Chapter 11 4th century 40s BC (360-351 BC)

There is no record for this year. 1. Gongsun Yang of the Qin State (the capital of Liyang) has won the absolute trust of the monarch (the twenty-fifth Xiaogong) Ying Quliang, and is about to make drastic reforms. As expected, he is immediately opposed by the nobles with vested interests.Gongsun Yang said to Ying Quliang: "As far as an ordinary person is concerned, facing an important breakthrough, he may not be enthusiastic at the beginning. But when the rich results are presented, he must be very happy. A person with a truly noble character, Those who never go with the tide, and build unworldly achievements, never seek everyone's opinion. Therefore, the sages believe that as long as it can benefit the country, it is not necessary to follow the tradition." Senior official Qian Long objected: "I'm afraid it may not be true. Follow the traditional customs, follow the traditional laws and regulations, and deal with state affairs. The officials can be competent and the people will not be disturbed." Gongsun Yang said: "Ordinary people are used to the way they are used to. And the opinions of experts and scholars are often limited to the narrow field of knowledge of their own profession. These two kinds of people are excellent candidates for teaching them to follow the rules and deal with rigid affairs in their positions. But you can’t follow them Discuss big-picture policies, political platforms and policies. Wise people point out the direction, ordinary people implement it in practice. Wise people carry out reforms, and mediocre people cling to the status quo firmly and never let it go.” Ying Quliang resolutely said: “I listen to you It is." Awarded to Gongsun Yang's eleventh-level official, Zuo Shuzhang. (There are twenty official ranks in the state of Qin: the highest level is "Chehou", the second level is "Guanneihou", the third level is "Dashuchang", the fourth level is "Siche Shuchang", the fifth level is "Da Shangzao", the sixth level Level "Shao Shang Zao", seventh level "Right Geng", eighth level "Middle Geng", ninth level "Zuo Geng", tenth level "Right Shu Chang", eleven level "Zuo Shu Chang", twelfth level "Five "Doctor", 13th level "Public Cheng", 14th level "Public Doctor", 15th level "Official Doctor", 16th level "Doctor", 17th level "No Change", 18th level "Zan Niao", The nineteenth level is "Shangzao", and the lowest level is twenty "public servants". From the third level "Dashuchang" to the eleventh level "Zuoshuchang" than the nine ministers. From the twelfth level "Five Doctors" to the sixteenth level "Doctors" are all civilians in the army. From the seventeenth grade "Buchang" to the lowest twenty-level "public servant", they are all soldiers.)

The content of Gongsun Yang's reform is: organize the people, organize the ten families into a group, and supervise each other. If one family is guilty, the nine families will sit together.Encouraging whistleblowers and reporting criminal whistleblowers is the same feat as killing enemies on the battlefield.Those who fail to report or cover up crimes with knowledge will be punished the same as those who surrendered to the enemy before the battle.Those who have established military merits will receive rewards according to their ranks.Those who fight with each other without resorting to the government shall be punished according to the seriousness of the circumstances.Those who work hard in their professional positions, farmers and women, who are engaged in farming and textiles, and those who have excess production, will be exempted from taxes.Merchants and craftsmen engaged in petty profits, those who were trapped in poverty due to laziness, were confiscated by the whole family, and the men were slaves and the women were servants.If the royal relatives do not sacrifice their lives on the battlefield, they are all excluded from the royal relatives.The rank of nobility and official rank has a certain level of dignity and a certain order of promotion, and is allocated to farms, servants, maidservants, and clothing utensils of comparable status.Those who have done meritorious service to the country will be given glory.A wealthy family without meritorious deeds, no matter how much money they have, will have no brilliance.

