Chapter 4 The second decade of the first century (10-19)

1. Spring, February, forgive the world. 2. The "Five Powerful Generals" (twelve people) of the New Dynasty (capital Chang'an) and the "Five Powerful Commanders" (60 people) who belonged to them, a total of 72 people, completed the tour mission (refer to last year), and returned to the capital Chang'an Return to life.The princes of the Western Han Dynasty who were conferred dukes all returned the duke’s seal and voluntarily demoted them to civilians. None of them dared to disobey the order, only Liu Jia (the great-great-grandson of Yan Wang Liu Dan, the old Guangyang King (the capital of Jixian County). Liu Dan was the son of Yan Gai. The protagonist of the chaos, refer to 80 years ago), because he presented the mysterious book of predictions (Fu Ming) to Wang Mang; Liu Min, the king of Lu (the capital of Lu County), presented the divine book; Presented auspiciousness, praised Wang Mang's merits and virtues, and was renamed Marquis.

Ban Gu said: In the past, the Zhou Dynasty divided the land and enfeoffed over 800 states, among which there were more than 50 people from families with the same surname.This is an important measure for loving relatives, respecting talents, and related to the rise and fall of the regime.Therefore, the root must be deeply planted, and the original must be strong so that outsiders cannot shake it.When it was strong, Ji Dan (Duke Zhou) and Ji Shi (Duke Zhao) ruled together, so that punishments disappeared; Couple, Wu Wuguang), jointly maintain social order, and think that the king of Zhou is the "co-lord" of the world.No matter how powerful the feudal kingdom is, it dare not offend.After more than 800 years, the kindness has been exhausted, and the time has come, before he was demoted to a commoner, but it was for the rest of his life.

The Qin Dynasty ridiculed the Three Dynasties (Xia, Shang and Zhou) and called themselves "Emperor".But the emperor's children, because they don't have titles and fiefs, are just ordinary people.In this regime, there are no blood relatives to assist, and no vassals to protect the country outside.Once Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rose up with sticks, and Gao Zu (the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty Liu Bang) and Xiang Yu followed up, the Qin Dynasty had to fall.So it is said: The Zhou Dynasty was too long to exceed the deadline, and the Qin Dynasty was too short to reach the deadline.The feudal situation caused this phenomenon.

When the Western Han Dynasty was first established, it was alerted that the reason for the collapse of the Qin Dynasty government was the isolation of the royal family.Therefore, the children of the Dafeng royal family established nine feudal states.From Yanmen County (Youyu County, Shanxi Province) in the west to Liaoyang (that is, Liaodong) in the east, there are Dai State (the capital Jinyang) and Yan State (the capital Jixian).In the south of Changshan (Hengshan·Northwest of Quyang County, Hebei Province), and east of Taihang Mountain, across the Yellow River, Jishui (now submerged), until the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, there are Qi State (capital Linzi) and Zhao State (capital Handan).To the south of Gushui and Surabaya, Guishan and Mengshan (the two mountains are located in the northeast of Pingyi County, Shandong Province), there are Liang State (capital Dingtao) and Chu State (capital Pengcheng).In the east, beside the Yangtze River, Taihu Lake, and Kuaiji Mountain (south of Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province), there are Jing State (capital Wu County) and Wu State (capital Guangling. The predecessor of Wu State was Jing State).To the north is the Huaihe River, Lushan Mountain (south of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province), Hengshan Mountain (Huoshan Mountain in the southwest of Huoshan County, Anhui Province), and Huainan State (capital Shoutai).Down the Han River, along Jiuyi Mountain (south of Ningyuan County, Hunan Province), there is Changsha Kingdom (the capital is Linxiang).The borders of each feudal country are connected, surrounding the east, north, and south borders.It borders the Hun Khanate in the north (the royal court is located in Harhelin City, Mongolia), etc., and borders the Nanyue Kingdom (capital Panyu) in the south.The areas directly controlled by the emperor included Sanhe County (Hedong County, Henan County, and Hanoi County), Dong County (southwest of Puyang City, Henan Province), Yingchuan County (Yuzhou City, Henan Province), and Nanyang County (Nanyang City, Henan Province).From Jiangling (Jiangling County, Hubei Province) in the east to Bajun (Chongqing City) and Shujun (Chengdu City, Sichuan Province) in the west.From Yunzhong County (Toketuo County, Inner Mongolia) in the north to Longxi County (Lintao County, Gansu Province) in the south, plus the capital Chang'an Special City and Gyeonggi, there are fifteen counties in total, and the fiefs of princesses and marquises are also distributed in ten Within the five counties.

At that time, the large feudal state was as large as several states and counties, and there were dozens of important towns. The palace and feudal government system were almost identical to those of the central government.For the Qin Dynasty, it can be said that it was overkill.Gao Zu (Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) founded Daye, and was so busy every day that he didn't even have time to eat.Emperor Hui (the second Liu Ying) reigned too short (only eight years). However, Lu Zhi presided over the government as the hostess, and the whole country was peaceful, and there was no danger of rebellion.After the death of Lu Zhi, the senior officials worked together to finally destroy the conspiracy of the Lu family and complete the prosperity of Emperor Wen (the fifth Liu Heng), all thanks to these feudal states.

However, the monarch of the feudal country is originally the last stream of the royal family. If the last stream is too excessive, it will overflow and cause disasters.The small Yan violated the laws of the country, and the big Yan conspired to rebel. As a result, he killed himself and the state was removed.Therefore, Emperor Wen (Liu Heng, the fifth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) divided Qi and Zhao (refer to 178 and 164 BC), and Emperor Jing (Liu Qi, the sixth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) cut Wu and Chu (refer to In 154 BC, Emperor Wu (Liu Che, the seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) even promulgated the "Tweeting Order" (refer to 127 BC), which made the feudal state collapse on its own.Since then, Qi State has been divided into seven states (Qi State, Chengyang State, Jibei State, Jinan State, Suichuan State, Jiaoxi State, and Jiaodong State), and Zhao State has been divided into six states (Zhao State, Qinghe State, Changshan State, Zhongshan State, Guangchuan State, Hejian State), Liang State was divided into five states (Liang State, Jichuan State, Jidong State, Shanyang State, Jiyin State), Huainan State was divided into three states (Huainan State, Hengshan State , Lujiang country).

When the prince was crowned prince, only a dozen or so towns were enshrined in the country.Although Changsha Kingdom, Yan Kingdom, and Dai Kingdom still had the old names, they were no longer adjacent to the barbarians in the north and south (after the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, each county was entrusted to the state, and except for the county where the capital was located, the rest of the counties were returned to the central jurisdiction. After the three border states were returned to the border counties, they no longer had contact with the border).After the Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms (refer to 154 years ago), Emperor Jing even belittled the status of the prince, deprived the power of the feudal state, and reduced the staffing of the feudal state government (such as "Prime Minister" was renamed "President", and the Supreme Inspector General and Judicial Officer of the feudal state were abolished. , Palace Supply Officer, Royal Family Affairs Officer, Research Officer; reduce the number of State Officers, Palace Protocol Officers, etc.).

