸，无罪的人没有忧惧；走后门没有道路，行贿赂没有人接受。消灭华丽的场面，取缔浮滑的名声，禁止虚伪的辩论，杜绝不用到正道上的智慧。把百花齐放的乱糟糟思想，统一于圣人（孔丘）的大道。用仁爱恩惠培养，用礼仪圣乐训勉，则风俗习惯自然确立，而教化完成。 Bo Yang said: 荀悦对游侠下的定义，十分奇特。他认为：“诋毁或赞扬没有事实根据的，就是诬陷；言论距事实太远的，就是欺罔。”对于游侠，荀悦可是极尽诬陷欺罔。班固还指出侠义之士使人动容的特质：“平日为人，温和善良，仁孝慈爱，别人困难时帮助，别人穷苦时救济，谦让恭谨，从不自夸，确实具有绝世的天资。”侠义之士之获得人们膜拜者在此，荀悦却一手遮天，诟骂侠义之士：“以强梁的姿态立于世上，作威作福。”这不是一个正直的和负责任的态度。荀悦的目的不在使人们了解侠义的真相，而在蒙蔽侠义的真相。 司马迁在他的《史记》中，特列《游侠》一章，表达他对侠义的崇敬。这种崇敬的情操，来自他深刻体念到人生的艰难，对被迫害的辛酸，有痛彻肺腑的感受。当他被判处“宫刑”时，只要缴纳罚款，便可以救赎。可是，家庭贫穷