Gongsun Yang considered that after the promulgation of the reform order, the people did not believe it to be true, so it might not be implemented.Therefore, at the south gate of the capital Liyang (Lintong County, Shaanxi Province), a three-foot-long wooden pole was erected, declaring: Whoever wants to move it to the north gate will give him two hundred and forty taels of gold (ten gold) remuneration.Everyone felt that this notice was ridiculous, so no one touched it.Gongsun Yang then increased the reward: "Give him one thousand two hundred taels." A guy thought that there was nothing to lose anyway, so he took it from the south gate to the north gate.Gongsun Yang really paid him 1,200 taels immediately.Therefore, a change of law was ordered.

More than a year after the reform began, people from all over the state of Qin went to the capital Yueyang (Lintong County, Shaanxi Province) to complain to the government about the shortcomings of the new law.At a time when public dissatisfaction was boiling and public opinion was in an uproar, Crown Prince Ying Si violated the new law. This was the key to the success or failure of the reform and the key to the rise and fall of Qin.Gongsun Yang resolutely said: "The main reason why the law loses its dignity is because the high-ranking powerful people destroy it. The prince is the crown prince and the legal heir of the monarch. He cannot be punished, but those who have the responsibility to teach the prince to abide by the law, We must take responsibility." So Yingqian, the prince's teacher, was arrested and his nose was cut off (劓死); and the royal teacher Gongsun Jia was arrested and tattooed on his face (黥死).The thunderous measures shocked the whole country.From the second day onwards, the people of Qin State immediately abided by the law and were cautious, and no one dared to rely on wealth or power to take risks.In ten years, the state of Qin became a powerful country. There were no thieves on the roads, no robbers on the mountains, and no one to pick up things that were accidentally lost.The people have the courage to join the army and fight against each other.The villages and towns are peaceful.Some people who attacked the reform at the beginning turned to praise the reform.Gongsun Yang said: "They are the people who violate the law." They were all exiled to the remote borders.From then on, no one in the state of Qin dared to discuss the rights and wrongs of the decrees.

Sima Guang said: Prestige is the king's greatest magic weapon.As far as the country is concerned, the people cannot be lost, and the prestige cannot be lost to the people.Without prestige, the people cannot be driven, and without the people, the country cannot be defended.In the past, the king did not deceive the world, and the overlord did not deceive his neighbors.A noble man in power who does not deceive the people.Excellent children do not deceive their relatives.But what a fool does is just the opposite.He deceived neighboring countries, deceived the people, even deceived his brothers and parents.The superiors didn't trust his subordinates, and the subordinates didn't trust his chief. They were suspicious and fearful, and finally suffered a crushing defeat.A small profit gained cannot heal wounds; a small benefit gained cannot make up for losses, which makes people sad.Historically, Jiang Xiaobai, the monarch of Qi State (the sixteenth Duke Huan), did not renege on his covenant with Cao Mo. (Qi State attacked Lu State, Lu State sought peace, and the two monarchs held a high-level meeting in Keyi. Cao Mo, the general of Lu State, attacked Jiang Xiaobai and forced Jiang Xiaobai to return the land that Qi State invaded Lu State with a dagger. , promised by Jiang Xiaobai.) Ji Chonger, the king of the state of Jin (the twenty-fourth Wengong), does not covet the land of Yuancheng (northwest of Jiyuan City, Henan Province). (Ji Chonger besieged Yuancheng, and ordered: "If you can't attack for three days, you can retreat." If you can't break through for three days, Ji Chonger sent troops, and the intelligence said: "The people in Yuancheng are about to surrender." The staff suggested: "We should garrison Wait for a change." Ji Chong'er said: "Although we got the original city, we lost our reputation, which will do us more damage." When the army retreated fifteen kilometers, Yuancheng announced its surrender).Wei Si, the king of the state of Wei (one term Marquis Wen), did not change his appointment with the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (Yu Ren) (Wei Si's affair, refer to 403 BC), and Ying Quliang was not stingy about moving a wooden stick as a reward.These four monarchs, although their methods of doing things are not as pure as the Confucian school politicians, Gongsun Yang is especially harsh.However, it was an era of great chaos. For the sake of purpose, one had to choose deception, but one still had to build up prestige in order to unite the hearts of the people. Let alone governing a peaceful and unified China?