In the era of Emperor Wu, Liu Ci, the king of Hengshan, and Liu An, the king of Huainan, conspired against each other (refer to 124 years ago and 122 years ago), so the central government promulgated the "Regulations on the Appointment of Officials of the Fengguo" (Zuoguan Law), and formulated the "Friendship and Afu Fengguo The Crown Offenses Act (Benefits Act).The power of the feudal monarch is weakening day by day, and the only enjoyment is that the taxation of the fief is completely alienated from politics.In the era of Emperor Ai (Liu Xin, the thirteenth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) and Emperor Ping (Liu Jizi, the fourteenth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty), the rulers of the feudal states were all descendants of Miao descendants, and the blood and family relationship with the emperor became more and more alienated.He grew up in a closed royal palace and was not respected by the people. In fact, he was just a local rich man.In particular, the reign of the central kings was so short, and three consecutive generations (the twelfth Liu Ao, the thirteenth Liu Xin, and the fourteenth Liu Jizi) had no heirs.Wang Mang deeply understood that the royal family surnamed Liu had been paralyzed, and that no matter the root or the end, they were equally vulnerable. That's why he was unscrupulous and suddenly became ambitious. On the Luanbao Hall, domineering.Without going down the steps, all the power of the Western Han Dynasty was seized.

After the conspiracy was completed, Wang Mang officially proclaimed himself emperor, ascended the throne facing the south, and dispatched officials of the "five mighty generals" to travel all over the world to display documents such as auspiciousness and mysterious prophecies.In the Western Han Dynasty, the rulers of the feudal state—the princely princes—knocked their heads to the ground one by one, and presented their seal letters with both hands, lest the new dynasty might suspect that he presented it too late.Some even sing praises and flatter Wang Mang, how can we not be sad!

Bo Yang said: Once any dynasty falls, future generations can find out 10,000 reasons for its fall.Even happy music can be the culprit.However, the facts are all there, and there is only one main reason for the downfall, and that is the king's stupidity.Stupidity causes decay, and rottenness causes the death of the nerve center.A regime does not collapse with one death knell, but keeps on knocking, one after another, each more mournful than the last, until the final knock is all over.Only the leaders themselves have the ability to strike their own death knell. The death knells were all struck by themselves. The Zhou Dynasty perished due to the faint ruler, the Qin Dynasty perished due to the tyrant, and the Western Han Dynasty perished due to the self-digging of Liu Ao and Liu Xin.It has nothing to do with whether there is a feudal system.The Zhou Dynasty had feudalism, and the Qin Dynasty also perished without feudalism, which is enough to prove that the status of feudalism is not important.The feudalism of the Western Han Dynasty contributed little except for causing the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion and the loss of tens of millions of people.However, discussions have always revolved around this issue—for more than a thousand years, almost every emerging regime in the future has been chattering about it.

The only way to protect the regime is to keep those in power always in a state of rational sobriety.Like Ying Huhai, who used a steel knife to slash his feet, hands, and head, and finally stabbed the sharp blade into his heart fiercely. Whether there is feudalism or not, the ending is the same. 3. Liu Xiu (Liu Xin), the national teacher (the third of the fourth assistant), stated: "The Zhou Dynasty had economic officials (officials in the Quanfu), who purchased products that the people could not sell and supplied goods that the people lacked, that is to say, : 'When money and products are distributed fairly, the people will not break the law.'” Wang Mang issued an edict: "There is a record of the payment on credit in "Zhou Li", and the establishment of material adjustment officers (five averages) in "Le Yu" has jurisdiction. Now, set up an economic officer (Quanfu) and a material adjustment officer ( Five equals), distributed to various places, the purpose is to help the common people and restrain the embezzlement and annexation of the rich.” Therefore, in Chang'an, the capital, as well as Luoyang (East of Dongbaima Temple, Luoyang City, Henan Province), Handan (Handan City, Hebei Province), Linzi (East Linzi Town, Zibo City, Shandong Province), Wan County (Nanming City, Henan Province), Chengdu (Chengdu City, Sichuan Province), set up a material adjustment officer (Wujunsi City) and an economic officer (Qianfu official. Due to the establishment of a material adjustment officer and an economic officer, it can be seen that from the second century BC to the first century AD more than two hundred years time, the economically important position of China's six metropolises).In the second month of each season (February, May, August, and November), the material adjustment officer will evaluate the prices and set the prices of "upper", "middle" and "lower", and keep it of stability.The extra grain, cloth, silk, cotton wadding, etc. that cannot be sold by the people are purchased according to the cost after the material adjustment officer investigates and finds that it is true.Once the price rises to more than one-tenth of the market price, the material regulator will sell it at the assessed price.If the price is lower than the assessed price, the people can freely buy and sell trade.If the people lack funds, they will be loaned by the economic officer with a monthly interest of 3%. According to the provisions of the ancient book "Zhou Guan", the new government: the landlord does not cultivate the land, and leaves it barren, which is called "not planting", and punishes three people's taxes.Those who do not plant trees in the houses in the city are called "no hair", and they will be punished with cloth for three people.The people are idle and have nothing to do, and they are punished with a piece of cotton cloth.Those who are poor and unable to pay for the cloth should work for the government, and the local government will pay him wages.Workers in gold mines, silver mines, lead mines, and tin mines; hunters and fishermen who catch birds, animals, fish and turtles; technicians who raise silkworms, mulberry, weaving, and sewing; Professionals such as priests all have to declare their total profit income, and the local government deducts costs, and collects one-tenth of the net profit as income tax.Those who refuse to declare or make false declarations shall have all their assets confiscated and be sentenced to serve as a government servant for one year. Lu Kuang, Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (Xihe), invited the government to monopolize alcohol, and Wang Mang approved (opening wine sales, refer to July 1981).It also ordered that people be prohibited from carrying weapons, and those who violated the law were exiled to Xihai County (Haiyan County, Qinghai Province, east to the capital Chang'an, with an air distance of 750 kilometers). 4. At first, Wang Mang issued four restrictions on the handling of surrenders to the Xiongnu Khanate (Kharhelin City, Mongolia) (1. The Han people fled to the Huns; 2. The Wusun people fled to the Huns; 3. The countries in the Western Regions accepted Officials appointed by the imperial court to flee to the Xiongnu. Fourth, the Wuhuan people fled to the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu should not accept it. Refer to the second year).Later, the Wuhuan security commander (envoy protecting Wuhuan) informed the tribes of Wuhuan (the upper reaches of the Xiliao River in Inner Mongolia) not to pay tribute to the Xiongnu Khanate for animal skins and cloth. Shanyu Maodun defeated Shanyu, and he surrendered immediately, and paid tribute to animal skins and cotton cloth every year. After the time limit, the Xiongnu would captive Wuhuan women in return), the Xiongnu sent people to urge Wuhuan to pay tribute, and arrested the chiefs and important officials of the Wuhuan tribe. The binding is strong, head down and feet up, hanging upside down.The Wuhuan tribe was very angry, and they attacked and killed the envoys of the Huns. The Xiongnu Khanate got the news that the leader of Zuo Xianwang's corps drove into Wuhuan, launched a revenge attack, killed the people and livestock, and kidnapped more than a thousand women and children, leaving them in the eastern region.He told Wuhuan, "Take oxen, horses, animal skins and cloth to redeem!" The Wuhuan tribe sent all the oxen, horses, animal skins and cloth, and the Xiongnu accepted them all.But there was no mention of sending prisoners. Later, "Five Powerful Generals" Wang Jun and six others arrived in the Xiongnu, gave a very heavy gift, and made a briefing on the event that the new dynasty replaced the Western Han Dynasty, saying that they would come to replace Shan Yu's seal.The seal of the Western Han Dynasty is: "Xiongnu Shanyuxi", and the seal of the new dynasty is "New Xiongnu Shanyuzhang".The new seal letter was handed over to Wu Zhuliu Ruoda Shanyu (Eighteenth Office) Tongda Zhi (Tongda Nangzhi Yasi), and asked to return the old seal of the Western Han Dynasty.I thank you and accept the imperial edict.The interpreter stepped forward, ready to untie the ribbon of the seal letter from Tong Dazhi's body, and Tong Dazhi raised his arm calmly.However, Zuoguxi Hou Suodasu interjected and said: "You should not hand over the old seal until you see the new one." Suodazhi then did not allow the translator to untie the ribbon, and only invited the envoy to sit down. Pour wine and bless.General Wuwei said: "At this time, the old seal should be handed back." Zhuanzhi said, "That's right." Then he raised his arm and asked the translator to untie it. When it comes to the seal, don't give it to them for the time being." Zhuanzhi said, "What's the matter? How could the seal change?" Then he handed back the old seal.After Wuwei received it, he handed over the new seal to Suo Tanzhi.The new printed bag was in the gorgeous decoration, and I didn't open it for inspection immediately, and then the cups and plates were staggered, drinking until midnight, and we broke up happily. Chen Rao, the commander-in-chief of the five mighty generals, said to everyone: "A moment ago, Marquis Suodasu of Zuo Guxi had doubts about the seal, which almost made Chanyu refuse to hand it over. Now when they go back and find that the seal has changed, they must demand the old seal. The seal, relying on our explanation, I'm afraid it can't be stopped. The old seal has already been obtained, but losing it will insult our mission. In my opinion, it is better to smash the old seal, which is the most effective way to eradicate the root of the disaster." Wu Wei The generals hesitated and feared, and did not dare to make a decision.Chen Rao was a strong man of Yan State (referring to the northern part of Hebei Province). He was decisive and brave, and immediately smashed the old seal with a giant axe. The next day, when Shan Yu knew, he sent the captain of the right wing (You Guduhou) to ask: "The seal letter sent to us by the government of the Western Han Dynasty is a 'Xi', not a 'Zhang', and there is no "Han" characters. Officials below Wang Jue only added the "Han" characters and used "Zhang". Now, not only the "Xi" is changed to "Zhang", but also the word "New" is added, so that Shanyu and There is no difference between subjects, and we hope to use our old