2. Han Ruoshan, the monarch of South Korea (the capital of Xinzheng) (the fifth Yihou), passed away, and his son Zhaohou (unknown name) succeeded to the throne (the sixth term). 3. Huan Gong Tian Wu, the monarch of *Qi State (capital Linzi) (third term), passed away, and his son Tian Yinqi succeeded to the throne (fourth term). 1. The state of Qin (capital Liyang) defeated the South Korean army in Xishan (west of Xionger Mountain). (The west of the Yellow River and the east of Shaanxi Province are called "Hexi". There is Xiong'er Mountain in Yiyang County, Henan Province. The west of Xiong'er Mountain is called "Xishan", which is the territory of South Korea.)

1. Wei Guo (capital Anyi) and South Korea (capital Xinzheng) held a high-level meeting in Hancheng (north of Baixiang County, Hebei Province). 1. State Zhao (capital Handan) and Yan State (capital Jicheng) held a high-level meeting in Ayi (Dong'e County, Shandong Province). 2. State Zhao, State Qi (capital Linzi), State Song (capital Suiyang) held a high-level meeting in Pinglu (northwest of Wenshang County, Shandong Province). 1. The (fourth term) Tian Yinqi, the monarch of Qi State (capital Linzi), and the (third term) Wei Yu, the monarch of Wei State (capital Anyi), were hunting at the border.Wei Fu asked, "What national treasures do you have in Qi?" Tian Yinqi deliberately said, "No." Dazzling, pearls that can illuminate twelve cars. Qi is a big country, isn't it really the same?" Tian Yinqi said: "My definition of 'national treasure' is a little different from your definition of 'national treasure' It is different. Among the senior officials of the Qi State government, there is a Mr. Tanzi who guards the southern border city. The Chu Kingdom dare not invade. The twelve smaller feudal monarchs in the Sishui River Valley all come to Qi State to have an audience. There is also a Mr. Tian Pan, Guarding Gaotang (southwest of Yucheng City, Shandong Province), Zhao people dare not go fishing in the Yellow River. There is another Mr. Qianfu who guards Xuzhou (Dacheng County, Hebei Province). Yan people burn incense and pray at the north gate, and Zhao people burn incense and pray at the west gate , praying to allow them to immigrate to the happy land of Qi State, and finally took in more than 7,000 families. There is also a first-born student who serves as the police chief and is responsible for maintaining social order. .These four gentlemen, the light illuminates thousands of miles, not just a dozen cars." Wei Wei suddenly lost his mind.

2. Qin State (capital Liyang) monarch (twenty-fifth Xiaogong) Ying Quliang, Wei State (capital Anyi) monarch (third term) Wei Fu held a high-level meeting in Duping (Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province) . 3. Ji Fen, the monarch of the State of Lu (the capital of Qufu) (the thirty-second Duke), passed away, and his son Ji Mao succeeded him (the thirty-third), as Duke Kang. 1. State of Qin (capital Liyang) defeated the army of State Wei (capital Anyi) in Yuanli (south of Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province), killed more than 7,000 people, and occupied Shaoliang (southwest of Hancheng City, Shaanxi Province).