seal." General Wuwei showed him the damaged old seal and explained: "The new dynasty follows the destiny and formulates a new seal. The old seal comes from After it was handed back to us, no one touched it, but it was destroyed by itself. Shanyu should accept the will of heaven and follow the new dynasty system." You should report back when you go back.Knowing that the matter has come to this, he has no choice but to surrender, and he is greedy for the rich rewards of the new dynasty.He sent his younger brother, Youxian King Suoyu, with horses and cattle as a tribute, and followed the generals of Wuwei to the new dynasty to express his gratitude.However, he still wrote to the new government, requesting that the old seal be reused. On his way back home, General Wuwei passed through the area under the jurisdiction of King Suodaxian of Zuoli. He saw so many Wuhuan people, so he asked him, and Suodaxian reported what had happened.General Wuwei said: "In the past, the central government imposed four restrictions on the Hun Khanate, one of which was that it was not acceptable for the Wuhuan people to flee. Please send them back." Shan Yu exchanged opinions in secret, and Shan Yu ordered me to come down, and I will obey the orders." Zhuangxian asked, "Send them back from inside the Great Wall, or send them back from outside the Great Wall?" General Wuwei dared not dare Decide, ask for instructions.Wang Mang issued an edict: "Send it back outside the Great Wall." Wang Mang conferred the title of viscount on all the five prestige generals who were envoys to the Huns;Only Chen Rao was granted the title of Viscount Weide for his contribution to destroying the seal of the Western Han Dynasty. The Xiongnu Shanyu Shuanzhi had previously rejected Xiahou Fan's request to cede land (refer to the first eight years).Later, in order to recover the tribute of animal skins and cloth from the Wuhuan tribe (the upper reaches of the Xiliao River in Inner Mongolia), they attacked and plundered Wuhuan.The diplomatic relations between Han and Hungary have cracked.When the seal was changed, from "Xi" to "Zhang", I felt even more resentment towards the new dynasty.Therefore, more than ten people, including Pu Hulu, the director of the Western Military Region (You Daqiequ), led 10,000 cavalry, claiming to escort the Wuhuan captives back to the country, and built fortifications outside the frontier fortress in Shuofang County (the south bank of the North Yellow River in Hangjin Banner, Inner Mongolia).Shuofang county magistrate (prefect) reported to the central government. Wang Mang appointed Guangxin Gong Zhenfeng as the "Governor of Western China" (Uncle You) to go to the Western Regions (Xinjiang and eastern Central Asia).The Queen of Cheshi (south of Jimsar County, Xinjiang) had to leave, and after hearing the news, he was worried about the huge expenses sent to us.He planned to give up the throne and flee to the Huns.The Governor of the Western Regions (Guardian. The Governor's Mansion has set up Wulei City) Danqin, the call must be removed and executed.Xu Zhili's elder brother, Hou Hu Lanzhi, led Xu Zhili's direct troops to flee to the Xiongnu.The Xiongnu Shanyu Suozhi accepted it, and sent troops to attack the chariot division with the Hulan branch allied force, beheading the chariot division Houguo (capital Wutu Valley) Wangcheng commander (post city chief), and wounding the military and political officer (Sima) of the Governor's Mansion of the Western Regions , and retreat. At that time, Commander Wuji (Lieutenant Wuji) was suffering from illness.Commander Secretary (History) Chen Liang, Final Dai, Staff Secretary (Sima Cheng) Han Xuan, Western Defense Officer (You Quhou) Ren Shang discussed together and said: "Some countries in the Western Regions have begun to rebel. But the Xiongnu continued to invade , we are facing a dead end. It is better to kill the commander (Diao Hu) and others, and lead his subordinates to surrender to the Xiongnu." So, Zhan Diao Hu and his sons and brothers threatened all civil and military officials and their families, men and women, about 2,000 people, defected to the Huns.The Xiongnu appointed Chen Liang and Zhongdai to be the commanders of Wuben militia (Wuben Duwei). In winter, in November, General Liguo (third of the four generals) Sun Jianzuo said: "On September Xinjiri (September Guisishuo, there is no Xinsi), Chen Liang and Zhongdai called themselves 'General Abandoned Han', Fleeing into the Xiongnu. On the twelfth day of this month (November), a man broke out from somewhere, stopped my army, and said: "I am Liu Ziyu, the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Cheng (the twelfth ruler of the Western Han Dynasty) Emperor Liu Ao)’s concubine’s son. The Liu family is about to ascend the throne again, so go and vacate the palace.’ At that time, the man was arrested. He was originally from Chang’an, the capital. His surname was Wu and his name was Zhong. Therefore, I think: the sacrificial temples of the kings of the Western Han Dynasty should not remain in Chang'an City; and the Liu family should be abandoned at the same time as the Western Han Dynasty. An Zhonghou, Liu Chong, and others gathered together to rebel (refer to six years). Some careerists, local ruffians, and the like, pretended to be the demise of the Western Han Dynasty, and plunged the family into a tragic situation of massacre. The reason why they still cannot be extinct is that His Majesty did not eradicate them early. Their hope. I suggest that all the sacrificial temples of the kings of the Western Han Dynasty in the capital (Chang’an) should be abolished. And those officials with the surname Liu in the government should all be dismissed and taught to go home separately.” Wang Mang approved, and issued an edict saying: "Jiaxin Gong, the national teacher (the third of the four assistants) Liu Xiu (Liu Xin), should