2. The king of Wei State (capital Anyi) (third term) Wei Wei aggressively attacked Zhao State (capital Handan) and encircled Handan (Handan City, Hebei Province). King Chu Kingdom (capital Yingdu) (19th Xuan Wang) Mi Liangfu , appointed Jingshe as the commander in chief, and led the army to rescue Zhao Guo. 1. Tian Yinqi, the ruler of the state of Qi (the capital of Linzi) (the fourth term), appointed Tian Ji as the commander of the expeditionary army, and led the army to reinforce the state of Zhao (the capital of Handan). Before that, two famous figures in history: Sun Bin from Qi State and Pang Juan from Wei State (capital Anyi) studied the art of war at the same time.Later, Pang Juan went to the State of Wei to seek a job as the commander-in-chief of the three armies. He thought that he was not as good as Sun Bin (to know that he was inferior to others, which is already superior to others, but it is a pity that he did not make good use of his intelligence), so he invited Sun Bin to the State of Wei (the capital of Anyi). ).Then, he was framed for a crime, Sun Bin's feet were cut off, and patterns were tattooed on Sun Bin's face (tattoo punishment), with the purpose of making Sun Bin discarded for life.It happened that when the envoy of the state of Qi was on a mission to the state of Wei, Sun Bin secretly asked to see him. The envoy of the state of Qi hid him in the diplomatic car and quietly carried him back.Tian Ji, the state official (doctor) of the Qi State, received him grandly, honored him as a guest, and recommended him to the monarch Tian Yinqi.After several conversations and asking for advice, Tian Yinqi also respected him very much and hired him as a royal teacher.

Now, Qi State decided to reinforce Zhao State, and Tian Yinqi appointed Sun Bin as the commander of the expeditionary army. Sun Bin thought that it might not be easy for a person who had been severely punished and physically disabled to quickly establish prestige.Therefore, Tian Yinqi sent Tian Ji as the commander-in-chief, and Sun Bin as the chief of staff (division), sitting in the caravan (no feet, no horses), strategizing. Tian Ji was about to lead his army straight to the state of Zhao. Sun Bin said, "If you want to persuade others to fight, you can't just take their weapons. When two people are fighting to the death, you can't stab them with guns or knives. Avoid the heat." If they go straight to the sore spot where the strong side must save, and create a situation where they can no longer fight, they will naturally stop. Now Wei Guo and Zhao Guo are fighting, and their elite troops are all cast on the battlefield, leaving behind Those in the country are old, weak and remnant soldiers. I suggest that the army should point directly at Daliang (Kaifeng City, Henan Province), the accompanying capital of Wei State, and destroy all roads and bridges. Wei Jun must return to the army to save himself. We can achieve two goals at the same time, and save Zhao State , and traumatized the State of Wei." Tian Ji accepted, and the army went deep into the border of the State of Wei.In October, the city of Handan (Handan City, Hebei Province) surrendered to the State of Wei.