be my 'four assistants' in response to the mysterious auspicious prophecy (Fu Ming). Liu Gong, the Marquis of Mingde Thirty-two people, including Liu Jia, the Marquis of Rites, all deeply understand that the fate of destiny returns, or present documents, or present auspicious auspiciousness, or capture rebels, and make great achievements. Anyone with the same grandfather as these thirty-two people with the surname Liu, no I will dismiss you and give them the surname 'Wang'." Only Duke Jiaxin and State Teacher Liu Xiu did not need to change their surnames because their daughter Liu Yin married Crown Prince Wang Lin. 5. Ms. Wang, the Queen Mother of Duke Ding'an (Wang Mang's daughter), since the fall of the Western Han Dynasty, often complained of illness and did not go to see her father Wang Mang.Not yet 20 years old (this year, Ms. Wang is 19 years old), Wang Mang respected and pitied this daughter, and planned to choose another marriage for her, so he canceled the title of Queen Mother Ding'an and changed her name to Princess Huanghuang (head of the Huanghuang family). ), indicating a complete break with the Western Han Dynasty.He ordered Sun Jian's son to dress up deliberately, and accompanied the imperial doctor to greet him.When the princess found out what she wanted to do, she became furious and whipped her left and right maids (blaming them for not reporting to see each other). In her rage, she was really sick and refused to get up.Therefore, Wang Mang did not dare to force him any more. 6. In December, there is thunder (thunder in winter in the north is an abnormal phenomenon. Since the new dynasty regards December as the first month of the year, this month should belong to the next year). 7. Relying on the rich treasury, Wang Mang intended to show his country's prestige on the Huns Khanate, so he changed the name of "Xiongnu Shanyu" to "Subdue Yu", and issued an edict to crusade.General Liguo (third of the four generals) Sun Jian and others were sent to lead 12 generals to leave Wuyuan County (Baotou City, Inner Mongolia) separately: Miao Mao, commander of the Wuwei Corps, and Wang Kuang, commander of the Huben Corps.Chen Qin, Commander of the Disgusting Corps, and Wang Xun, Commander of the Zhendi Corps, came out of Yunzhong County (Toketuo County, Inner Mongolia).Wang Jia, commander of the Zhenwu Corps, and Wang Meng, commander of the Pingdi Corps, left Dai County (Yu County, Hebei Province).Li Wei (sound chen), commander of the Xiangwei Corps, and Li Weng, commander of the Zhenyuan Corps, left Xihe County (southwest of Zhungeer Banner, Inner Mongolia).Yang Jun, the commander of the Raccoon Corps, and Yan You (濊, hui), the commander of the raccoon, left Yuyang County (Miyun County, Beijing).Wang Jun, commander of the Fenwu Corps, and Wang Yan, commander of the Dinghu Corps, left Zhangye County (Zhangye City, Gansu Province). In addition to twelve corps commanders (generals), there are 180 other corps deputy commanders (pian) and corps commanders (pi).Recruit prisoners, young people, and soldiers from all over the world, about 300,000 people.Domestic logistical support will begin immediately.Military uniforms, leather jackets, weapons, grain, and fodder were transported directly from the Yangtze River and Huaihe River to the northern frontier.Government officials traveled back and forth in a stagecoach, supervising and urging them, using harsh methods, and doing everything according to wartime military law (the term "military law enforcement" means execution).The recruited troops, who arrive at the designated area first, are temporarily stationed.After all the preparations are assembled, they will be dispatched at the same time.The goal of the battle is to pursue the Xiongnu Shanyu Shuanzhi, and chase them to the Dingling tribe (on the shore of Lake Baikal in Siberia).It is planned to divide the Xiongnu into fifteen small khanates, and find fifteen descendants of Huhanxie Shanyu (the fourteenth term) Suoji Houzha, who will be the Shanyu of the fifteen small Huns khanates. 8. People are unwilling to use the coins issued by the new government.Wang Mang issued an edict and said: "If the denomination of money is too large (too heavy), it cannot handle small transactions. If the denomination of coins is too small (too light), it will be difficult to carry. It is light in size and heavy, and it is convenient to use if it is properly issued. , the people must be happy to use it.” Therefore, six kinds of "treasure coins" were cast: gold coins, silver coins, turtle coins, shell coins, coins, and cloth coins.Among them, "coins" are divided into six types (1) six cents in diameter, one baht in weight, engraved: "Small money is worth one." , weight five baht, engraved: "small money twenty." (4) nine cents in diameter, seven baht in weight, engraved: "middle money thirty." "In addition to the "big money fifty" that is currently circulating on the market, there are six types in total). A "gold coin". "Silver coins" are further divided into two types (1) Zhu Tiyin, which weighs eight taels and is worth 1,580 coins. (2) Other miscellaneous silvers also weigh eight taels, but are only worth one thousand coins. There are high-quality silver mines in Ludian County of the province. Because Wang Mang officially used it in this imperial edict, people later used it as another name for silver coins). "Turtle coins" are further divided into four types (1) Yuan turtle coins, one foot and two inches wide, worth 2,611 coins. (2) Male turtle coins, nine inches wide, worth 500 coins. (3) Hou turtle coins, More than seven inches wide, worth three hundred renminbi. (4) Turtle coins, more than five inches wide, worth one hundred renminbi). "Shell coins" are further divided into five types (1) large shells, more than four inches and eight fen in width, two called "a pair", and a pair is worth two hundred and sixteen