Pang Juan received an emergency alert from the rear, retreated to intercept him, and marched to Guiling (northwest of Changyuan County, Henan Province), where he encountered the Qi army and was defeated by the Wei army. Bo Yang said: The original narrative is brief, but in fact the process is complex, including a famous story of selling friends for glory.Pang Juan and Sun Bin are both Guiguzi's disciples and best friends.Pang Juan left his teacher first and became a general of Wei State (the capital Anyi). At first, with pure friendship, he recommended Sun Bin to Wei Wei, the king of Wei State.However, Pang Juan soon discovered that Sun Bin's talents far surpassed his own, and he might be appreciated by the king and take his position away.Therefore, he ordered someone to report Sun Bin's treason, of course the evidence was conclusive, and then Pang Juan pleaded again and again in hypocrisy, and the monarch Wei Fu reluctantly pardoned Sun Bin's death, but still cut off his feet to prevent him from fleeing.From then on, Sun Bin could not walk, but could only crawl on the ground.Pang Juan didn't kill him because he wanted him to write the "Art of War" taught by Gui Guzi in his memory.Sun Bin thanked his old friend for saving his life, and of course he was willing to write it.But halfway through writing, when I found out the truth of being framed, I pretended to be crazy, laughed and laughed, and sometimes even ate shit.When Pang Juan's precautions were slightly relaxed, Sun Bin fled back to his homeland—Qi State (the capital Linzi), and was appointed as the chief of staff (military division) by Tian Ji, the highest military chief of Qi State. command. 2. South Korea (capital Xinzheng) attacked the Eastern Zhou government (capital Gong County) and occupied two villages, Lingguan (current location unknown) and Linqiu (current location unknown). (After the Zhou Dynasty was downgraded to the Zhou Kingdom, the territory became smaller and smaller. In the Warring States Period, there were only seven towns left: Wangcheng, Luoyang, Gucheng, Pingyin, Yanshi, Gongxian, and Gou. Huai, his younger brother Ji Jie, was sent to Wangcheng. In this small kingdom with only seven small towns, another independent government emerged. The Zhou Kingdom was split into two: Ji Jie's government was in the west, called " "Western Zhou Dynasty", but the leader was not called "king", at first he was called "jun", and later he was called "gong". At first it was called "Jun", and later it was also called "Gong". It was Gong County that South Korea attacked this year.) 3. The Kingdom of Chu (capital Yingdu) appointed Zhao Xixie as prime minister, and Jiang Yi warned Mi Liangfu, King of Chu (the 19th Xuan Wang): "There is a man who loves his dog very much, but that dog is dishonest. Urinated in the well. Neighbors saw it and planned to tell the owner, but the dog squatted at the door and bit him when he came. This is the reason why Zhao Xixie always prevents me from meeting you. And your way of observing people , It seems to be overcorrecting and going crazy. When someone praises others, you say: 'He is a gentleman!' Get close to him. When someone criticizes others, you say: 'He is a villain!' Stay away from him. So the problem comes out, Once your son kills your father and your subordinates kill your chief, you probably won’t know it for the rest of your life. Why? It’s just because you like hearing words that praise others, but don’t like hearing words that expose others’ evil deeds.” Mi Liangfu came to his senses and said, “You’re right. Yes, I will not refuse both kinds of words in the future." 1. Qin State (capital Liyang) Daliang made (the fifth level of Qin official) Gongsun Martingale, and led the army to attack Wei State (capital Anyi). 2. The allied forces of the feudal states surrounded Xiangling (Suixian County, Henan Province), which belonged to the State of Wei. 1. Gongsun Yang of the state of Qin (the capital of Liyang) attacked the state of Wei and surrounded Guyang (the current location is unknown), and Guyang surrendered. 2. The State of Wei returned Handan (Handan City, Hebei Province), the capital of the State of Zhao, which was occupied by the State of Zhao the year before last (353 years ago), and returned it to the State of Zhao. ) to conclude a peace treaty. 3. The government of South Korea (the capital Sinjeong) appointed Shin Buhae as prime minister. Shen Buhai was a low-level official of Zheng State (the capital of Xinzheng, died in South Korea, refer to 375 BC).Study Huang Lao (Huang: Huang Di Ji Xuanyuan, Lao: Li Er Zhuyou, alias "Lao Zi")'s knowledge, law and justice, and recommend it to the Korean monarch (sixth) Zhaohou (name unknown).Han Zhaohou appointed him as prime minister.Reforms were carried out in domestic affairs, and peace was sought in diplomacy. In fifteen years, Shinbuki survived and South Korea became a first-class power. Once, Shen Buhai recommended his cousin to be an official, but Han Zhaohou refused, and Shen Buhui was very upset.Han Zhaohou said: "I have learned the laws of governing the country from you. Now, should I accept your request and break the laws you set? Or abide by the laws you set and reject your request? You once taught me to strictly implement Rewards and punishments must be employed in order. But you give and receive privately. Tell me, what kind of words do you want me to listen to?" Shen Buhai pleaded guilty and said, "You are the real monarch I am looking forward to." Han Zhaohou had a pair of torn trousers, and he ordered them to be kept for safekeeping.The attendants said: "The leader is very stingy. He doesn't give it to those who serve him, but keeps it." Han Zhaohou said: "A wise monarch cherishes his frown and laughter. When he frowns, he must be dissatisfied with someone. When you frown, when you laugh, you must laugh to applaud others. A pair of ripped trousers is the same as frowning and laughing. I want to wait for rewards to those who have done something good for the country.”