coins. (2) strong shells, more than three inches and six fen in width , a pair is worth fifty yuan. (3) Yao shells, more than two inches and four cents in width, are worth thirty yuan in a pair. (4) Small purple shells, more than one inch and two cents, and a pair is worth ten cents. (5) The width is less than one inch and two cents, no Take a pair as a unit, and take a unit as a unit, each worth three coins). "Cloth coins" are further divided into ten types (cloth coins are not money made of cloth, but money made of copper. ⑴ Big cloth coins. ⑵ Second cloth coins. ⑶ Brother cloth coins. ⑷ Strong cloth coins. ⑤ Medium cloth coins ⑹ poor cloth coins. ⑺ thick cloth coins. ⑻ young cloth coins. ⑼ unitary cloth coins. "Small cloth coins" are more than one cent long and one baht more in weight, and worth one hundred more. "Big cloth coins" are two inches and four cents in length, one tael in weight, and worth one thousand renminbi).In total, there are five types of currency (gold, silver, copper, turtle, and shellfish), and six names (gold coin, silver coin, coin, cloth coin, turtle coin, shellfish coin), and 28 kinds of currency values ​​(referring to the above-mentioned currency). "Coins" and "cloth coins" are all made of copper, mixed with tin and lead.Because there are too many types of currency values, people's lives are in chaos, and economic activities have almost disappeared.The currency is completely non-functional and no one wants to use it. Knowing the people's reaction, the new government decreed that only two types should be kept: "a small coin is worth one" and "a big coin is worth fifty".Turtle coins, shell coins, cloth coins, all stopped.However, the act of stealing casting cannot be banned.The new government increased the punishment: one family stole the casting, and five families were seated together; the population of six families was all confiscated by the government, and the men were slaves and the women were maidservants.Regardless of officials or civilians, when traveling, the amount of money they take with them must be indicated on the pass.Those who do not indicate the amount of money on the pass will be refused to take in the Yanbei hostel, and the checkpoints will be even more difficult.Wang Mang ordered that senior officials below the Sangong should submit this document for inspection when they enter the palace to meet, in order to show its importance to the world.As a result, the people complained everywhere, and they all missed the five baht coins in the Western Han Dynasty.Due to the confusion of the currency system in the new dynasty, there are big and small, which is not easy to distinguish.But more importantly, it is constantly changing, the people have no confidence, and the five baht money of the Western Han Dynasty is still secretly used in the market. There are many rumors, and everyone believes that the big money will be abolished soon.As a result, no one is willing to accept it, let alone store it. Wang Mang was deeply troubled, and then issued an edict: "Anyone who carries five baht money and spreads rumors about large amounts of money will be abolished, and will be exiled to the wilderness of the Quartet for the crime of 'slandering the pound well field system'." Those who "steal and mint coins" include the monarch of the country, ministerial officials of the government, and ordinary people.The result was that farmers lost their fields, merchants lost their markets, and the national economy collapsed.The people have neither food nor money, and they are homeless, wandering by the side of the road and weeping, begging for heaven's answer. 9. When Wang Mang usurped the power of the Western Han Dynasty, the officials and small people scrambled to present mysterious prophecies (fuming), and they were all made marquises.Some people who did not engage in such activities humorously said to each other: "Why didn't you receive the letter from the gods?" Chen Chongzuo, Minister of Public Security (Si Ming), said: "This will open up opportunities for treacherous officials to do their best. The chaotic destiny should be eradicated at its source." Wang Mang had achieved his goal, and was tired of these mysterious prophecies, so he sent Zhao Bing, the deputy director of the Palace Secretarial Office (Shangshu doctor), to review all mysterious prophecies that did not belong to the five powerful generals. It is prophesied that those who spread the word will be arrested and sent to prison. In the beginning, Da Sikong (the third of the three lords), General Gengshi (one of the four generals) Zhen Feng, Guoshi (the third of the four assistants) Liu Xiu (Liu Xin), Zuo Fu (this is the official title of the Western Han Dynasty, the new dynasty has been revoked), Taishi (one of the four assistants) Wang Shun; they are all Wang Mang's confidantes, and they launched a call to sing praises to Wang Mang. Titles such as "An Han Gong" and "Zai Heng", as well as Feng Wang Mang's mother and two sons and nephews, all stem from the design of this tail wagging system.And in this tail-wagging operation, Zhen Feng, Wang Shun, and Liu Xiu also gained wealth.However, their purpose was not to lift Wang Mang to the throne. The suggestion of the Emperor Regent (Jushe) was based on another tail wagging system—Liu Qing, Marquis of Quanling, Xie Xiao from North Chang'an City (formerly Huiguang), and Tian Zhongshu, the magistrate (ling) of Chang'an County.At that time, Wang Mang's feathers were full and he was eager to act as the emperor, so Zhen Feng had no choice but to follow his wishes and help to complete it.In return, Wang Mang promoted the sons of Zhen Feng, Wang Shun, and Liu Xiu to ranks. Zhen Feng and others have reached the peak of their titles, their official positions have also reached their peak, and they are satisfied; but they are deeply afraid of the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty and the heroes of the world.On the contrary, ambitious people (referring to mourning chapters, etc.) who are estranged from friendship but trying to climb up continue to present mysterious prophecies.Wang Mang immediately seized the opportunity and sat on the throne.Wang Shun and Liu Xiu began to fear in their hearts.Zhen Feng has an upright personality. Wang Mang found that he was unhappy, so under the pretense of a mysterious prophecy, he ordered Zhen Feng to be the general of Gengshi, and he was lined up with Wang Sheng (former general, fourth of the four generals) who sold sesame seed cakes.Zhen Feng and his son Zhen Xun have been silent all the time, not expressing anything.At that time, Zhen Xun served as a court attendant (servant), the special mayor of the capital Chang'an (Jing Zhao Dayin), and was granted the title of Marquis Maode.Taking advantage of Wang Mang's weakness, Zhen Xun also made some mysterious prophecies, pointing out that the new dynasty should be like the Zhou Dynasty, with Shan County (Sanmenxia City, Henan Province) as the middle line, dividing the Central Plains into two, and setting up a governor in each of the east and west. Appoint Zhenfeng as the governor of the west (Uncle You), and Taifu (second of the fourth assistant) Ping Yan as the governor of the East (Bo Zuo), just like the previous examples of Ji Dan and Ji Shi (when the Zhou Dynasty was first established, Shanyi was the middle line, The east is presided over by Ji Dan, and the west is presided over by Ji Shi).Wang Mang agreed angrily, and appointed Zhen Feng as the governor of the west.Zhen Feng set off to take office only after he had an audience with the emperor.And during this waiting period, Zhen Xun reaped the sweetness, so he made a second mysterious prophecy, pointing out that Princess Huang Huang (the head of the Huang Huang family) should marry Zhen Xun as his wife. Wang Mang gained power completely by deceit. He always suspected that the senior officials were dissatisfied and might complain about slander. He was planning to use violent means to suppress it, so he seized the opportunity and roared: "Princess Huanghuang is a model of mothers in the world. What are you talking about!" Zhen Xun was ordered to be arrested.Zhen Xun fled, but his father, Zhen Feng, knew that the disaster was approaching and committed suicide.Zhen Xun fled to Mount Hua (south of Huayin City, Shaanxi Province) with a magician.After more than a year of hunting, he was finally captured. During the interrogation, Liu Xiu's son, Longwei Hou Liu Fen, Liu Fen's younger brother, the director of the West Chamber of the Palace Secretariat (Cao You), and the Changshui Foreign Corps were involved. The commander (Lieutenant Changshui) attacked Liu Yong, the captive marquis, and also involved the younger brother of Da Sima (the second of the three princes) Wang Yi, the defense commander of Hangu Pass (General Zuoguan), the powerful Marquis Wang Qi, and Liu Xiu's students, Court entourage (servant), cavalry director (riding captain) Ding Long, etc.According to their confessions, ministerial officials, their relatives, party members, and marquises were implicated, a total of hundreds of people.Wang Mang ordered to kill them all.Liu Fen was exiled to Youzhou, Zhen Xun was exiled to Sanwei, Ding Long was escorted to Yushan to beheaded, and the corpses were transported by government stagecoach. (During the Yellow Emperor's reign, Yao Chonghua exiled Gonggong, his political enemy, which he called the "Four Evils," to Youzhou, Huandou to Chongshan, Sanmiao to Sanwei, and Si Gun to beheaded at Yushan. Wang Mang imitated everything in ancient times, killing people , are all imitated from ancient times, and the new dynasty has not changed the place names at this time, and whether there are Sanwei and Yushan among the changed place names? Or where? It is not known; it is probably just a sequence of allusions in the proclamation.) 10. This year (10th year), Wang Mang began to worship the gods, heeded the advice of the magician (alchemist) Su Le, and built the "Eight Wind Terrace" at a cost of 200,000 taels of gold.On the Jinluan Palace, five-color grain rice was planted; before sowing, the seeds were soaked in the water where jade was boiled.Calculated, a dendrobium of corn costs twenty taels of gold. 1. The new government (capital Chang'an) ordered Zhao Bing, the commander of the Tianhe Corps, to recruit frontier guards in the area of ​​Wuyuan County (Baotou City, Inner Mongolia) and Beijia (the area north of Hetao in Inner Mongolia and Jiashandaihe area in the south of Yinshan Mountain) to reclaim wasteland. , to produce rations. 2. The new emperor (first term) Wang Mang (56 years old this year) sent the Royal Guard Commander (General Zhonglang) Lin Bao, Deputy Commander (Deputy Captain) Dai Level, leading an army of more than 10,000 people, carrying a large amount of gold Yin, stationed in the frontier fortress of Yunzhong County (Toketuo County, Inner Mongolia), was responsible for luring the sons of Huhanxie Shanyu (fourteenth term) of Huhanxie Shanyu (the fourteenth term) of the Huns Khanate (the royal court was established in Harhelin City, Mongolia), and prepared to In order, make them one of the fifteen small Chanyus, so as to split the Xiongnu.蔺苞、戴级派翻译官出塞卜用诈术把左犁汙王挛鞮咸（呼韩邪单于的幼子），以及挛鞮咸的儿子挛鞮登、挛鞮助等三人，骗到云中郡。王莽封挛鞮咸当孝单于，挛鞮助当顺单于，赏赐厚重，用政府驿马车把挛鞮登、挛鞮助，送到首都常安。封蔺苞当宣威公，当虎牙兵团司令。封戴级当扬威公，当虎贲兵团司令。 匈奴单于（十八任）挛鞮知接到报告后，大为震怒，说：“先单于（呼韩邪单于）所受西汉王朝皇帝（十任宣帝）刘病已的厚恩（参考前五二年），不能辜负。现在皇帝并不是刘病已的子孙，凭什么坐上宝座？”于是派左翼队长（左骨都侯）右伊秩訾王挛鞮呼卢訾、左贤王挛鞮乐，分别率军进攻云中郡益寿要塞（地望在内蒙古土默特右旗境），大肆屠杀官吏跟人民。 至此，双方邦交，完全破裂，挛鞮知下令东西两大军区司令（左右部都尉）、沿边各亲王，对边塞发动不断攻击。兵力大时，有一万余人，有时数千人；最小规模时，则只数百人。然而战果至丰，计击斩雁门郡（山西省右玉县）郡长、朔方郡（内蒙古杭锦旗北黄河南岸）郡长以及各郡民兵司令（都尉），掳掠人民畜产，不可胜数，沿边一带各县，顿时衰败。 3、去年（一〇年），北伐军十二个兵团司令，开始在北方边塞集结部队。然而迄今还不能集结完成，各军不敢单独出击。讨濊兵团司令严尤（时驻渔阳郡），上书建议说： “我曾经听说：匈奴侵害中国，为时已久，从没有听说在上古之世，非讨伐不可。后来，周、秦、西汉，三代王朝，才用武力攻击，然而所用的全不是上等谋略。周王朝不过中等，西汉王朝则是下等，秦王朝则根本谈不到谋略。 “周王朝十一任王（宣王）姬靖时代，猃狁部落（匈奴前身）侵略中国，兵锋抵达泾阳（甘肃省平凉市西北）。周政府派军出击，把他们逐出境外，即行班师。看蛮夷的侵略，犹如蚊虫虱子，扫除掉也就算了，所以天下称颂英明，应是中等谋略。西汉王朝七任帝（武帝）刘彻，选择将领，操练人马，携带轻装备跟粮秣，深人敌人心脏地带，虽然建立战胜功勋，但蛮夷反击，以致兵连祸结，三十余年，中国疲惫，匈奴也受到创伤，刘彻因之被天下人称为'武帝'，应是下等谋略。而秦王朝一任帝（始皇帝）嬴政，忍不住小的耻辱愤怒，轻率的浪费民力，修筑长城，长达万里，运输调动，从海滨开始，虽然保持边境完整，国内却告枯竭，终于丧失政权，这种做法谈不到谋略。 “而今，国家正遭受荒旱天灾（阳九），连年饥馑，西北边陲，尤其严重。而中央政府却动员大军三十万人，携带三百天粮秣，东方搜括到海滨、泰山（岱山），南方搜括到长江、淮河，然后才能凑够数目。计算道路，迄今一年，还不能集结完成。先到边塞的部队，聚在一起，扎营露天之下，士气已衰，武器已钝，在气势上，已不可能作战，这是困难之一。边塞空虚，无法供应粮秣，从内地各郡各封国征集运送，而又远水难救近火，这是困难之二。总计：一个士兵仅吃干粮，三百天粮食，就要十八斛，一条牛很难载得动，而牛本身也要饲养，必须多加二十斛，更重。塞外匈奴境内，全是沙漠盐碱地，缺水缺草，考察从前经验，大军一旦出发，不满一百天，牛只将全部倒毙，剩下的粮秣虽多，士兵却无法搬运携带，这是困难之三。 “匈奴秋冬之季，天气酷寒，而春夏又有暴风。大部队行军，锅碗、木柴、炭火，都是沉重负担。而吞吃干粮，全靠饮水。一年下来，可能发生瘟疫。所以，从前攻击匈奴汗国的军事行动，不超过一百天，并不是不想持久，而是力量不够，这是困难之四。大军既然有那么多补给品，则机动部队相对减少，前进缓慢，敌人如果撤退迅速，便无法追及。幸而追及，又被辎重拖累，不能发生威力。遇到险要关隘，大军鱼贯而进，后面马头，紧接前面马尾，敌人前后夹攻，后果可怕，这是困难之五。 “就一般而言，驱使人民，如果超过人民所能承受的程度，功业就无法建立，所以我深感忧虑。而今既然已经动员，我建议先到边塞的部队，应先行发动攻击。使臣严尤等深入匈奴，用雷霆万钧之势，给匈奴一个重创。” 王莽仍坚持大军全面集结完成后，同时出动，拒绝严尤的建议，继续征召丁壮跟粮秣，运往边塞。天下骚动。 4、被新政府封为孝单于的挛鞮咸，乘防卫松懈，逃回匈奴国投奔王庭（蒙古国哈尔和林市），把被胁迫经过，向老哥乌珠留若鞮单于（十八任）挛鞮知，作一简报。挛鞮知大不高兴，封他匈奴最贱的侯爵称号於栗置支侯。不久，新政府封的顺单于挛鞮助逝世，老弟挛鞮登，继任顺单于。 5、在沿边集结，即将进攻匈奴的北伐军，越来越多，放纵暴虐，扰民犯法。而内地各郡，征召丁壮，催缴捐税，苛刻惨急，人民不堪痛苦，纷纷抛弃家园，沦落成为盗贼，并州（山西省）、平州（河北省东北部及辽宁省）尤其严重。 王莽下令“七公”“六卿”（七公：“四辅”及“三公”。六卿：农林部长、司法部长、祭祀部长、藩属事务部长、宫廷供应部长、水利总监），都兼任“将军”。于是，派著武将军逯并等，分别镇守各大著名都城；另派皇家警卫指挥官（中郎将）五十五人、绣衣戒严官（绣衣执法）五十五人，分别镇守沿边大郡。然而，这些派出去的钦差大臣，不但不能恢复社会秩序，反而抓住机会，贪赃枉法，更加狂暴。各州各郡，被他们扰乱，贿赂完全公开，对人民更百般凌辱压榨，全国沸腾。王莽下诏斥责：“从今天开始，胆敢再犯的，立即逮捕，开列姓名奏报。”然而，贪暴依旧。 中国北方边疆，自从西汉王朝十任帝（宣帝）刘病已以来（前一世纪三〇年代以后），人民已好几代不见烽火（迄今八十年左右，以北方普通十五岁或二十岁结婚年龄计算，太平日子，至少已过了四代）。人口繁殖，田园茂盛，牛马遍野。自从王莽触怒匈奴汗国，沿边人民或死亡，或被政府逮捕，只几年工夫，边疆一片荒凉，郊外已有无人掩埋的白骨。 6、太师（四辅之一）王舜，自从王莽篡夺皇帝宝座之后，患上一种心悸病，病情加重。本年逝世。 7、王莽给太子王临设立教师四人、宾友四人，都支国务官（大夫）薪俸。任命前大司徒（三公之一）马宫等，分别担任“师疑”“傅丞”“阿辅”“保拂”，称为“四师”（马宫“师疑”、宗伯凤“傅丞”、袁圣“阿辅”、王嘉“保拂”）。任命前宫廷秘书长（尚书令）唐林等，当“胥附”“奔走”“先后”“御侮”，称为“四友”（唐林“胥附”、李充“奔走”、赵襄“先后”、廉丹“御侮”）。又设立“师友”一人、“太子随从”（侍中）一人、“议论官”（谏议）一人、六经（《诗》《礼》《易》《乐》《春秋》）每一经设“大宗师”（祭酒）各一人。共九人，都支领部长级薪俸。 8、王莽为了增强政府的号召力，广为征召天下知名的儒家学派知识分子。 首先，派钦差大臣，带着皇帝的诏书、印信，乘坐四匹马的安车（可以坐下的车辆），前往彭城（江苏省徐州市），迎接龚胜（参考公元二年）担任“师友”及“大宗师”。钦差大臣跟郡长、县长、县政府高级官员、乡村教育官（三老）、德行官（行义）、学校学生（诸生），约有千人以上，涌到龚胜住的街巷，宣读诏书。钦差大臣打算教龚胜亲自出来迎接，于是，站在门外久等。龚胜声称他病情沉重，把床放到卧室门西侧，南窗之下，头向东方，身穿官服（孔丘有病时，有人来探望，就是这种装束。龚胜跟王莽同是儒家，所以也事事崇古）。钦差大臣无可奈何，只好到床边把皇帝诏书跟“帅友”及“大宗师”的印信交给他，把四匹马驾的安车拉到院子里，向龚胜致意说：“圣明的新王朝政府，没有一天忘记先生制度的厘定，还没有完成，等待先生主持。请教你，我们应该怎么做，才能使国家太平？”龚胜回答说：“我一向愚昧，加上年纪老迈，而又身染重病，命在旦夕，如果随阁下上道，一定死于中途，对谁都没有万分之一的益处。”钦差大臣为了要他愉快，勉强要把印信佩戴到他身上，龚胜坚决推辞。钦差大臣只好奏报，说：“现在正值盛夏，天气酷热，龚胜病势，逐渐好转，是不是可以等到秋季动身？”王莽下诏允许。 钦差大臣每隔五天，就跟郡长一同去问候龚胜起居饮食，并告诉龚胜的两个儿子跟学生高晖说：“政府这么虚心的用封爵跟采邑，等候龚先生前往首都。龚先生虽然身患疾病，但应该移住在政府驿马车站官舍，表示确有应征进京的诚意，这样做将为子孙后代，留下庞大的家产（指封爵及采邑）。”高晖等把钦差大臣的话，转告龚胜。龚胜发现已不可能逃避，对高晖等说：“我接受西汉王朝政府的厚恩，无法报答，而今年已衰老，随时都会埋入地下，岂可以一身而侍奉两个姓？将来如何面对故主？”吩咐他们准备后事，说：“衣服只要能包住身子就够了，棺材只要能包住衣服就够了。既葬之后，绝不可以跟时下流行的风俗一样，再翻墓土，种植柏树，或建立祠堂。”交代已毕，便闭口不进饮食，历时十四日而死，年七十九岁。 Bo Yang said: 龚胜用死亡拒绝当权分子的官爵，情操之高，千载之下，仍怀景慕。俗云：“烈妇易，节妇难。”对抗压力暴力易，对抗万人称羡的荣华富贵难。中国传统社会中，知识分子唯一的出路，就是当官，试看迎接龚胜的场面，可说新政府已抛出最鲜美的钓饵，而且很有把握的预测对手定会上钩。看惯了太多的大言不惭、声震屋瓦的高风亮节之徒，一旦富贵逼面，立刻改变立场的节目。深感龚胜为我们立下千古尊严的榜样。 然而龚胜的基本观念，使我们惋惜，儒家学派“君尊臣卑”的毒素，已孕育下怪胎，那就是：只效忠于一个姓。后来更变本加厉，只效忠于一个人。龚胜的论点有难以自圆其说之处，其一，他宣称西汉政府对他有厚恩，事实上西汉政府对他并没有厚恩，如果用官爵来衡量，则他的官不过是一个没有实权的特级国务官（光禄大夫）。其二，如果立场建立在“厚恩”上，新政府的“厚恩”超过西汉政府百倍。其三，西汉政府既然待他那么好，在西汉政府危险时，他为什么竟然明哲保身，一逃了之（参考二年）？所以，“一身侍奉二姓”才是他不肯复出的重点。儒家系统鼓励并认定：知识分子跟牧场中的猪羊一样，只要烙上张家记号，便永远是张家家畜；烙上李家记号，便永远是李家家畜。胆敢不以某人的家畜自居，便立刻受到其他家畜攻击。久而久之，很多人遂养成一种被主子豢养的情结。眼目中只有那个主子，而把国家民族，放到脑后。为了自尊或心理平衡，还一口咬定：主子就是国家民族。法国国王路易十四自称：“我就是国家。”中国传统知识分子的这种被豢养的情结，却指着主子叫喊：“他就是国家。”于是演变成政党跟政府不分，政府跟国家不分，国家跟民族不分，脑筋混沌得像一罐糨糊。 我们对龚胜充分尊敬，尊敬他为他的理念牺牲。但我们却从他身上，发现愚民政策的后果，而这正是统治者所盼望的。要想突破这层有两千年工夫的魔障，需要更大的努力。 9、当时，有志向德行的知名之士，还有琅邪（山东省诸城市）人纪逡，齐郡（山东省淄博市东临淄镇）人薛方，太原（山西省太原市）人郇越、郇相（郇，音xun），沛郡（安徽省淮北市）人唐林、唐尊，都以深明儒家学派经典，行为端正，受到世人尊敬，，纪逡、唐林、唐尊，都在新王朝政府供职，被封侯爵，大富大贵，历任部长级高级官员。唐林不断上书提出建议，忠直刚烈。唐尊则穿着破衣服跟磨透了鞋底的鞋子，假冒清高，享受虚名。郇相是太子王临的四友之一，逝世后，王临派人送去入殓时的寿衣，郇相的儿子，手攀棺木，誓死拒绝，说：“老爹死时，曾心遗言：'对教师或宾友们的馈赠，不可接受。'而今，皇太子（王临）自称是我家老爹的朋友，所以不能例外。”首都常安知识分子，一致称道。 新政府派出四匹马拉的安车，前往迎接薛方，薛方通过钦差大臣推辞说：“伊祁放勋、姚重华，高高在上，仍有巢父、许由等一些平民朋友。而今，圣明的主上，正在宣扬伊祁放勋、姚重华的盛德，而小臣愿坚守箕山，不再入世。”（传说故事，巢父，黄帝王朝人；伊祁放勋曾打算把元首的宝座让给他，巢父拒绝。许由，也是黄帝王朝人；伊祁放勋也曾经打算把元首宝座让给他，许由逃到箕山。伊祁放勋又征召他当宰相，许由认为是一种侮辱，跑到颍水那里洗净他的耳朵。）钦差大臣奏报，王莽喜爱这番说辞，不再勉强。 10、最初，隃麋（陕西省千阳县）人郭钦，当南郡（湖北省江陵县）郡长；杜陵（陕西省西安市东南）人蒋诩，当兖州（山东省西部）州长（刺史），同时以廉洁正直，闻名于世。王莽代理西汉王朝皇帝时期，二人都被以患病的理由，免职，回到故乡，闭户不出，在家逝世。 西汉王朝十三任帝（哀帝）刘欣跟十四任帝（平帝）刘箕子在位期间，沛郡（安徽省淮北市）人陈咸，由于通晓法令，担任宫廷秘书（尚书）。王莽辅政，大举更改祖宗所定的制度，陈咸心里反对。等到何武、鲍宣被诛杀（参考三年），陈咸叹息说：“说：'抓住机会，立即行动，不要等到天晚。'我可以走了！”即提出辞呈。王莽当了新王朝皇帝后，征召陈咸当司法部副部长（掌寇大夫）。陈咸声称有病，不肯接受。当时，他的三个儿子陈参、陈钦、陈丰，都在新政府供职，陈咸教他们全都辞职回家，闭门不出，不跟外界来往。逢到祭祀，仍用西汉王朝规定的日子。人们问他缘故，陈咸说：“我祖先怎么知道新王朝祭祀日子？”把家中所有的有关法令的书籍，都藏到墙壁之中。（胡三省注：“按，公元前八年，陈咸因淳于长案件，被放逐回乡，忧愁过度逝世。本年所述的陈咸，取自《后汉书·陈宠传》。二陈咸虽同是沛郡人，而各是一人。”按：两个人同名同姓，同一郡县，同一时代，同在中央政府，同任高官，而所有记录又从无任何分辨，二人应是一人的可能性最大。《后汉书》是陈宠在东汉王朝阔了之后的作品，追述祖先往事，坚持陈咸用西汉王朝祭日，比忧虑过度而死，对自己的仕途，要有利得多。） 另有齐郡人栗融、北海郡（山东省昌乐县东南）人禽庆、苏章，山阳郡（山东省金乡县西北昌邑镇）人曹竟，也是儒家学派的知识分子，辞去官位，脱离新政府。 班固曰： 从春秋时代各封国部长（卿）、国务官（大夫）到西汉王朝的宰相、将领、著名大臣，为了保护自己的荣华富贵，而丧失了立身处世原则的，多不胜数。所以，节操纯洁的人士，至为可贵。然而，大多数只能约束自己，不能影响别人。王商（非王家班）、贡禹的才干，超过龚胜、鲍宣，但用死坚守立场，龚胜要高一等。用诡诈言语，达到忠贞目的，薛方的行迹相近。郭钦、蒋诩，跳出污秽，跟纪逡、唐林、唐尊，完全不同。 11、本年（一一年），黄河流域各郡，蝗虫四起。 12、黄河在魏郡（河北省临漳县西南邺镇）决口，清河郡（河北省清河县）以东好几个郡，洪水成灾。最初，王莽深恐黄河淹没元城（河北省大名县东北）王姓皇族祖宗坟墓（王莽曾祖父王贺以下，坟墓都在元城）。稍后黄河向东泛滥，元城没有水患，遂决定堵塞。 1、春季，二月，新王朝政府（首都常安）赦天下。 2、厌难兵团司令陈钦、震狄兵团司令王巡（二人同驻云中郡）上书说：“在边塞捕获俘虏，供称：匈奴（王庭设蒙古国哈尔和林市）屡次侵犯，都是孝单于挛鞮咸的儿子挛鞮角担任主谋。”新帝（一任）王莽（本年五十七岁）大为震怒，召集外国所有驻首都常安使节，在大众面前把挛鞮咸的儿子顺单于挛鞮登斩首。 3、大司马（三公之二）甄邯逝世。 4、王莽驾临皇家大会堂（明堂），下诏：“定洛阳（河南省洛阳东白马寺东）为'东都'，定常安为'西都'。京师跟地方，联合一体，男女各得其所。遵从《禹贡》的记载，全国划为九州（冀州、兖州、青州、徐州、扬州、豫州、荆州、雍州、梁州）。依照周王朝制度，分为五等爵位（公舜、侯爵、伯爵、子舜、男爵），共一千八百个封国，跟相同数量的'附城'（比男爵低一级的爵位），等待有功之士。凡是公爵，一律平等，封一万户人家。其他爵位，等差而下。现在，已经受封的公侯伯子男，有七百九十六人，'附城'有一千五百五十一人。只因户籍地簿，还没有调查测量完毕，无法指定采邑，所以特别规定：暂时向中央政府支领薪俸，每月数千钱。” 数千钱当然不够使用，上自公爵、侯爵，下到子爵、男爵，没有一人不贫困交集，有的甚至到富有人家当仆人婢女。 5、王莽性格浮躁，不能有一刻安静。每决定一件事情，一定要跟古代一模一样，或从古代找出根据，不管适合不适合现实社会。而制度始终不能确定，贪官污吏，就在混乱状态中，为非作歹，天下一片悲号。大批人民，被法律套牢，身陷监狱。 王莽知道民怨日升，下诏撤销土地国有及禁止贩卖奴仆政策，说：“凡是持有国家土地的，可以自由变卖，不受法律限制。凡私自买卖人口的，不再